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Pacholski P, Schramm S, Progent F, Aubriet F. Differentiation of Four Polyvinylidene Fluoride Polymers Based on Their End Groups by DART-FT-ICR MS and Kendrick Plots. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2278-2288. [PMID: 37647027 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, synthetic polymers are produced and used in many materials for different applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization or electrospray mass spectrometry are classically used to investigate them, but these techniques require sample preparation steps, which are not always suitable for the study of insoluble or formulated polymers. Alternatively, direct real-time (DART) ionization analysis may be conducted without sample preparation. Four polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers involving the C2H2F2 repeating unit coming from different suppliers have been analyzed by DART Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in negative-ion mode. The obtained mass spectra systematically displayed an oligomeric distribution between m/z 400 and 1300 of [M - H]-, [M + O2]•-, and [M + NO2]- ions. Kendrick plots were used to ease the identification of PVDF end-groups and establish a difference between the samples. Both commercial PVDF polymers shared the same α+ω end groups formula, which confirmed a similar polymerization process for their synthesis. The two other PVDFs were clearly different from the commercial ones by the occurrence of specific end-groups. MS/MS and MS3 experiments were conducted to obtain structural information on these end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pacholski
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Sébastien Schramm
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | - Frédéric Aubriet
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC (Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique-Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes), F-57000 Metz, France
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Pleshkova AP, Kuznetsova ES. A Study of Novel Organic Optoelectronics Materials Based on Thiophene and Silicon by Time-of-Flight Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934818130129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moreno-García P, Grimaudo V, Riedo A, Tulej M, Wurz P, Broekmann P. Towards matrix-free femtosecond-laser desorption mass spectrometry for in situ space research. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1031-1036. [PMID: 27003040 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is an increasing interest in the quest for low molecular weight biomarkers that can be studied on extra-terrestrial objects by direct laser desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS). Although molecular structure investigations have recently been carried out by direct LD-MS approaches, there is still a lack of suitable instruments for implementation on a spacecraft due to weight, size and power consumption demands. In this contribution we demonstrate the feasibility of LD-MS structural analysis of molecular species by a miniature laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometer (instrument name LMS) originally designed for in situ elemental and isotope analysis of solids in space research. METHODS Direct LD-MS studies with molecular resolution were carried out by means of a Laser Ablation/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LIMS) technique. Two polymer samples served as model systems: neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cationic polymerizates of imidazole and epichlorohydrin (IMEP). Optimal conditions for molecular fragmentation could be identified for both polymers by tuning the laser energy and the instrument-sample distance. RESULTS PEG and IMEP polymers show sufficient stability over a relatively wide laser energy range. Under mild LD conditions only moderate fragmentation of the polymers takes place so that valuable structural characterization based on fragment ions can be achieved. As the applied laser pulse energy rises, the abundance of fragment ions increases, reaches a plateau and subsequently drops down due to more severe fragmentation and atomization of the polymers. At this final stage, usually referred to as laser ablation, only elemental/isotope analysis can be achieved. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations demonstrate the versatility of the LMS instrument that can be tuned to favourable laser desorption conditions that successfully meet molecule-specific requirements and deliver abundant fragment ion signals with detailed structural information. Overall, the results show promise for use in similar studies on planetary surfaces beyond Earth where no or minimal sample preparation is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Moreno-García
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Interfacial Electrochemistry Group, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Grimaudo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Interfacial Electrochemistry Group, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Riedo
- Physics Institute, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marek Tulej
- Physics Institute, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wurz
- Physics Institute, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Interfacial Electrochemistry Group, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Zhang J, Ellis H, Yang L, Johansson EMJ, Boschloo G, Vlachopoulos N, Hagfeldt A, Bergquist J, Shevchenko D. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells: comparison of in situ photoelectrochemical polymerization in aqueous micellar and organic media. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3942-8. [PMID: 25751409 DOI: 10.1021/ac504851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (sDSCs) are devoid of such issues as electrolyte evaporation or leakage and electrode corrosion, which are typical for traditional liquid electrolyte-based DSCs. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most popular and efficient p-type conducting polymers that are used in sDSCs as a solid-state hole-transporting material. The most convenient way to deposit this insoluble polymer into the dye-sensitized mesoporous working electrode is in situ photoelectrochemical polymerization. Apparently, the structure and the physicochemical properties of the generated conducting polymer, which determine the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding solar cell, can be significantly affected by the preparation conditions. Therefore, a simple and fast analytical method that can reveal information on polymer chain length, possible chemical modifications, and impurities is strongly required for the rapid development of efficient solar energy-converting devices. In this contribution, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) for the analysis of PEDOT directly on sDSCs. It was found that the PEDOT generated in aqueous micellar medium possesses relatively shorter polymeric chains than the PEDOT deposited from an organic medium. Furthermore, the micellar electrolyte promotes a transformation of one of the thiophene terminal units to thiophenone. The introduction of a carbonyl group into the PEDOT molecule impedes the growth of the polymer chain and reduces the conductivity of the final polymer film. Both the simplicity of sample preparation (only application of the organic matrix onto the solar cell is needed) and the rapidity of analysis hold the promise of making MALDI MS an essential tool for the physicochemical characterization of conducting polymer-based sDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Zhang
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ellis
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei Yang
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik M J Johansson
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nick Vlachopoulos
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.,‡Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-FSB-ISIC-LSPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- †Physical Chemistry, Centre of Molecular Devices, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.,‡Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-FSB-ISIC-LSPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,§Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- ∥Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denys Shevchenko
- ∥Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Miksa BJ, Sochacki M, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Uznański P, Nosal A, Potrzebowski MJ. Application of parylene for surface (polymer) enhanced laser desorption/ionization of synthetic polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:767-772. [PMID: 23495023 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic polymers of molecular masses up to a few kDa can be analyzed without the use of any matrix by direct laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). In this technique, the surface of the sample plate plays a crucial role, and many attempts have been made to understand the influence of the surface on the ease of desorption. Since this technique requires no tedious sample pretreatment, it is a promising method for the rapid characterization of various synthetic polymers. METHODS Parylene (poly(p-xylylenes), PPX) was tested as a surface support for studying the molecular masses of biocompatible polymers: poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The average molecular masses of the polymers were: PEG (600.0 Da and 3.5 kDa), PMMA (2.0 kDa), and PLLA (2.8 kDa). RESULTS LDI mass spectra of polymers deposited on parylene were enhanced by a factor of two over those obtained directly from the gold target plate. CONCLUSIONS Modification of the surface of the target plate by the addition of a PPX layer extended the functionality of LDI-TOF MS, especially for the analysis of low-mass compounds. The LDI analysis using the PPX-coated target plate provided details of polymers including: end-group, composition, monomer unit, and molecular mass distribution. The average molecular weights of four tested polymers on the gold target plate and the PPX support were unchanged, indicating that sample degradation was not occurring despite the high energy of the laser beam. The LDI investigations showed that the PPX support boosted ion yields by a factor of two compared with the gold target plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata J Miksa
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.
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Samperi F, Battiato S, Puglisi C, Giovanella U, Mendichi R, Destri S. Combined Techniques for the Characterization of Polyfluorene Copolymers and Correlation with their Optical Properties. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Samperi
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Salvatore Battiato
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Concetto Puglisi
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia
dei Polimeri (ICTP) UOS Catania, CNR, Via
Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Raniero Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Destri
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, CNR, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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