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Atasoy B, Balsak S, Alkan A, Akcay A, Peker AA, Toluk O, Atila N, Kaya A, Ipar O, Soysal P. The relationship between nutritional status and white matter integrity in older adults: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1065-1072. [PMID: 38579368 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study to determinate whether there is a relationship between the nutritional status and white matter integrity in older patients by using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). METHODS The patients were evaluated by Mini-Nutritional Assessment Scale. The patients are categorized in the groups of well-nourished, risk of malnutrition, or malnourished, depending on the overall score> 23.5, 17-23.5, or 17; respectively. All patients had brain MRI and DTI. The mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) values were calculated by ROI-based method in white matter tracts. RESULTS Total of the 224 patients; 86 patients had normal nutrition status (group 1), 107 patients were diagnosed with malnutrition risk (group 2) and 31 patients were diagnosed with malnutrition (group 3). Significantly decreased FA values of genu of corpus callosum, forceps minor and significantly increased MD values of middle cerebellar peduncle, and superior frontooccipital fasciculus were detected in group 2 in comparison to group 1 (p < 0.05). After adjusting for the folate and age, MD and RD values of cingulum remained significantly higher and the AD values of superior cerebellar peduncle remained significantly lower in group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition was associated with deteriorated DTI values, especially in cingulum and superior cerebellar peduncle. Assessing the nutritional status of older individuals is crucial to avoid its negative impact on brain. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Early diagnosis of malnutrition-related impaired WM integrity is important for prevention and intervention, and DTI is a useful non-invasive technique to be used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Atasoy
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Balsak
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Alpay Alkan
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Akcay
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Abdusselim Adil Peker
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Toluk
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Bioistatistics and Medical Informatics, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Naz Atila
- Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital, Department of Radiology, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Kaya
- Salmaniya Medical Complex, Department of Radiology, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Ozlem Ipar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Bulvarı (Vatan Street), 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Adnan Menderes Bulvarı (Vatan Street), 34093, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chou BC, Lerner A, Barisano G, Phung D, Xu W, Pinto SN, Sheikh-Bahaei N. Functional MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Migraine: A Review of Migraine Functional and White Matter Microstructural Changes. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15:11795735231205413. [PMID: 37900908 PMCID: PMC10612465 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231205413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex and heterogenous disorder whose disease mechanisms remain disputed. This narrative review summarizes functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings and interprets their association with migraine symptoms and subtype to support and expand our current understanding of migraine pathophysiology. Our PubMed search evaluated and included fMRI and DTI studies involving comparisons between migraineurs vs healthy controls, migraineurs with vs without aura, and episodic vs chronic migraineurs. Migraineurs demonstrate changes in functional connectivity (FC) and regional activation in numerous pain-related networks depending on migraine phase, presence of aura, and chronicity. Changes to diffusion indices are observed in major cortical white matter tracts extending to the brainstem and cerebellum, more prominent in chronic migraine and associated with FC changes. Reported changes in FC and regional activation likely relate to pain processing and sensory hypersensitivities. Diffuse white matter microstructural changes in dysfunctional cortical pain and sensory pathways complement these functional differences. Interpretations of reported fMRI and DTI measure trends have not achieved a clear consensus due to inconsistencies in the migraine neuroimaging literature. Future fMRI and DTI studies should establish and implement a uniform methodology that reproduces existing results and directly compares migraineurs with different subtypes. Combined fMRI and DTI imaging may provide better pathophysiological explanations for nonspecific FC and white matter microstructural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon C. Chou
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Lerner
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Phung
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Xu
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soniya N. Pinto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kaya A, Alkan A, Toluk O, Ipar O, Polat YB, Celik Yabul F, Balsak S, Soysal P. Evaluation of white matter integrity by diffusion tensor imaging in the deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate in older patients. Br J Radiol 2023; 96:20220415. [PMID: 37335177 PMCID: PMC10392645 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to investigate whether white matter (WM) integrity is impaired in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency with Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in older patients. METHODS All the patients aged ≥65 years admitted to the geriatric clinic and performed DTI-MRI were included in the study. DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity) were calculated by ROI-based method in white matter tracts. Deficiency threshold for vitamin B12 were defined as <200 pg ml-1 and <400 pg ml-1 separately; and for folate as <3 ng ml-1 and <6 ng ml-1, separately. RESULTS DTI was performed to older patients having serum vitamin B12 level (n = 106, mean age = 80.7±7.7, 66% female) and folate level (n = 101, mean age = 80.7±7.5, 67.3% female). Significantly lower FA and higher MD and RD levels were observed in multiple WM areas including superior and middle cerebellar peduncles, cingulum and genu of corpus callosum in patients with vitamin B12 <400 pg ml-1 (p < 0.05). DTI indices also showed significant changes in the genu of corpus callosum, and right and left superior longitudinal fasciculus in patients with folate <6 ng ml-1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate may be associated with impaired white matter integrity in elderly even at high laboratory levels, and DTI is a useful method to detect it. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Early detection of impaired WM integrity caused by micronutrient deficiencies poses a great significance in terms of prevention and intervention, and DTI is an effective non-invasive method to be used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Alpay Alkan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Toluk
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ipar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Basak Polat
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Celik Yabul
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Balsak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Soysal
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Keerthivasan MB. Editorial for "Microstructural Alterations in Projection and Association Fibers in Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia". J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:1143. [PMID: 35969230 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cao Z, Lin H, Gao F, Shen X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Du L, Lai C, Ma X, Wu D. Microstructural Alterations in Projection and Association Fibers in Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:1131-1142. [PMID: 35861468 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is known to be sensitive to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, existing dMRI studies used simple diffusion tensor metrics and focused only on a few selected cerebral regions, which cannot provide a comprehensive picture of microstructural injury. PURPOSE To systematically characterize the microstructural alterations in mild, moderate, and severe HIE neonates compared to healthy neonates with advanced dMRI using region of interest (ROI), tract, and fixel-based analyses. STUDY TYPE Prospective. POPULATION A total of 42 neonates (24 males and 18 females). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3-T, diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging. ASSESSMENT Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD), fiber density (FD), fiber cross-section (FC), and fiber density and cross-section (FDC) were calculated in 40 ROIs and 6 tracts. Fixel-based analysis was performed to assess group differences in individual fiber components within a voxel (fixel). STATISTICAL TESTS One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare dMRI metrics among severe/moderate/mild HIE and control groups and general linear model for fixel-wise group differences (age, sex, and body weight as covariates). Adjusted P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS For severe HIE, ROI-based analysis revealed widespread regions, including the deep nuclei and white matter with reduced FA, while in moderate injury, only FC was decreased around the posterior watershed zones. Tract-based analysis demonstrated significantly reduced FA, FD, and FC in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and splenium of corpus callosum (SCC) in moderate HIE, and in right IFOF and left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) in mild HIE. Correspondingly, we found altered fixels in the right middle-posterior IFOF and ILF, and in the central-to-right part of SCC in moderate HIE. DATA CONCLUSION For severe HIE, extensive microstructural injury was identified. For moderate-mild HIE, association fiber injury in posterior watershed area with a rightward lateralization was found. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhen Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijia Lin
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fusheng Gao
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongxi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lizhong Du
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Lai
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Onda K, Catenaccio E, Chotiyanonta J, Chavez-Valdez R, Meoded A, Soares BP, Tekes A, Spahic H, Miller SC, Parker SJ, Parkinson C, Vaidya DM, Graham EM, Stafstrom CE, Everett AD, Northington FJ, Oishi K. Development of a composite diffusion tensor imaging score correlating with short-term neurological status in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:931360. [PMID: 35983227 PMCID: PMC9379310 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.931360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most common cause of neonatal acquired brain injury. Although conventional MRI may predict neurodevelopmental outcomes, accurate prognostication remains difficult. As diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may provide an additional diagnostic and prognostic value over conventional MRI, we aimed to develop a composite DTI (cDTI) score to relate to short-term neurological function. Sixty prospective neonates treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for HIE were evaluated with DTI, with a voxel size of 1 × 1 × 2 mm. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) from 100 neuroanatomical regions (FA/MD *100 = 200 DTI parameters in total) were quantified using an atlas-based image parcellation technique. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied to the DTI parameters to generate the cDTI score. Time to full oral nutrition [short-term oral feeding (STO) score] was used as a measure of short-term neurological function and was correlated with extracted DTI features. Seventeen DTI parameters were selected with LASSO and built into the final unbiased regression model. The selected factors included FA or MD values of the limbic structures, the corticospinal tract, and the frontotemporal cortices. While the cDTI score strongly correlated with the STO score (rho = 0.83, p = 2.8 × 10-16), it only weakly correlated with the Sarnat score (rho = 0.27, p = 0.035) and moderately with the NICHD-NRN neuroimaging score (rho = 0.43, p = 6.6 × 10-04). In contrast to the cDTI score, the NICHD-NRN score only moderately correlated with the STO score (rho = 0.37, p = 0.0037). Using a mixed-model analysis, interleukin-10 at admission to the NICU (p = 1.5 × 10-13) and tau protein at the end of TH/rewarming (p = 0.036) and after rewarming (p = 0.0015) were significantly associated with higher cDTI scores, suggesting that high cDTI scores were related to the intensity of the early inflammatory response and the severity of neuronal impairment after TH. In conclusion, a data-driven unbiased approach was applied to identify anatomical structures associated with some aspects of neurological function of HIE neonates after cooling and to build a cDTI score, which was correlated with the severity of short-term neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Onda
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eva Catenaccio
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jill Chotiyanonta
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avner Meoded
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bruno P. Soares
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Aylin Tekes
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harisa Spahic
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah C. Miller
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Charlamaine Parkinson
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dhananjay M. Vaidya
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ernest M. Graham
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carl E. Stafstrom
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Frances J. Northington
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Nursery Program, Division of Neonatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Song CR, Kang NO, Bang M, Park CI, Choi TK, Lee SH. Initial white matter connectivity differences between remitters and non-remitters of patients with panic disorder after 6 months of pharmacotherapy. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135826. [PMID: 33727131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is a harmful mental condition that causes relapsed and persistent impairment. In the treatment of PD, the prognosis for PD should be considered. However, the relationship between pharmacotherapy and biomarkers, for predicting a better response through neuroimaging, is a little known. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether there would be the initial white matter (WM) regions associated with the remission in 6 months. A total of 104 patients with PD were investigated in the study. After six months, there were 17 remission patients with PD and 81 non-remission patients. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory-Revised, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory were assessed for all patients at baseline. We compared the diffusion indices between remission and non-remission group at 6 months using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics. The results showed that the fractional anisotropy (FA) values were significantly higher in the non-remitter group compared with those in the remitter group in the WM regions, such as the posterior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus, at the 6 month evaluation. The logistic regression analysis with clinical symptom severity and FA values of the WM regions as covariates showed that FA values in those regions and the Beck Depression Inventory-II predicted poor remission. This study suggests that posterior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus are related to potential predictive factors of 6-month remission in patients with PD. WM regions associated with the long-term remission should be verified with further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Rim Song
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Clinical Counseling Psychology Graduate School, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ok Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kiu Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Spencer APC, Brooks JCW, Masuda N, Byrne H, Lee-Kelland R, Jary S, Thoresen M, Tonks J, Goodfellow M, Cowan FM, Chakkarapani E. Disrupted brain connectivity in children treated with therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102582. [PMID: 33636541 PMCID: PMC7906894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia following neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia reduces death and cerebral palsy. However, school-age children without cerebral palsy treated with therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy still have reduced performance on cognitive and motor tests, attention difficulties, slower reaction times and reduced visuo-spatial processing abilities compared to typically developing controls. We acquired diffusion-weighted imaging data from school-age children without cerebral palsy treated with therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy at birth, and a matched control group. Voxelwise analysis (33 cases, 36 controls) confirmed reduced fractional anisotropy in widespread areas of white matter in cases, particularly in the fornix, corpus callosum, anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule bilaterally and cingulum bilaterally. In structural brain networks constructed using probabilistic tractography (22 cases, 32 controls), graph-theoretic measures of strength, local and global efficiency, clustering coefficient and characteristic path length were found to correlate with IQ in cases but not controls. Network-based statistic analysis implicated brain regions involved in visuo-spatial processing and attention, aligning with previous behavioural findings. These included the precuneus, thalamus, left superior parietal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus. Our findings demonstrate that, despite the manifest successes of therapeutic hypothermia, brain development is impaired in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur P C Spencer
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C W Brooks
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Naoki Masuda
- Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hollie Byrne
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Lee-Kelland
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Jary
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Thoresen
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - James Tonks
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Goodfellow
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Cowan
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ela Chakkarapani
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Dibble M, O'Dea MI, Hurley T, Byrne A, Colleran G, Molloy EJ, Bokde ALW. Diffusion tensor imaging in neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020; 105:480-488. [PMID: 31822482 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) during the first few days of life can be used to assess brain injury in neonates with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) for outcome prediction. The goal of this review was to identify specific white matter tracts of interest that can be quantified by DTI as being altered in neonates with this condition, and to investigate its potential prognostic ability. METHODS Searches of Medline and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were conducted to identify studies with diffusion data collected in term-born neonates with NE. RESULTS 19 studies were included which described restricted diffusion in encephalopathic neonates as compared with healthy controls, with the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum identified as particular regions of interest. Restricted diffusion was related to adverse outcomes in the studies that conducted a follow-up of these infants. CONCLUSIONS Obtaining diffusion measures in these key white matter tracts early in life before pseudonormalisation can occur can not only identify the extent of the damage but also can be used to examine the effectiveness of treatment and to predict neurodevelopmental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Dibble
- Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Isabel O'Dea
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tim Hurley
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Angela Byrne
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabrielle Colleran
- Department of Radiology, The National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J Molloy
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Ireland at Crumlin and Tallaght, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arun Lawrence Warren Bokde
- Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gosar D, Tretnjak V, Bregant T, Neubauer D, Derganc M. Reduced white-matter integrity and lower speed of information processing in adolescents with mild and moderate neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2020; 28:205-213. [PMID: 32665198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that adolescents with moderate hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) may have specific cognitive deficits, especially reduced speed of information processing. The aim of our study was to confirm these earlier findings find out whether the degree of impairment in speed of information processing correlates with the degree of white-matter impairment as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS Thirty-three participants (mean age 18y 5mo, SD 12mo; 19 male) with mild or moderate HIE and 32 neurotypical adolescents (mean age 17y 10mo, SD 12mo, 18 male) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring short-term memory, inhibition, speed of information processing, long-term visual and verbal memory. Fourteen participants also underwent structural MRI and DTI scans. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender and maternal education we found a significant effect of HIE on speed of information processing (F(2, 64) = 3.51, p < .037, η2 = 0.115), but not on other neuropsychological domains. Using tract-based spatial statistics we were also able to confirm a correlation between the degree of impairment in this cognitive domain and fractional anisotropy in several white-matter tracts. CONCLUSIONS The long-term cognitive outcome of moderate HIE includes reduced speed of information processing and is in part mediated by reduced integrity of major white-matter tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gosar
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vali Tretnjak
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Bregant
- Centre for Education and Rehabilitation of Physically Handicapped Children and Adolescents - CIRIUS Kamnik, Slovenia
| | - David Neubauer
- University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Derganc
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Paediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Jeon TY, Poliakov AV, Friedman SD, Bozarth XL, Novotny EJ, Hauptman JS, Moon SH, Shaw DWW. Structural MRI and tract-based spatial statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in children with hemimegalencephaly. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:1467-1474. [PMID: 32651620 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the gross white matter abnormalities in the structural brain MR imaging as well as white matter microstructural alterations using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in both affected and contralateral cerebral hemispheres of children with hemimegalencephaly (HMEG). METHODS From 2003 to 2019, we retrospectively reviewed brain MR images in 20 children (11 boys, 2 days-16.5 years) with HMEG, focusing on gross white matter abnormalities. DTI was evaluated in 12 patients (8 boys, 3 months-16.5 years) with HMEG and 12 age-, sex-, and magnetic field strength-matched control subjects. TBSS analysis was performed to analyze main white matter tracts. Regions of significant differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) were determined between HMEG and control subjects and between affected and contralateral hemispheres of HMEG. RESULTS Gross white matter abnormalities were noted in both affected (n = 20, 100%) and contralateral hemisphere (n = 4, 20%) of HMEG. FA values were significantly decreased in both hemispheres of HMEG, compared with control subjects (P < 0.05). Contralateral hemispheres of HMEG showed regions with significantly decreased FA values compared with affected hemispheres (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In addition to gross white matter abnormalities particularly evident in affected hemispheres, DTI analysis detected widespread microstructural alterations in both affected and contralateral hemispheres in HMEG suggesting HMEG may involve broader abnormalities in neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Jeon
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew V Poliakov
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Seth D Friedman
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiuhua L Bozarth
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J Novotny
- Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S Hauptman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis W W Shaw
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Wang D, Ye X, Xie H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhou N, Wang J. Profiling analysis reveals the potential contribution of long non-coding RNAs to preterm white matter injury. Life Sci 2020; 255:117815. [PMID: 32442450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying preterm white matter injury (WMI) via the identification and functional analysis of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs. MAIN METHODS A neonatal rat model of preterm WMI was established by ligating the common carotid artery and hypoxia induction. RNA sequencing was performed to analyze gene expression profiles of brain samples. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) analyses were performed to evaluate functions of target mRNAs. A co-expression network was generated to explore regulatory mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS In total, 210 lncRNAs and 619 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the preterm WMI group and the sham group. Based on GO and KEGG analyses, enriched pathways included the apoptotic signaling pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathway, and the autophagy pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in the brain tissues of preterm WMI model were identified, and the biological processes were closely associated with the development of preterm WMI, thus being considered potential targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Hanying Xie
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yan Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China.
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13
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Gerner GJ, Newman EI, Burton VJ, Roman B, Cristofalo EA, Leppert M, Johnston MV, Northington FJ, Huisman TA, Poretti A. Correlation Between White Matter Injury Identified by Neonatal Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Following Term Neonatal Asphyxia and Therapeutic Hypothermia: An Exploratory Pilot Study. J Child Neurol 2019; 34:556-566. [PMID: 31070085 PMCID: PMC7318916 DOI: 10.1177/0883073819841717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is associated with damage to deep gray matter; however, white matter involvement has become recognized. This study explored differences between patients and clinical controls on diffusion tensor imaging, and relationships between diffusion tensor imaging and neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHOD Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained for 31 neonates after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia and 10 clinical controls. A subgroup of patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (n = 14) had neurodevelopmental outcomes correlated with diffusion tensor imaging scalars. RESULTS Group differences in diffusion tensor imaging scalars were observed in the putamen, anterior and posterior centrum semiovale, and the splenium of the corpus callosum. Differences in these regions of interest were correlated with neurodevelopmental outcomes between ages 20 and 32 months. CONCLUSION Therapeutic hypothermia may not be a complete intervention for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, as neonatal white matter changes may continue to be evident, but further research is warranted. Patterns of white matter change on neonatal diffusion tensor imaging correlated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in this exploratory pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn J. Gerner
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Eric I. Newman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
| | - V. Joanna Burton
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Brenton Roman
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Cristofalo
- Frederick Memorial Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Frederick, MD, USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Leppert
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Michael V. Johnston
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Hugo Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Frances J. Northington
- Department of Perinatal-Neonatal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Thierry A.G.M. Huisman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Andrea Poretti
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
- Neurosciences Intensive Care Nursery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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14
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Altered structural brain connectivity involving the dorsal and ventral language pathways in 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:430-445. [PMID: 29629500 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants at the chromosomal locus 16p11.2 contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and language and articulation disorders. Here, we provide detailed findings on the disrupted structural brain connectivity in 16p11.2 deletion syndrome (patients: N = 21, age range: 8-16 years; typically developing (TD) controls: 18, 9-16 years) using structural and diffusion MRI. We performed global short-, middle-, long-range, and interhemispheric connectivity analysis in the whole brain using gyral topology-based cortical parcellation. Using region of interest analysis, we studied bilateral dorsal (3 segments of arcuate fasciculus (AF)) and ventral (inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), uncinate fasciculus (UF)) language pathways. Our results showed significantly increased axial (AD) and radial (RD) diffusivities in bilateral anterior AF, decreased volume for left long AF, increased mean diffusivity (MD) and RD for right long AF, and increased AD for bilateral UF in the 16p11.2 deletion group in the absence of significant abnormalities in the whole-brain gyral and interhemispheric connectivity. The selective involvement of the language networks may aid in understanding effects of altered white matter connectivity on neurodevelopmental outcomes in 16p11.2 deletion.
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15
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Merisaari H, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Scheinin NM, Parkkola R, Saunavaara J, Lähdesmäki T, Lehtola SJ, Keskinen M, Lewis JD, Evans AC, Karlsson H. Test-retest reliability of Diffusion Tensor Imaging metrics in neonates. Neuroimage 2019; 197:598-607. [PMID: 31029873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been widely used in children and adults to study the microstructural features of the brain. Its use in neonate brains has been limited. Neonate brains are almost completely unmyelinated, and this together with the tendency for babies to move during a scanning session may affect the reliability of the measurements. Here we divided a 96 direction acquisition into three segments, and analysed the intra scan test-retest reliability for pairs of segments. Each segment was subjected to a rigorous quality control, and from the surviving data we chose 25 diffusion encoding directions from each segment, and assessed the pairwise reliability of the most common DTI metrics. This pairwise reliability was assessed for data from 86 infants. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), voxelwise and ROI analysis schemes, to see potential differential effects of analysis strategy and post processing on the obtained DTI metrics. We found that intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) values were generally high (ICC > 0.80). Residual motion in the data, after quality control, was not found to associate with the diffusion metrics. The results indicate that DTI metrics from neonate data can be reliable, even at relatively low angular resolution that are common for neonate scans. The results lend confidence to the use of neonate DTI data in cross sectional and longitudinal analyses in brain white matter skeleton. Future studies should assess the reliability of fiber tracking techniques in neonate data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, Finland; Center of Biomedical Engineering and Personalized Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jetro J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Noora M Scheinin
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Satu J Lehtola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Keskinen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - John D Lewis
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alan C Evans
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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