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Wu R, Benzenberg LR, Svingou D, Zenobi R. The Structure of Cyclic Neuropeptide Somatostatin and Octapeptide Octreotide in the Presence of Copper Ions: Insights from Transition Metal Ion FRET and Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10542-10547. [PMID: 37146120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The conformation and function of somatostatin (SST), a cyclic neuropeptide, was recently found to be altered in the presence of Cu(II) ions, which leads to self-aggregation and loss of biological function as a neurotransmitter. However, the impact of Cu(II) ions on the structure and function of SST is not fully understood. In this work, transition metal ion Förster resonance energy transfer (tmFRET) and native ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) were utilized to study the structures of well-defined gas-phase ions of SST and of a smaller analogue, octreotide (OCT). The tmFRET results suggest two binding sites of Cu(II) ions in both native-like SST and OCT ions, either in close proximity to the disulfide bond or complexed by two aromatic residues, consistent with results obtained from collision-induced dissociation (CID). The former binding site was reported to initiate aggregation of SST, while the latter binding site could directly affect the essential motif for receptor binding and therefore impair the biological function of SST and OCT when bound to SST receptors. Our results demonstrate that tmFRET is capable of locating transition metal ion binding sites in neuropeptides. Furthermore, multiple distance constraints (tmFRET) and global shape (IM-MS) provide additional structural insights of SST and OCT ions upon metal binding, which is related to the self-aggregation mechanisms and overall biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Wu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas R Benzenberg
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Despoina Svingou
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Zhao X, Zhang S, Ma Q, Zhang X, Ma X. Rapid Disulfide Mapping in Peptides and Proteins by meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic Acid ( mCPBA) Oxidation and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14618-14625. [PMID: 34704736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are a class of important post-translational modifications that play important roles in modulating the structures and functions of proteins. Therefore, the mapping of disulfide linkages in peptides and proteins is indispensable for complete structure characterization and functional studies. As disulfide bonds in protonated ions do not dissociate readily under low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID), they are usually chemically cleaved or activated prior to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis. In this study, we report a new method that allows the mapping of disulfide linkages in peptides and proteins through meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA)-based disulfide oxidation and MS/MS. Upon oxidation, the disulfide bond is converted to a thiosulfinate group, i.e., S(═O)-S, in a rapid (>60% yield in 1 min) and highly specific approach in an aqueous phase. The thiosulfinate group is then preferentially cleaved by MS/MS. For interchain disulfide linkages, this leads to a facile peptide chain separation and the identification of disulfide-linked peptides. For intrachain disulfide linkages, collisional activation of the thiosulfinate leads to disulfide cleavage and fragmentation of the peptide backbone constrained by the disulfide loop, enabling a near-complete peptide sequencing. The mCPBA oxidation-based disulfide mapping strategy can be readily integrated with bottom-up or top-down protein analysis for comprehensive protein structure elucidation, e.g., digested lysozyme and intact human insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sichun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Cai Y, Zheng Q, Liu Y, Helmy R, Loo JA, Chen H. Integration of electrochemistry with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:341-51. [PMID: 26307715 PMCID: PMC4552337 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrochemistry (EC) for the first time and its application for the structural analysis of proteins/peptides that contain disulfide bonds. In our approach, a protein/peptide mixture sample undergoes a fast UPLC separation and subsequent electrochemical reduction in an electrochemical flow cell followed by online MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. The electrochemical cell is coupled to the mass spectrometer using our recently developed desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) interface. Using this UPLC/EC/DESI-MS method, peptides that contain disulfide bonds can be differentiated from those without disulfide bonds, as the former are electroactive and reducible. MS/MS analysis of the disulfide-reduced peptide ions provides increased information on the sequence and disulfide-linkage pattern. In a reactive DESI- MS detection experiment in which a supercharging reagent was used to dope the DESI spray solvent, increased charging was obtained for the UPLC-separated proteins. Strikingly, upon online electrolytic reduction, supercharged proteins (e.g., α-lactalbumin) showed even higher charging, which will be useful in top- down protein structure MS analysis as increased charges are known to promote protein ion dissociation. Also, the separation speed and sensitivity are enhanced by approximately 1(~)2 orders of magnitude by using UPLC for the liquid chromatography (LC)/EC/MS platform, in comparison to the previously used high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This UPLC/EC/DESI-MS method combines the power of fast UPLC separation, fast electrochemical conversion, and online MS structural analysis for a potentially valuable tool for proteomics research and bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701 USA.
| | - Qiuling Zheng
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701 USA.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Dep artment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701 USA.
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Zheng Q, Zhang H, Chen H. Integration of online digestion and electrolytic reduction with mass spectrometry for rapid disulfide-containing protein structural analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 353:84-92. [PMID: 25419170 PMCID: PMC4240030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up structural analysis of disulfide-bond containing proteins usually involves time-consuming offline enzymatic digestion, chemical reduction and thiol protection prior to mass spectrometric detection, which takes many hours. This paper presents an expedited bottom-up approach, employing desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) coupled with online pepsin digestion and online electrochemical reduction of disulfide bonds. Peptides are generated in high digestion yield as its precursor protein in acidic aqueous solution flows through a pepsin column, which can undergo direct electrolysis. The electrolytic behaviors of peptides, as online monitored by DESI-MS, suggest the presence or absence of disulfide bonds in the peptides, and also provide information to relate disulfide bond-containing peptide precursors to their corresponding reduced products. Furthermore, selective electrolysis simply using different reduction potentials can be adopted to generate either partially or fully reduced peptides to assist disulfide bond mapping. In addition, it turns out that DESI is suitable for ionizing peptides in water without organic solvent additives (organic solvent additives would not be compatible with the use of pepsin column). The feasibility of this method was demonstrated using insulin, a protein carrying three pairs of disulfide-bonds as an example, in which all disulfide bond linkages and most of the protein sequence were successfully determined. Strikingly, this method shortens the sample digestion, reduction and MS detection from hours to less than 7 min, which could be of high value in high-throughput proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Zheng
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 314 935 7486
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 740 593 0719; fax: +1 740 597 3157
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Bianco G, Labella C, Pepe A, Cataldi TRI. Scrambling of autoinducing precursor peptides investigated by infrared multiphoton dissociation with electrospray ionization and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23208287 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two synthetic precursor peptides, H(2)N-CVGIW and H(2)N-LVMCCVGIW, involved in the quorum sensing of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, were characterized by mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray ionization and 7-T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI-FTICR) instrument. Cell-free bacterial supernatant solutions were analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ESI-FTICR MS to verify the occurrence of both pentapeptide and nonapeptide in the bacterial broth. The structural characterization of both protonated peptides was performed by infrared multiphoton dissociation using a continuous CO(2) laser source at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. As their fragmentation behavior cannot be directly derived from the primary peptide structure, all anomalous fragments were interpreted as neutral loss of amino acids from the interior of both peptides, i.e., loss of V, G, VG and M, MC, V, CC, from H(2)N-CVGIW and H(2)N-LVMCCVGIW, respectively. Mechanisms of this scrambling are proposed. FTICR MS provides accurate masses of all fragment ions with very low absolute mass errors (<1.6 ppm), which facilitated the reliable assignment of their elemental compositions. The resolving power was more than sufficient to resolve closely isobaric product ions with routine subparts per million mass accuracies. Only the occurrence of pentapeptide was found in the cell-free culture of L. plantarum, grown in Waymouth's medium broth, with a low content of 5.2 ± 2.6 μM by external calibration. Most of it was present as oxidized H(2)N-CVGIW, that is, the soluble disulfide pentapeptide with a level tenfold higher (i.e., 50 ± 4 μM, n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Cole SR, Ma X, Zhang X, Xia Y. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) of peptides containing intrachain disulfide bonds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:310-320. [PMID: 22161508 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation chemistry of peptides containing intrachain disulfide bonds was investigated under electron transfer dissociation (ETD) conditions. Fragments within the cyclic region of the peptide backbone due to intrachain disulfide bond formation were observed, including: c (odd electron), z (even electron), c-33 Da, z+33 Da, c+32 Da, and z-32 Da types of ions. The presence of these ions indicated cleavages both at the disulfide bond and the N-Cα backbone from a single electron transfer event. Mechanistic studies supported a mechanism whereby the N-Cα bond was cleaved first, and radical-driven reactions caused cleavage at either an S-S bond or an S-C bond within cysteinyl residues. Direct ETD at the disulfide linkage was also observed, correlating with signature loss of 33 Da (SH) from the charge-reduced peptide ions. Initial ETD cleavage at the disulfide bond was found to be promoted amongst peptides ions of lower charge states, while backbone fragmentation was more abundant for higher charge states. The capability of inducing both backbone and disulfide bond cleavages from ETD could be particularly useful for sequencing peptides containing intact intrachain disulfide bonds. ETD of the 13 peptides studied herein all showed substantial sequence coverage, accounting for 75%-100% of possible backbone fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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9
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Determination of Peptide and Protein Disulfide Linkages by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 331:79-116. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mentinova M, McLuckey SA. Cleavage of Multiple Disulfide Bonds in Insulin via Gold Cationization and Collision-induced Dissociation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 308:133-136. [PMID: 22125416 PMCID: PMC3223978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intact bovine insulin, with its two chains linked via two disulfide linkages, has been used as a model system to study the incorporation of one or more gold cations as means for facilitating the cleavage of multiple disulfide bonds in a tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions involving Au(I)Cl(2) (-) or Au(III)Cl(4) (-) were used to incorporate either one or two gold cations into multiply-protonated insulin cations, followed by ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the products. The incorporation of a single gold cation followed by CID showed little evidence for disulfide bond cleavage. Rather, the CID spectra were similar to those acquired for the same charge state with only excess protons present. However, the incorporation of two gold cations, regardless of oxidation state, resulted in efficient cleavage of the disulfide bonds connecting the two chains of insulin. Furthermore, ion trap CID of the insulin complexes containing two gold cations showed more sequence information compared to the complexes containing only one gold cation or no gold cations. The partitioning of the gold cations between the two chains upon CID proved to be largely asymmetric, as both gold cations tended to stay together. There appeared to be a slight preference for both gold cations to partition into the B-chain. However, the relatively low contribution from single chain ions with only one gold ion suggests a degree of cooperativity in the overall mechanism for separation of the two chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mentinova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907-2084
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907-2084
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11
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Agarwal A, Diedrich JK, Julian RR. Direct Elucidation of Disulfide Bond Partners Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6455-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201650v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, 501 Chemical Sciences, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, 501 Chemical Sciences, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, 501 Chemical Sciences, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Lee M, Lee Y, Kang M, Park H, Seong Y, Sung BJ, Moon B, Oh HB. Disulfide bond cleavage in TEMPO-free radical initiated peptide sequencing mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:830-839. [PMID: 21834022 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase free radical initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) fragmentation behavior of o-TEMPO-Bz-conjugated peptides with an intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond was investigated using MS(n) tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Investigated peptides included four peptides with an intramolecular cyclic disulfide bond, Bactenecin (RLCRIVVIRVCR), TGF-α (CHSGYVGVRC), MCH (DFDMLRCMLGRVFRPCWQY) and Adrenomedullin (16-31) (CRFGTCTVQKLAHQIY), and two peptides with an intermolecular disulfide bond. Collisional activation of the benzyl radical conjugated peptide cation, which was generated through the release of a TEMPO radical from o-TEMPO-Bz-conjugated peptides upon initial collisional activation, produced a large number of peptide backbone fragments in which the S-S or C-S bond was readily cleaved. The observed peptide backbone fragments included a-, c-, x- or z-types, which indicates that the radical-driven peptide fragmentation mechanism plays an important role in TEMPO-FRIPS mass spectrometry. FRIPS application of the linearly linked disulfide peptides further showed that the S-S or C-S bond was selectively and preferentially cleaved, followed by peptide backbone dissociations. In the FRIPS mass spectra, the loss of •SH or •SSH was also abundantly found. On the basis of these findings, FRIPS fragmentation pathways for peptides with a disulfide bond are proposed. For the cleavage of the S-S bond, the abstraction of a hydrogen atom at C(β) by the benzyl radical is proposed to be the initial radical abstraction/transfer reaction. On the other hand, H-abstraction at C(α) is suggested to lead to C-S bond cleavage, which yields [ion ± S] fragments or the loss of •SH or •SSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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Ma X, Love CB, Zhang X, Xia Y. Gas-phase fragmentation of [M+nH+OH]n•+ ions formed from peptides containing intra-molecular disulfide bonds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:922-930. [PMID: 21472527 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated gas-phase fragmentation behavior of [M + nH + OH](n•+) ions formed from peptides containing intra-molecular disulfide bond. Backbone fragmentation and radical initiated neutral losses were observed as the two competing processes upon low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). Their relative contribution was found to be affected by the charge state (n) of [M + nH + OH](n•+) ions and the means for activation, i.e., beam-type CID or ion trap CID. Radical initiated neutral losses were promoted in ion-trap CID and for lower charge states where mobile protons were limited. Beam-type CID and dissociation of higher charge states of [M + nH + OH](n•+) ions generally gave abundant backbone fragmentation, which was highly desirable for characterizing peptides containing disulfide bonds. The amount of sequence information obtained from CID of [M + nH + OH](n•+) ions was compared with that from CID of disulfide bond reduced peptides. For the 11 peptides studied herein, similar extent of sequence information was obtained from these two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ke Y, Zhao J, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC. Dissociation of copper(II) ternary complexes containing cystine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9017-28. [PMID: 20539872 DOI: 10.1039/c001908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The collision-induced dissociations are reported for Cu(II) complexes containing 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) as the auxiliary ligand and a peptide containing one cystine residue. For six of the complexes examined, cleavage of the S-S bond in the peptide was the dominant fragmentation pathway. The exceptions were for complexes containing the largest peptides, (GlyCys'Gly)(2) and (GlyGlyCys')(2) (Cys' = NHCH(CH(2)S)CO, one half of the cystine residue; terminal H and OH are implicit), for which proton transfer to the auxiliary ligand was the major channel. Cleavage of the C-S bond was observed, but was a minor channel for all complexes. The radical cation (Cys')(2)(*+) was not observed although the complementary ion [Cu(I)(tacn)](+) was present in moderate abundance. Density functional calculations (at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) gave low barriers to fragmentation of (Cys')(2)(*+) by homolytic fission of the C-S bond of the canonical ion (barrier 16.5 kcal mol(-1)) and of the structure at the global minimum, a captodative ion (barrier 17.2 kcal mol(-1)). Peptide radical cations (GlyCys')(2)(*+), (GlyCys'Gly)(2)(*+), (GlyGlyCys')(2)(*+) and (GlyCys'(Cys')Gly)(*+) were observed in low abundances; the first two of these ions dissociated predominantly by fragmentation of the S-S bond, while the other two preferentially cleaved at an amide bond. No cleavage of the C-S bond was observed for the peptide radical cations. Density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d) established that the cystine in [Cu(II)(tacn)(Cys')(2)](*2+) is bound as a zwitterion through the carboxylate anion with the proton on the distal amino group. The lowest energy complex containing a canonical cystine, coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen and the amino group of the same Cys', is 8.3 kcal mol(-1) higher in enthalpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Xia Y, Cooks RG. Plasma Induced Oxidative Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds in Polypeptides during Nanoelectrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2856-64. [PMID: 20196567 DOI: 10.1021/ac9028328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Yang H, Liu N, Qiu X, Liu S. A new method for analysis of disulfide-containing proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:2284-93. [PMID: 19815426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and high-throughput method for the identification of disulfide-containing peptides utilizing peptide-matrix adducts is described. Some commonly used matrices in MALDI mass spectrometry were found to specifically react with sulfhydryl groups within peptide, thus allowing the observation of the peptide-matrix adduct ion [M + n + n' matrix + H]+ or [M + n + n' matrix + Na]+ (n = the number of cysteine residues, n' = 1, 2, ... , n) in MALDI mass spectra after chemical reduction of disulfide-linked peptides. Among several matrices tested, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA, molecular mass 189 Da) and alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamic acid (3-HCCA) were found to be more effective for MALDI analysis of disulfide-containing peptides/proteins. Two reduced cysteines involved in a disulfide bridge resulted in a mass shift of 189 Da per cysteine, so the number of disulfide bonds could then be determined, while for the other matrices (sinapinic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid), a similar addition reaction could not occur unless the reaction was carried out under alkaline conditions. The underlying mechanism of the reaction of the matrix addition at sulfhydryl groups is proposed, and several factors that might affect the formation of the peptide-matrix adducts were investigated. In general, this method is fast, effective, and robust to identify disulfide bonds in proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
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Mentinova M, Han H, McLuckey SA. Dissociation of disulfide-intact somatostatin ions: the roles of ion type and dissociation method. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2647-55. [PMID: 19630027 PMCID: PMC3024147 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation chemistry of somatostatin-14 was examined using various tandem mass spectrometry techniques including low-energy beam-type and ion trap collision-induced dissociation (CID) of protonated and deprotonated forms of the peptide, CID of peptide-gold complexes, and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) of cations. Most of the sequence of somatostatin-14 is present within a loop defined by the disulfide linkage between Cys-3 and Cys-14. The generation of readily interpretable sequence-related ions from within the loop requires the cleavage of at least one of the bonds of the disulfide linkage and the cleavage of one polypeptide backbone bond. CID of the protonated forms of somatostatin did not appear to give rise to an appreciable degree of dissociation of the disulfide linkage. Sequential fragmentation via multiple alternative pathways tended to generate very complex spectra. CID of the anions proceeded through CH(2)-S cleavages extensively but relatively few structurally diagnostic ions were generated. The incorporation of Au(I) into the molecule via ion/ion reactions followed by CID gave rise to many structurally relevant dissociation products, particularly for the [M+Au+H](2+) species. The products were generated by a combination of S-S bond cleavage and amide bond cleavage. ETD of the [M+3H](3+) ion generated rich sequence information, as did CID of the electron transfer products that did not fragment directly upon electron transfer. The electron transfer results suggest that both the S-S bond and an N-C(alpha) bond can be cleaved following a single electron transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mentinova
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907-2084
| | - Hongling Han
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907-2084
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA 47907-2084
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Joly L, Antoine R, Albrieux F, Ballivian R, Broyer M, Chirot F, Lemoine J, Dugourd P, Greco C, Mitrić R, Bonačić-Koutecký V. Optical and Structural Properties of Copper−Oxytocin Dications in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:11293-300. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9037478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Joly
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Albrieux
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renaud Ballivian
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Broyer
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Lemoine
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio Greco
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Ionique et Moléculaire (UMR 5579) and Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5180), CNRS, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, Insitut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany, and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee, 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Joly L, Antoine R, Allouche AR, Broyer M, Lemoine J, Dugourd P. Optical Properties of Isolated Hormone Oxytocin Dianions: Ionization, Reduction, and Copper Complexation Effects. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6607-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810342s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Joly
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Broyer
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Lemoine
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- LASIM, UMR 5579, and Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180, CNRS et Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
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21
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Prudent M, Girault HH. The role of copper in cysteine oxidation: study of intra- and inter-molecular reactions in mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2009; 1:157-65. [DOI: 10.1039/b817061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Kim HI, Beauchamp JL. Mapping disulfide bonds in insulin with the Route 66 Method: selective cleavage of S-C bonds using alkali and alkaline earth metal enolate complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:157-166. [PMID: 18990587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple and fast identification of disulfide linkages in insulin is demonstrated with a peptic digest using the Route 66 method. This is accomplished by collisional activation of singly and doubly charged cationic Na(+) and Ca(2+) complexes generated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Collisional activation of doubly charged metal complexes of peptides with intermolecular disulfide linkages yields two sets of singly charged paired products separated by 66 mass units resulting from selective SC bond cleavages. Highly selective elimination of 66 mass units, which corresponds to the molecular weight of hydrogen disulfide (H(2)S(2)), is observed from singly charged metal complexes of peptides with disulfide linkages. The mechanism proposed for these processes is initiated by formation of a metal-stabilized enolate at Cys, followed by cleavage of the S-C bond. Further activation of the products yields sequence information that facilitates locating the position of the disulfide linkages in the peptic digest fragments. For example, the doubly charged Ca(2+) complex of the peptic digest product GIVEQCCASVCSL/FVNQHLCGSHL yields paired products separated by 66 mass units resulting from selective SC bond cleavages at an intermolecular disulfide linkage under low-energy collision-induced dissociation. Further activation of the product comprising the A chain reveals the presence of a second disulfide bridge, an intramolecular linkage. Experimental and theoretical studies of the disulfide linked model peptides provide mechanistic details for the selective cleavage of the S-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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23
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Lee M, Kang M, Moon B, Oh HB. Gas-phase peptide sequencing by TEMPO-mediated radical generation. Analyst 2009; 134:1706-12. [PMID: 20448941 DOI: 10.1039/b904115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea
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24
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van der Burgt YEM, Palmblad M, Dalebout H, Heeren RMA, Deelder AM. Electron capture dissociation of peptide hormone changes upon opening of the tocin ring and complexation with transition metal cations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:31-38. [PMID: 19051230 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electron capture dissociation (ECD) is an analytical technique in mass spectrometry (MS) that allows detailed structural study of biomolecules to gain insight in their function. In this work the ECD behavior of two peptide hormones oxytocin (OT1) and vasopressin (VP1) was studied. The results of OT1 and VP1 were compared to structural analogues OT2 and VP2, which have similar amino acid sequences but lack the tocin ring. The ECD results showed that both the fragment type (c/z versus b/y) and the cleavage sites (ring versus tail) changed upon opening of the tocin ring. All four peptides were complexed with three different transition metal cations (Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Cu(2+)) and the ECD results were compared to those obtained from the doubly protonated species. The use of various metal ions yielded different cleavages sites within the same peptide. This can be an effect of the metal ion itself, or a consequence of a change in conformation as was suggested earlier. In addition, the type of fragment ion varied for each metal-complexed peptide, which is in agreement with previous observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Jeong HJ, Kim HT. Determination of a binding site of Cu and Ni metal ions with oxytocin peptide by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and multiple mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:67-72. [PMID: 19174595 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The structures of a [Ni(II), Cu(II)- - -oxytocin] complex were investigated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry in positive mode. The fragmentation patterns of the [Ni(II), Cu(II) + OT](2+) complex were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and multiple mass spectrometry in the gas-phase. Conformations of metalII ion binding to oxytocin (OT) have been studied to explain the biological activity difference in the physiological solution. The [Ni(II) + OT](2+) and [Cu(II) + OT](2+) complexes were observed as the main ions in MS spectra. The Cys1-Tyr2-Ile3-Gln4 sequence of oxytocin is suggested to be a binding site for the [Ni(II) + OT](2+) gas-phase complex and Ile3-Gln4-Asn5-Cys6 sequence for the [Cu(II) + OT](2+) gas-phase complex. The specific binding site of CuII ion in the [Cu(II) + OT](2+) complex is explained as a reason of the negligible effect on the [Cu(II)- - -oxytocin] biological activity in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Jeong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 1 Yangho-Dong, Gumi 730-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Barlow CK, O'Hair RAJ. Gas-phase peptide fragmentation: how understanding the fundamentals provides a springboard to developing new chemistry and novel proteomic tools. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1301-1319. [PMID: 18819114 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial provides an overview of the evolution of some of the key concepts in the gas-phase fragmentation of different classes of peptide ions under various conditions [e.g. collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD)], and then demonstrates how these concepts can be used to develop new methods. For example, an understanding of the role of the mobile proton and neighboring group interactions in the fragmentation reactions of protonated peptides has led to the design of the 'SELECT' method. For ETD, a model based on the Landau-Zener theory reveals the role of both thermodynamic and geometric effects in the electron transfer from polyatomic reagent anions to multiply protonated peptides, and this predictive model has facilitated the design of a new strategy to form ETD reagent anions from precursors generated via ESI. Finally, two promising, emerging areas of gas-phase ion chemistry of peptides are also described: (1) the design of new gas-phase radical chemistry to probe peptide structure, and (2) selective cleavage of disulfide bonds of peptides in the gas phase via various physicochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Barlow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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27
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Mormann M, Eble J, Schwöppe C, Mesters RM, Berdel WE, Peter-Katalinić J, Pohlentz G. Fragmentation of intra-peptide and inter-peptide disulfide bonds of proteolytic peptides by nanoESI collision-induced dissociation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:831-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Kim HI, Beauchamp JL. Identifying the Presence of a Disulfide Linkage in Peptides by the Selective Elimination of Hydrogen Disulfide from Collisionally Activated Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1245-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja075698w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I. Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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