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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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Karady M, Novák O, Horna A, Strnad M, Doležal K. High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry/High Resolution Electrospray Ionization‐Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/EC/HR ESI‐MS) Characterization of Selected Cytokinins Oxidation Products. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Karady
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Horna
- RADANAL Ltd. Okružní 613, CZ 530 03, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Erb R, Plattner S. Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:64-92. [PMID: 24338642 PMCID: PMC4286209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in-depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)-MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI-MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI-MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI-MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI-MS and LC/EC/ESI-MS are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
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Hongo Y, Nakamura T, Takahashi S, Motoyama T, Hayashi T, Hirota H, Osada H, Koshino H. Detection of oxygen addition peaks for terpendole E and related indole-diterpene alkaloids in a positive-mode ESI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:537-542. [PMID: 24913406 PMCID: PMC4207197 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This report describes that a regular positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of terpendoles often causes unexpected oxygen additions to form [M + H + O](+) and [M + H + 2O](+), which might be a troublesome in the characterization of new natural analogues. The intensities of [M + H + O](+) and [M + H + 2O](+) among terpendoles were unpredictable and fluctuated largely. Simple electrochemical oxidation in electrospray ionization was insufficient to explain the phenomenon. So we studied factors to form [M + H + O](+) and [M + H + 2O](+) using terpendole E and natural terpendoles together with some model indole alkaloids. Similar oxygen addition was observed for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indole, which is corresponding to the substructure of terpendole E. In tandem MS experiments, a major fragment ion at m/z 130 from protonated terpendole E was assigned to the substructure containing indole. When the [M + H + O](+) was selected as a precursor ion, the ion shifted to m/z 146. The same 16 Da shift of fragments was also observed for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocyclopent[b]indole, indicating that the oxygen addition of terpendole E took place at the indole portion. However, the oxygen addition was absent for some terpendoles, even whose structure resembles terpendole E. The breakdown curves characterized the tandem MS features of terpendoles. Preferential dissociation into m/z 130 suggested the protonation tendency at the indole site. Terpendoles that are preferentially protonated at indole tend to form oxygen addition peaks, suggesting that the protonation feature contributes to the oxygen additions in some degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Antibiotics Laboratory, RIKENWako, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKENWako, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Global Research Cluster, RIKENWako, Japan
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKENWako, Japan
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Looi DW, Iftikhar I, Brajter-Toth A. Electrochemical Attributes of Electrochemistry in Tandem with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Selective separation, detection of zotepine and mass spectral characterization of degradants by LC-MS/MS/QTOF. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:107-116. [PMID: 29403872 PMCID: PMC5761085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, precise, accurate stability-indicating gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP–HPLC) method was developed for the quantitative determination of zotepine (ZTP) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products (DPs). The method was developed using Phenomenex C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with a mobile phase containing a gradient mixture of solvents, A (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), pH=3.0) and B (acetonitrile). The eluted compounds were monitored at 254 nm; the run time was within 20.0 min, in which ZTP and its DPs were well separated, with a resolution of >1.5. The stress testing of ZTP was carried out under acidic, alkaline, neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. ZTP was found to degrade significantly in acidic, photolytic, thermal and oxidative stress conditions and remain stable in basic and neutral conditions. The developed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines. This method was also suitable for the assay determination of ZTP in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The DPs were characterized by LC–MS/MS and their fragmentation pathways were proposed.
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Lu M, Wolff C, Cui W, Chen H. Investigation of some biologically relevant redox reactions using electrochemical mass spectrometry interfaced by desorption electrospray ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:355-65. [PMID: 22237914 PMCID: PMC3731448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have shown that, as a versatile ionization technique, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) can serve as a useful interface to combine electrochemistry (EC) with mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, the EC/DESI-MS method has been further applied to investigate some aqueous phase redox reactions of biological significance, including the reduction of peptide disulfide bonds and nitroaromatics as well as the oxidation of phenothiazines. It was found that knotted/enclosed disulfide bonds in the peptides apamin and endothelin could be electrochemically cleaved. Subsequent tandem MS analysis of the resulting reduced peptide ions using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-capture dissociation (ECD) gave rise to extensive fragment ions, providing a fast protocol for sequencing peptides with complicated disulfide bond linkages. Flunitrazepam and clonazepam, a class of nitroaromatic drugs, are known to undergo reduction into amines which was proposed to involve nitroso and N-hydroxyl intermediates. Now in this study, these corresponding intermediate ions were successfully intercepted and their structures were confirmed by CID. This provides mass spectrometric evidence for the mechanism of the nitro to amine conversion process during nitroreduction, an important redox reaction involved in carcinogenesis. In addition, the well-known oxidation reaction of chlorpromazine was also examined. The putative transient one-electron transfer product, the chlorpromazine radical cation (m/z 318), was captured by MS, for the first time, and its structure was also verified by CID. In addition to these observations, some features of the DESI-interfaced electrochemical mass spectrometry were discussed, such as simple instrumentation and the lack of background signal. These results further demonstrate the feasibility of EC/DESI-MS for the study of the biology-relevant redox chemistry and would find applications in proteomics and drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lu
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Chloe Wolff
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Weidong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Tong W, Chowdhury SK, Su AD, Alton KB. Quantitation of Parent Drug and Its Unstable Metabolites by in Situ Coulometric Oxidation and Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:10251-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102538s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Swapan K. Chowdhury
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ai-Duen Su
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin B. Alton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Gun J, Bharathi S, Gutkin V, Rizkov D, Voloshenko A, Shelkov R, Sladkevich S, Kyi N, Rona M, Wolanov Y, Rizkov D, Koch M, Mizrahi S, Pridkhochenko PV, Modestov A, Lev O. Highlights in Coupled Electrochemical Flow Cell-Mass Spectrometry, EC/MS. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nozaki K, Osaka I, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R. Application of on-line electrochemistry/electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry to a quantification method for the antipsychotic drug zotepine in human serum. ANAL SCI 2010; 25:1197-201. [PMID: 19822962 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and sensitive on-line liquid chromatographic electrochemistry/electrospray/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-EC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of zotepine in human serum was developed using a new generated-electrochemically fragment ion, and was validated. A recent novel technique of LC-EC/ESI-MS/MS that combines LC-MS/MS and the on-line EC reaction is potentially applicable to developing a quantification method for drugs in biological samples. Newly formed products generated by the on-line EC cell are expected to provide appropriate precursor and product ions for the MS/MS determination method. This technique was successfully applied to a drug assay in a biological matrix. After adding imipramine (IS) to a 30-microL aliquot of human serum, the resulting sample was simply deproteinated with acetonitrile for a measurement. The analytical run time was 5 min. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 10-2000 ng/mL. The intra-assay precision and accuracy were in the range of 1.8-8.9 and 98.4-113%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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Gutkin V, Gun J, Lev O. Electrochemical Deposition−Stripping Analysis of Molecules and Proteins by Online Electrochemical Flow Cell/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8396-404. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901285m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Gutkin
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Lohmann W, Karst U. Biomimetic modeling of oxidative drug metabolism. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 391:79-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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