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Choi IY, Wang WT, Kim B, Hur J, Robbins DC, Jang DG, Savelieff MG, Feldman EL, Lee P. Non-invasive in vivo measurements of metabolic alterations in the type 2 diabetic brain by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurochem 2024; 168:765-780. [PMID: 37965761 PMCID: PMC11093888 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia because of insulin resistance. Diabetes with chronic hyperglycemia may alter brain metabolism, including brain glucose and neurotransmitter levels; however, detailed, longitudinal studies of metabolic alterations in T2D are lacking. To shed insight, here, we characterized the consequences of poorly controlled hyperglycemia on neurochemical profiles that reflect metabolic alterations of the brain in both humans and animal models of T2D. Using in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we quantified 12 metabolites cross-sectionally in T2D patients and 20 metabolites longitudinally in T2D db/db mice versus db+ controls. We found significantly elevated brain glucose (91%, p < 0.001), taurine (22%, p = 0.02), glucose+taurine (56%, p < 0.001), myo-inositol (12%, p = 0.02), and choline-containing compounds (10%, p = 0.01) in T2D patients versus age- and sex-matched controls, findings consistent with measures in T2D db/db versus control db+ littermates. In mice, hippocampal and striatal neurochemical alterations in brain glucose, ascorbate, creatine, phosphocreatine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, glutamine, glutathione, glycerophosphoryl-choline, lactate, myo-inositol, and taurine persisted in db/db mice with chronic disease progression from 16 to 48 weeks of age, which were distinct from control db+ mice. Overall, our study demonstrates the utility of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a non-invasive tool for characterizing and monitoring brain metabolic changes with T2D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Neurology, KUMC, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Radiology, KUMC, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Tung Wang
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Bhumsoo Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | | | - Dae-Gyu Jang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masha G. Savelieff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Phil Lee
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Radiology, KUMC, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bottari SA, Cohen RA, Friedman J, Porges EC, Chen A, Britton MK, Gunstad J, Woods AJ, Williamson JB. Change in medial frontal cerebral metabolite concentrations following bariatric surgery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4897. [PMID: 36628927 PMCID: PMC11017471 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with adverse effects on brain health, including an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in cerebral metabolism may underlie or precede structural and functional brain changes. While bariatric surgery is known to be effective in inducing weight loss and improving obesity-related medical comorbidities, few studies have examined whether it may be able to improve brain metabolism. In the present study, we examined changes in cerebral metabolite concentrations in participants with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. Thirty-five patients with obesity (body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2 ) were recruited from a bariatric surgery candidate nutrition class. They completed single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline (presurgery) and within 1 year postsurgery. Spectra were obtained from a large medial frontal brain region using a PRESS sequence on a 3-T Siemens Verio scanner. The acquisition parameters were TR = 3000 ms and TE = 37 ms. Tissue-corrected metabolite concentrations were determined using Osprey. Paired t-tests were used to examine within-subject change in metabolite concentrations, and correlations were used to relate these changes to other health-related outcomes, including weight loss and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), a measure of blood sugar levels. Bariatric surgery was associated with a reduction in cerebral choline-containing compounds (Cho; t [34] = - 3.79, p < 0.001, d = -0.64) and myo-inositol (mI; t [34] = - 2.81, p < 0.01, d = -0.47) concentrations. There were no significant changes in N-acetyl-aspartate, creatine, or glutamate and glutamine concentrations. Reductions in Cho were associated with greater weight loss (r = 0.40, p < 0.05), and reductions in mI were associated with greater reductions in HbA1c (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). In conclusion, participants who underwent bariatric surgery exhibited reductions in cerebral Cho and mI concentrations, which were associated with improvements in weight loss and glycemic control. Given that elevated levels of Cho and mI have been implicated in neuroinflammation, reduction in these metabolites after bariatric surgery may reflect amelioration of obesity-related neuroinflammatory processes. As such, our results provide evidence that bariatric surgery may improve brain health and metabolism in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Bottari
- Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ronald A. Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey Friedman
- UF Health Bariatric Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eric C. Porges
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexa Chen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark K. Britton
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam J. Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John B. Williamson
- Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Fernández-Felipe J, Sanz-Martos AB, Marcos A, Lorenzo MP, Cano V, Merino B, Ambrosio E, Del Olmo N, Ruiz-Gayo M. Saturated and unsaturated triglyceride-enriched diets modify amino acid content in the mice hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136972. [PMID: 36414132 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intake of fat modulates l-glutamate (l-Glu) turnover within the hippocampus (HIP). Our aim has been to investigate the effect of saturated vs unsaturated fat on the content of l-Glu and other amino acids involved in synaptic transmission within the HIP. The study was carried out in male mice fed (2 h or 8 weeks) with standard chow or with diets enriched either with saturated (SOLF) or unsaturated triglycerides (UOLF). An in vitro assay was performed in HIP slices incubated with palmitic (PA), oleic (OA), or lauric acid (LA). Amino acids were quantified by capillary electrophoresis. While both diets increased the amount of l-Glu and l-aspartate and decreased l-glutamine levels, only UOLF affected d-serine and taurine levels. γ-Aminobutyric acid was specifically decreased by SOLF. In vitro assays revealed that PA and OA modified l-Glu, glycine, l-serine and d-serine concentration. Our results suggest that fatty acids contained in SOLF and UOLF have an impact on HIP amino acid turnover that may account, at least partially, for the functional changes evoked by these diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Felipe
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz-Martos
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - María P Lorenzo
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Cano
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Del Olmo
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
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Miranda CO, Nobre RJ, Paiva VH, Duarte JV, Castelhano J, Petrella LI, Sereno J, Santana M, Afonso S, Januário C, Castelo-Branco M, de Almeida LP. Cerebellar morphometric and spectroscopic biomarkers for Machado-Joseph Disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:37. [PMID: 35305685 PMCID: PMC8933766 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) or Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common form of dominant SCA worldwide. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) provide promising non-invasive diagnostic and follow-up tools, also serving to evaluate therapies efficacy. However, pre-clinical studies showing relationship between MRI-MRS based biomarkers and functional performance are missing, which hampers an efficient clinical translation of therapeutics. This study assessed motor behaviour, neurochemical profiles, and morphometry of the cerebellum of MJD transgenic mice and patients aiming at establishing magnetic-resonance-based biomarkers. 1H-MRS and structural MRI measurements of MJD transgenic mice were performed with a 9.4 Tesla scanner, correlated with motor performance on rotarod and compared with data collected from human patients. We found decreased cerebellar white and grey matter and enlargement of the fourth ventricle in both MJD mice and human patients as compared to controls. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), NAA + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAA + NAAG), Glutamate, and Taurine, were significantly decreased in MJD mouse cerebellum regardless of age, whereas myo-Inositol (Ins) was increased at early time-points. Lower neurochemical ratios levels (NAA/Ins and NAA/total Choline), previously correlated with worse clinical status in SCAs, were also observed in MJD mice cerebella. NAA, NAA + NAAG, Glutamate, and Taurine were also positively correlated with MJD mice motor performance. Importantly, these 1H-MRS results were largely analogous to those found for MJD in human studies and in our pilot data in human patients. We have established a magnetic resonance-based biomarker approach to monitor novel therapies in preclinical studies and human clinical trials.
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Mohr AA, Philippe J, Skoug C, Spégel P, Duarte JMN. Cognitive Impairment and Metabolite Profile Alterations in the Hippocampus and Cortex of Male and Female Mice Exposed to a Fat and Sugar-Rich Diet are Normalized by Diet Reversal. Aging Dis 2022; 13:267-283. [PMID: 35111373 PMCID: PMC8782561 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes impacts on brain metabolism, structure, and function. Alterations in brain metabolism have been observed in obesity and diabetes models induced by exposure to diets rich in saturated fat and/or sugar and have been linked to memory impairment. However, it remains to be determined whether brain dysfunction induced by obesogenic diets results from permanent brain alterations. We tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet (high-fat and high-sucrose diet; HFHSD) causes reversible changes in hippocampus and cortex metabolism and alterations in behavior. Mice were exposed to HFHSD for 24 weeks or for 16 weeks followed by 8 weeks of diet normalization. Development of the metabolic syndrome, changes in behavior, and brain metabolite profiles by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were assessed longitudinally. Control mice were fed an ingredient-matched low-fat and low-sugar diet. Mice fed the HFHSD developed obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with a more severe phenotype in male than female mice. Relative to controls, both male and female HFHSD-fed mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior, impaired memory in object recognition tasks, but preserved working spatial memory as evaluated by spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. Alterations in the metabolite profiles were observed both in the hippocampus and cortex but were more distinct in the hippocampus. HFHSD-induced metabolic changes included altered levels of lactate, glutamate, GABA, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylaspartate, total creatine and total choline. Notably, HFHSD-induced metabolic syndrome, anxiety, memory impairment, and brain metabolic alterations recovered upon diet normalization for 8 weeks. In conclusion, cortical and hippocampal derangements induced by long-term HFHSD consumption are reversible rather than being the result of permanent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adélaïde A Mohr
- 3Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Philippe
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- 4Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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β-Elemene Suppresses Obesity-Induced Imbalance in the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070704. [PMID: 34206511 PMCID: PMC8301405 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a kind of metabolically triggered inflammation, obesity influences the interplay between the central nervous system and the enteral environment. The present study showed that β-elemene, which is contained in various plant substances, had effects on recovering the changes in metabolites occurring in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 male mice brains, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). β-elemene also partially reversed HFD-induced changes in the composition and contents of mouse gut bacteria. Furthermore, we evaluated the interaction between cerebral metabolites and intestinal microbiota via Pearson correlations. The prediction results suggested that Firmicutes were possibly controlled by neuron integrity, cerebral inflammation, and neurotransmitters, and Bacteroidetes in mouse intestines might be related to cerebral aerobic respiration and the glucose cycle. Such results also implied that Actinobacteria probably affected cerebral energy metabolism. These findings suggested that β-elemene has regulatory effects on the imbalanced microbiota-gut-brain axis caused by obesity and, therefore, would contribute to the future study in on the interplay between cerebral metabolites from different brain regions and the intestinal microbiota of mice.
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Chenji S, Cox E, Jaworska N, Swansburg RM, MacMaster FP. Body mass index and variability in hippocampal volume in youth with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:415-425. [PMID: 33422817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD), in both adults and youth. However, possible sources of variability for the hippocampus have not been well delineated. Here, we explored the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and hippocampal volume in youth with MDD. METHODS Twenty-two controls (9 male, 13 female, 12-24 years), 24 youth with MDD and normal BMI (12 male, 12 female, 14-24 years), and 20 youth with MDD and high BMI (14 male, 6 female, 13-22 years) underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Hippocampal volume was determined through manual tracing of high-resolution anatomical T1 scans, and LCModel quantified neurochemical concentrations. Intracranial volume was used as a covariate in analysis to control for effects of brain volume on hippocampus. RESULTS In youth with MDD and normal BMI, right hippocampal volume was reduced (p = 0.006, Bonferroni) and a trend for reduced left hippocampal volume was noted when compared to healthy controls (p = 0.054, Bonferroni). Left hippocampal volumes were negatively associated with BMI in youth with MDD and high BMI group (r = -0.593, p = 0.006). No associations were found between the right hippocampus and BMI and there were no group differences for metabolite concentrations. LIMITATIONS Larger sample sizes would enable researchers to explore overweight vs obese groups and effect of sex in MDD-BMI groups. CONCLUSIONS BMI may account for some of the variability observed in previous studies of hippocampal volume in MDD, and therefore BMI impacts should be considered in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Chenji
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Cox
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalia Jaworska
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose M Swansburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank P MacMaster
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Addictions and Mental Health Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta, Canada.
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Stott NL, Marino JS. High Fat Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes: From Rodent to Human. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123650. [PMID: 33261000 PMCID: PMC7761287 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor dietary habits contribute to increased incidences of obesity and related co-morbidities, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). The biological, genetic, and pathological implications of T2D, are commonly investigated using animal models induced by a dietary intervention. In spite of significant research contributions, animal models have limitations regarding the translation to human pathology, which leads to questioning their clinical relevance. Important considerations include diet-specific effects on whole organism energy balance and glucose and insulin homeostasis, as well as tissue-specific changes in insulin and glucose tolerance. This review will examine the T2D-like phenotype in rodents resulting from common diet-induced models and their relevance to the human disease state. Emphasis will be placed on the disparity in percentages and type of dietary fat, the duration of intervention, and whole organism and tissue-specific changes in rodents. An evaluation of these models will help to identify a diet-induced rodent model with the greatest clinical relevance to the human T2D pathology. We propose that a 45% high-fat diet composed of approximately one-third saturated fats and two-thirds unsaturated fats may provide a diet composition that aligns closely to average Western diet macronutrient composition, and induces metabolic alterations mirrored by clinical populations.
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Lizarbe B, Campillo B, Guadilla I, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S. Magnetic resonance assessment of the cerebral alterations associated with obesity development. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:2135-2151. [PMID: 32703110 PMCID: PMC7585928 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20941263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a current threat to health care systems, affecting approximately 13% of the world's adult population, and over 18% children and adolescents. The rise of obesity is fuelled by inadequate life style habits, as consumption of diets rich in fats and sugars which promote, additionally, the development of associated comorbidities. Obesity results from a neuroendocrine imbalance in the cerebral mechanisms controlling food intake and energy expenditure, including the hypothalamus and the reward and motivational centres. Specifically, high-fat diets are known to trigger an early inflammatory response in the hypothalamus that precedes weight gain, is time-dependent, and eventually extends to the remaining appetite regulating regions in the brain. Multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) methods are currently available to characterize different features of cerebral obesity, including diffusion weighted, T2 and volumetric imaging and 1H and 13C spectroscopic evaluations. In particular, consistent evidences have revealed increased water diffusivity and T2 values, decreased grey matter volumes, and altered metabolic profiles and fluxes, in the brain of animal models and in obese humans. This review provides an integrative interpretation of the physio-pathological processes associated with obesity development in the brain, and the MRI and MRS methods implemented to characterize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Basilio Campillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Guadilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Chiquita S, Ribeiro M, Castelhano J, Oliveira F, Sereno J, Batista M, Abrunhosa A, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Carecho R, Baptista F, Gomes C, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF, Castelo-Branco M. A longitudinal multimodal in vivo molecular imaging study of the 3xTg-AD mouse model shows progressive early hippocampal and taurine loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2174-2188. [PMID: 30816415 PMCID: PMC6586150 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the natural history of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and temporal trajectories of in vivo molecular mechanisms requires longitudinal approaches. A behavioral and multimodal imaging study was performed at 4/8/12 and 16 months of age in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). Behavioral assessment included the open field and novel object recognition tests. Molecular characterization evaluated hippocampal levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) included assessment of hippocampal structural integrity, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and neurospectroscopy to determine levels of the endogenous neuroprotector taurine. Longitudinal brain amyloid accumulation was assessed using 11C Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET), and neuroinflammation/microglia activation was investigated using 11C-PK1195. We found altered locomotor activity at months 4/8 and 16 months and recognition memory impairment at all time points. Substantial early reduction of hippocampal volume started at month 4 and progressed over 8/12 and 16 months. Hippocampal taurine levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus at months 4/8 and 16. No differences were found for amyloid and neuroinflammation with PET, and BBB was disrupted only at month 16. In summary, 3xTg-AD mice showed exploratory and recognition memory impairments, early hippocampal structural loss, increased Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau and decreased levels of taurine. In sum, the 3xTg-AD animal model mimics pathological and neurobehavioral features of AD, with early-onset recognition memory loss and MRI-documented hippocampal damage. The early-onset profile suggests temporal windows and opportunities for therapeutic intervention, targeting endogenous neuroprotectors such as taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chiquita
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário Ribeiro
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Oliveira
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Sereno
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Batista
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Carecho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Agarwal SM, Caravaggio F, Costa-Dookhan KA, Castellani L, Kowalchuk C, Asgariroozbehani R, Graff-Guerrero A, Hahn M. Brain insulin action in schizophrenia: Something borrowed and something new. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107633. [PMID: 31077731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the central nervous system is at the intersection of brain and body interactions, and represents a fundamental link between metabolic and cognitive disorders. Abnormalities in brain insulin action could underlie the development of comorbid schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes. Among its functions, central nervous system insulin is involved in regulation of striatal dopamine levels, peripheral glucose homeostasis, and feeding regulation. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of central nervous system insulin in schizophrenia and diabetes pathogenesis from a historical and mechanistic perspective. We describe central nervous system insulin sites and pathways of action, with special emphasis on glucose metabolism, cognitive functioning, inflammation, and food preferences. Finally, we suggest possible mechanisms that may explain the actions of central nervous system insulin in relation to schizophrenia and diabetes, focusing on glutamate and dopamine signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and brain energetics. Understanding the interplay between central nervous system insulin and schizophrenia is essential to disentangling this comorbid relationship and may provide novel treatment approaches for both neuropsychiatric and metabolic dysfunction. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Antipsychotics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenya A Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chantel Kowalchuk
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Lizarbe B, Soares AF, Larsson S, Duarte JMN. Neurochemical Modifications in the Hippocampus, Cortex and Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to Long-Term High-Fat Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:985. [PMID: 30670942 PMCID: PMC6331468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes impact brain function and metabolism. While it is well established that rodents exposed to diets rich in saturated fat develop brain dysfunction, contrasting results abound in the literature, likely as result of exposure to different high-fat diet (HFD) compositions and for varied periods of time. In the present study, we investigated alterations of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by measuring Y-maze spontaneous alternation, metabolic profiles of the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and levels of proteins specific to synaptic and glial compartments in mice exposed for 6 months to different amounts of fat (10, 45, or 60% of total energy intake). Increasing the dietary amount of fat from 10 to 45% or 60% resulted in obesity accompanied by increased leptin, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and reduced glucose tolerance. In comparison to controls (10%-fat), only mice fed the 60%-fat diet showed increased fed glycemia, as well as plasma corticosterone that has a major impact on brain function. HFD-induced metabolic profile modifications measured by 1H MRS were observed across the three brain areas in mice exposed to 60%- but not 45%-fat diet, while both HFD groups displayed impaired hippocampal-dependent memory. HFD also affected systems involved in neuro- or gliotransmission in the hippocampus. Namely, relative to controls, 60%-fat-fed mice showed reduced SNAP-25, PSD-95 and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity, while 45%-fat-fed mice showed reduced gephyrin and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity. For both HFD levels, reductions of the vesicular glutamate transporter vGlut1 and levels of the vesicular GABA transporter were observed in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, relative to controls. Immunoreactivity against GFAP and/or Iba-1 in the hypothalamus was higher in mice exposed to HFD than controls, suggesting occurrence of gliosis. We conclude that different levels of dietary fat result in distinct neurochemical alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Francisca Soares
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Larsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Cardoso S, Moreira PI. Diabesity and brain disturbances: A metabolic perspective. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:71-79. [PMID: 30321556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have been marked by an increased prevalence in non-communicable diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as well as by population aging and age-related (brain) diseases. The current notion that the brain and the body are interrelated units is gaining the attention of the scientific and medical community. Growing evidence demonstrates that there is a significant overlap in risk, comorbidity, and pathophysiological mechanisms across obesity, T2D and brain disturbances; settings that seem to be worsened when both obesity and T2D occur simultaneously, the so-called diabesity. Thereupon, there is a great concern to critically appraise and understand the mechanisms by which diabesity can affect brain responses, and may accelerate the decline in brain health. In this framework, metabolic disturbances mediated by altered insulin signaling and mitochondrial function arise among the multifactorial interactions described to occur between obesity, T2D and neurocognitive deficits. In this review we have compiled all the notions and evidence describing how diabesity negatively influences brain function putting the emphasis on insulin signaling pathway disturbances and mitochondrial anomalies. We also debate lifestyle interventions as amenable strategies to lessen metabolic anomalies and, consequently, diabesity-associated brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Physiology - Faculty of Medicine - University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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