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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Rizzarelli P, Leanza M, Rapisarda M. Investigations into the characterization, degradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 38014928 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been getting more and more attention because of their contribution to the plastic pollution environmental issues and to move towards a circular economy. Nevertheless, biodegradable materials still exhibit various disadvantages restraining a widespread use in the market. Therefore, additional research efforts are required to improve their performance. Mass spectrometry (MS) affords a relevant contribution to optimize biodegradable polymer synthesis, to confirm macromolecular structures, to examine along the time the progress of degradation processes and highlight advantages and drawbacks in the extensive applications. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS investigations carried out to support the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, with helpful information on undesirable products or polymerization mechanism, to understand deterioration pathways by the structure of degradation products and to follow drug release and pharmacokinetic. Additionally, it summarizes MS studies addressed on environmental and health issues related to the extensive use of plastic materials, that is, potential migration of additives or microplastics identification and quantification. The paper is focused on the most significant studies relating to synthetic and microbial biodegradable polymers published in the last 15 years, not including agro-polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Melania Leanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB), ede Secondaria di Catania, Catania, Italy
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3
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Microbial and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102356. [PMID: 37242931 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth structural and compositional investigation of biodegradable polymeric materials, neat or partly degraded, is crucial for their successful applications. Obviously, an exhaustive structural analysis of all synthetic macromolecules is essential in polymer chemistry to confirm the accomplishment of a preparation procedure, identify degradation products originating from side reactions, and monitor chemical-physical properties. Advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques have been increasingly applied in biodegradable polymer studies with a relevant role in their further development, valuation, and extension of application fields. However, single-stage MS is not always sufficient to identify unambiguously the polymer structure. Thus, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has more recently been employed for detailed structure characterization and in degradation and drug release monitoring of polymeric samples, among which are biodegradable polymers. This review aims to run through the investigations carried out by the soft ionization technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) MS/MS in biodegradable polymers and present the resulting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Muyizere T, Mukiza J. Progress on the development of a metal salt-assisted ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2803-2819. [PMID: 35848110 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric analysis of polymers has been addressed as a challenging research topic due to poor ionization and complicated analysis using conventional mass spectrometry. The ionization source has demonstrated a promising future in rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Soft ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are the most ionization sources appeared to be a powerful tools for polymer characterization when combined with MS. However, they always need metal salts to be introduced during the ionization protocol for polymers due to the crucial role played by their ions (cations and anions). The current review focuses on the progress in the development of metal ion-assisted-ionization sources for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. Different ionization systems are comprehensively reviewed. The application of metal ion-assisted ESI, nanoESI, PSI, and MALDI-MS for polymer sample analyses is systematically discussed. The future research trends and challenges in this cutting-edge research field are summarized. It also aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of metal salts as a platform for ionization systems for the mass spectrometric characterization of polymers and offers the current challenges and perspectives on the promising future to improve analytical performance in this field. Finally, this mini-review provides a comprehensive handbook to researchers from different research backgrounds wishing to work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, 100190 Beijing, China.
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Kigali 1948, Rwanda.
- School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P. O. BOX 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
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Correlated studies of photoluminescence, vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry concerning the pantoprazole sodium photodegradation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9515. [PMID: 35680962 PMCID: PMC9184494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, new optical evidences concerning the changes induced of the UV light on pantoprazole sodium (PS), in solid state and as aqueous solution, are reported by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. New evidences concerning the products of the PS photodegradation pathways are reported by the correlated studies of thermogravimetry and mass spectrometry. The influence of the excipients and alkaline medium on the PS photodegradation is also studied. New aspects regarding the chemical mechanism of the PS photodegradation in the presence of the water vapor and oxygen form air and the alkaline medium are shown. Our results confirm that the PS photodegradation induced of the water vapors and oxygen from air leads to the generation of 5-difluoromethoxy-3H-benzimidazole-2-thione sodium, 5-difluoromethoxy-3H-benzimidazole sodium, 2-thiol methyl-3, 4-dimethoxypyridine and 2-hydroxymethyl-3, 4-dimethoxypyridine, while in the alkaline medium, compounds of the type of the 2-oxymethyl-3,4-dimethoxypyridine sodium salts are resulted.
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Gies AP, Zhou Z, Sun L, Szuromi E, Huang T, Krasovskiy A, Mukhopadhyay S, Herceg E, Kobylianskii I, Shi Z, Reyes JCP. Microstructure Characterization of Functionalized Ethylene/Propylene Polyolefins. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Lixin Sun
- Performance and Specialty Plastics R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Herbert H. Dow Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Endre Szuromi
- Performance and Specialty Plastics R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Herbert H. Dow Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Tianzi Huang
- Performance and Specialty Plastics R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Herbert H. Dow Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Arkady Krasovskiy
- Performance and Specialty Plastics R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Herbert H. Dow Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | - Eldad Herceg
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Ilia Kobylianskii
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhi Shi
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Jeremy Chris P. Reyes
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
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Gies AP, Zhou Z, Mukhopadhyay S, Kosanovich AJ, Keaton RJ, Auyeung E, Kobylianskii I, Beezer DB, Dau H, Harth E. Analytical Insights into the Microstructures and Reaction Mechanisms of Cationic Pd(II) α-Diimine-Catalyzed Polyolefins. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | | | - Alex J. Kosanovich
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Richard J. Keaton
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Evelyn Auyeung
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 240 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Herbert H. Dow Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Ilia Kobylianskii
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy., Edgar C. Britton Building, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Dain B. Beezer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Morgan TE, Wootton CA, Marzullo B, Paris J, Kerr A, Ellacott SH, van Agthoven MA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O'Connor PB. Characterization Across a Dispersity: Polymer Mass Spectrometry in the Second Dimension. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2153-2161. [PMID: 34264672 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the natural dispersity that is present in synthetic polymers, an added complexity is always present in the analysis of polymeric species. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis requires the isolation of individual precursors before a fragmentation event to allow the unambiguous characterization of these species and is not viable at certain levels of complexity due to achievable isolation widths. Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) fragments ions and correlates fragments with their corresponding precursors without the need for isolation. In this study, 2DMS electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation of a polyoxazoline and polyacrylamide species was carried out, resulting in the analysis of byproducts and individual polymer species without the use of chromatographic techniques. This study shows that 2DMS ECD is a powerful tool for the analysis of polyacrylamide and polyoxazoline species and offers a new dimension in the characterization of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Wootton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sean H Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A van Agthoven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W T Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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Gies AP, Hefner RE, Rau NJ, Mukhopadhyay S, Reyes JCP, Herceg E. Characterization of microstructures and reaction mechanisms of Tröger's base polymers of intrinsic microporosity. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8713. [PMID: 31887235 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tröger's base polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are receiving increasing attention for applications such as polymer molecular sieve membranes. Development of novel membrane materials requires microstructure analysis in order to overcome processing and applications challenges. This study aims to address these challenges and overcome some of the solubility/aggregation issues that hinder the analysis of these materials. METHODS A combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation was used to examine the reaction products of unfunctionalized Tröger's base PIMs. RESULTS Enhanced data mining, using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and statistical analysis, yielded a wealth of information on the molecular mass, chemical connectivity, and end groups of species generated during synthesis. Modifications of interest include N-methyl, N-methanimine, N-formyl, and N-methylol end-capping moieties, as well as incomplete backbone methanodiazocine rings with missing bridging methylene linkages. Most importantly, a general fragmentation mechanism, supported by computational modeling, was developed to assist in the rapid identification of main-chain and end-group modifications in Tröger's base PIMs. CONCLUSIONS Unfunctionalized Tröger's base polymers were selected as a model system, to thoroughly study their end-group modification chemistry. This model system could then be used to gain insights into complex hydroxy-functional PIM materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Gies
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
| | - Robert E Hefner
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
| | - Nathan J Rau
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
| | - Sukrit Mukhopadhyay
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
| | - Jeremy Chris P Reyes
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
| | - Eldad Herceg
- Core R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, 220 Abner Jackson Pkwy, Edgar C. Britton Building, 1B141, Lake Jackson, TX, 77566, USA
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Rizzarelli P, Rapisarda M, Valenti G. Mass spectrometry in bioresorbable polymer development, degradation and drug-release tracking. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8697. [PMID: 31834664 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of polymeric matrices and appropriate degradation monitoring techniques are required to sustain the development of new materials as well as to enlarge the applications of the old ones. In fact, polymer analysis is essential for the clarification of the intrinsic relationship between structure and properties that ascertains the industrial applications in diverse fields. In bioresorbable and biodegradable polymers, the role of analytical methods is dual since it is pointed both at the polymeric matrices and at degradation tracking. The structural architectures, the mechanical and morphological properties, and the degradation rate, are of outstanding importance for a specific application. In some cases, the complexity of the polymer structure, the processes of decomposition or the low concentration of the degradation products need the concurrent use of different complementary analytical techniques to give detailed information of the reactions taking place. Several analytical methods are used in bioresorbable polymer development and degradation tracking. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) plays an essential role and it is used to refine polymer syntheses, for its high sensitivity, to highlight degradation mechanism by detecting compounds present in trace amounts, or to track the degradation product profile and to study drug release. In fact, elucidation of reaction mechanisms and polymer structure, attesting to the purity and detecting defects as well as residual catalysts, in biodegradable and bioresorbable polymers, requires sensitive analytical characterization methods that are essential in providing an assurance of safety, efficacy and quality. This review aims to provide an overview of the MS strategies used to support research and development of resorbable polymers as well as to investigate their degradation mechanisms. It is focused on the most significant studies concerning synthetic bioresorbable matrices (polylactide, polyglycolide and their copolymers, polyhydroxybutyrate, etc.), published in the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Marco Rapisarda
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
| | - Graziella Valenti
- Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
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Issart A, Szpunar J. Potential of Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry (LESA-MS) for the Characterization of Polymer-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050802. [PMID: 31060265 PMCID: PMC6572150 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA -MS) is a direct analysis method suitable for the analysis of polymers. It is based on a fast and efficient extraction of polymer components, such as non-intentionally added species (NIAS), post-polymerization residues, or additives, and residues resulting from specific uses followed by their MS detection. In comparison with batch methods, it is a “green” method, using negligible volumes of organic solvents, and it is cost-effective, avoiding lengthy sample preparation procedures. It can be used for the detection of known molecules (targeted analysis), identification of unknown species (exploratory analysis requiring MS/MS) and semi-quantative analysis, if standards are available. The to-date applications of LESA-MS in the field of polymer science are reviewed and critically discussed taking into account the hands-on experience from the authors’ laboratory. Future possibilities of LESA applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Issart
- Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM), UMR 5254CNRS-UPPA, Hélioparc, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM), UMR 5254CNRS-UPPA, Hélioparc, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France.
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Ozeki Y, Omae M, Kitagawa S, Ohtani H. Electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced charge stripping for the analysis of highly multiply charged intact polymers. Analyst 2019; 144:3428-3435. [PMID: 31012442 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with large molecular weight are difficult to interpret using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) due to the generation of various highly multiply charged analytes. Although ESI-ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS is effective in reducing the complexity of the mass spectrum, this approach is insufficient for analyzing highly multiply charged polymers. In this study, we propose a method combining tandem mass spectrometry (quadrupole and high-resolution time-of-flight MS, QMS/TOFMS), IMS, and collision-induced charge stripping (CICS) for analyzing large intact polymers (∼40 kDa), which are highly multiply charged. The number of charges can be estimated from a Fourier transform power spectrum of a mass spectrum when the charge number is less than approximately 20. Interpretations of the spectra of poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEOs) weighing 20 kDa, poly(methyl methacrylate)s weighing 22 kDa, and methoxy-PEO-maleimide weighing 40 kDa were successfully demonstrated with isotope level and polymerization degree level separations, respectively. In the proposed method, a mixture can be analyzed for relatively small (a few kDa) and large (a few tens of kDa) polymers simultaneously without any sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ozeki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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15
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Morgan TE, Ellacott SH, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Coupling Electron Capture Dissociation and the Modified Kendrick Mass Defect for Sequencing of a Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Polymer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11710-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sean H. Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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16
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Duez Q, Metwally H, Konermann L. Electrospray Ionization of Polypropylene Glycol: Rayleigh-Charged Droplets, Competing Pathways, and Charge State-Dependent Conformations. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9912-9920. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 23, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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17
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Gies AP, Spencer L, Rau NJ, Boopalachandran P, Rickard MA, Kearns KL, McDougal NT. Thermally Induced Cross-Linking and Degradation Reactions of Benzocyclobutene-Based Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Liam Spencer
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Nathan J. Rau
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Praveenkumar Boopalachandran
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Mark A. Rickard
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Kenneth L. Kearns
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Nolan T. McDougal
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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18
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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19
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Convenient visualization of high-resolution tandem mass spectra of synthetic polymer ions using Kendrick mass defect analysis - the case of polysiloxanes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1361-1364. [PMID: 27173118 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Measurement Technology Group, Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Measurement Technology Group, Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
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21
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Gies AP, Stefanov Z, Rau NJ, Chakraborty D, Boopalachandran P, Chauvel JP. Iron(III)-Catalyzed Chain Growth Reactions of Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Zdravko Stefanov
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Nathan J. Rau
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Debashis Chakraborty
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Praveenkumar Boopalachandran
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - J. Paul Chauvel
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-1820, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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22
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Maksymiak M, Bałakier T, Jurczak J, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G. Bioactive (co)oligoesters with antioxidant properties – synthesis and structural characterization at the molecular level. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anionic ring opening (co)polymerization of novel β-substituted β-lactones to bioactive (co)oligoesters with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maksymiak
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Bałakier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
- School of Biology
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
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23
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Fischer JL, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Siriwardena-Mahanama BN, Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Allen MJ, Trimpin S. Matrix-Assisted Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Selective Analysis of a Europium-PEG Complex in a Crude Mixture. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2086-2095. [PMID: 26453417 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analytical utility of a new and simple to use ionization method, matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize a 2-armed europium(III)-containing poly(ethylene glycol) (Eu-PEG) complex directly from a crude sample. MAI was used with the matrix 1,2-dicyanobenzene, which affords low chemical background relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). MAI provides high ion abundance of desired products in comparison to ESI and MALDI. Inductively coupled plasma-MS measurements were used to estimate a maximum of 10% of the crude sample by mass was the 2-arm Eu-PEG complex, supporting evidence of selective ionization of Eu-PEG complexes using the new MAI matrix, 1,2-dicyanobenzene. Multiply charged ions formed in MAI enhance the IMS gas-phase separation, especially relative to the singly charged ions observed with MALDI. Individual components are cleanly separated and readily identified, allowing characterization of the 2-arm Eu-PEG conjugate from a mixture of the 1-arm Eu-PEG complex and unreacted starting materials. Size-exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography at critical conditions, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and ESI-IMS-MS had difficulties with this analysis, or failed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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Guo K, Guo Z, Ludlow JM, Xie T, Liao S, Newkome GR, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of Metallosupramolecular Polymers by Top-Down Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Methods. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1539-52. [PMID: 26248126 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Top-down multidimensional mass spectrometry, interfacing electrospray ionization (ESI) with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and energy resolved (gradient) tandem mass spectrometry (gMS(2) ) are employed to characterize the stoichiometries, architectures, and intrinsic stabilities of coordinatively bound supramolecular polymers containing terpyridine functionalized ligands. As a soft ionization method, ESI prevents or minimizes unwanted assembly destruction. The IM dimension affords separation of the supramolecular ions by charge and collision cross-section (a function of size and shape). The mobility separated ions are subsequently identified by their mass-to-charge-ratios and isotope patterns in the orthogonal MS dimension. Finally, the gMS(2) dimension reveals bond breaking proclivities and disintegration pathways of the assemblies. The described methodology does not require high sample purity due to the dispersive nature of the IM and MS steps. Its utility is demonstrated with the comprehensive analysis of bisterpyridine-based metallomacrocycle mixtures and a tristerpyridine based complex with 3-D nanosphere-like architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Zaihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - James M Ludlow
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tingzheng Xie
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Shengyun Liao
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - George R Newkome
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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25
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Crecelius AC, Vitz J, Schubert US. Mass spectrometric imaging of synthetic polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Rizzarelli P, Carroccio S. Modern mass spectrometry in the characterization and degradation of biodegradable polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:18-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Gies AP, Hercules DM. Collision induced dissociation study of ester-based polyurethane fragmentation reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:199-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rizzarelli P. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight tandem mass spectra of biodegradable polybutylenesuccinate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2213-2225. [PMID: 23996395 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight/Time-Of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS) was employed to analyze five poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) oligomers and to investigate their fragmentation pathways. METHODS MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis was performed on cyclic and linear oligomers terminated by dicarboxyl groups, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, hydroxyl and olefin groups, and dihydroxyl groups. The sodium adduct ions of these oligomers were selected as precursor ions. Experiments were carried out with and without argon as the collision gas. RESULTS A β-hydrogen transfer rearrangement, leading to the selective cleavage of the -O-CH2- bonds, and cleavage of the -CH2-CO- bonds, the ester bonds, and the -CH2-CH2- bonds in the diol moiety were observed. Two fragmentation mechanisms, correlated to the end-group structure of the precursor ions, were also proposed. The detection of cyclic anhydrides was related to the presence of succinic acid terminal groups. The formation of microcyclic oligoesters probably occurred via an intramolecular transesterification mechanism involving a hydroxyl end group. CONCLUSIONS A β-hydrogen transfer rearrangement has been proposed as the main fragmentation mechanism occurring in PBSu without using the collision gas. Cleavages of almost all types of bonds take place in the MALDI CID experiments. According to the structures of the most abundant product ions, six fragmentation pathways have been proposed when using argon as the collision gas. Two fragmentation mechanisms were suggested as being correlated to the end-group structure of the precursor ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rizzarelli
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Catania, Italy.
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Gies AP, Heath WH, Keaton RJ, Jimenez JJ, Zupancic JJ. MALDI–TOF/TOF CID Study of Polycarbodiimide Branching Reactions. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401481g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Gies
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, B-1219, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - William H. Heath
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, B-1219, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Richard J. Keaton
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, B-1219, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Jorge J. Jimenez
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, B-1219, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
| | - Joseph J. Zupancic
- Department of Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 2301 North Brazosport Boulevard, B-1219, Freeport, Texas 77541, United States
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31
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Altuntas E, Weber C, Schubert US. Detailed characterization of poly(2-ethyl-2oxazoline)s by energy variable collision-induced dissociation study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1095-1100. [PMID: 23592113 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Poly(2-oxazoline)s are important polymers and can be considered as pseudo-peptides which makes them important for biomedical and life science applications. This prompts the need for a detailed characterization of these polymers via different analytical tools such as mass spectrometry. Here, the energy-variable collision-induced dissociation (CID) of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s was studied by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOFMS/MS) to gain further structural information about this polymer type. METHODS All polymers were analyzed using manual flow injection of samples into an ESI-QTOF mass spectrometer. Mass spectra (MS and MS/MS) were obtained in the positive ion mode over a mass-to-charge (m/z) range from 50 to 3000. RESULTS The dependency of the fragmentation patterns as a function of collision energy was examined and the characteristic collision energy (CCE or CE50 ) values for various poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s with different end-groups were calculated. The effect of molar masses on the CCE values was investigated via the survival yield (SY) method and a linear relationship between CCE values and the degree of polymerization for the PEtOx polymers was observed. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that ESI-MS/MS is very useful for differentiating poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s with different end-groups by varying the collision energy. The SY method has the potential to determine the importance of the end-groups on the fragmentation behavior of this polymer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Altuntas
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Maksymiak M, Debowska R, Jelonek K, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G. Structural characterization of biocompatible lipoic acid-oligo-(3-hydroxybutyrate) conjugates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:773-783. [PMID: 23495024 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Currently, most of the antioxidants and free radical neutralizers used in cosmetic compositions are absorbed quickly into deeper layers of skin, and then carried away by the blood stream. It would be beneficial to delay the penetration of antioxidants to the deeper layers of skin to control their delivery and release. METHODS Recently, growing attention has been paid to the attachment of cosmetics to specific polymer carriers. Biodegradable and biocompatible conjugates of oligo-3-hydroxybutyrate with lipoic acid were obtained via the anionic ring-opening oligomerization of (R,S)-β-butyrolactone initiated by lipoic acid potassium salt. The structure of the resulting conjugates as well as their water-soluble hydrolytic degradation products were established at the molecular level by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) supported by (1)H NMR analyses. RESULTS The structural studies, performed with the aid of ESI-MS(n), confirmed that the lipoic acid was covalently bound to oligo-3-hydroxybutyrate chains through hydrolyzable ester bonds. Furthermore, hydrolytic degradation studies of the bioconjugates provided detailed insight into the hydrolysis process, allowing the identification of the degradation products and confirming the release of α-lipoic acid. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the conjugates were non-toxic. CONCLUSIONS Detailed molecular structural studies of new polymeric delivery systems of lipoic acid were performed by ESI-MS. ESI-MS proved to be an excellent technique for the evaluation of hydrolytic degradation products of the conjugates and for monitoring the release of lipoic acid. The results obtained contribute significantly to the characterization of biocompatible LA-OHB conjugates with potential applications in cosmetology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maksymiak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskiej St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
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Altuntaş E, Krieg A, Baumgaertel A, Crecelius AC, Schubert US. ESI, APCI, and MALDI tandem mass spectrometry of poly(methyl acrylate)s: A comparison study for the structural characterization of polymers synthesized via CRP techniques and the software application to analyze MS/MS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Smith MJP, Cameron NR, Mosely JA. Evaluating Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry for the analysis of low molecular weight synthetic polymers. Analyst 2013; 137:4524-30. [PMID: 22890238 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35556f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry has facilitated the ionisation of oligomers from low molecular weight synthetic polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG: M(n) = 1430) and poly(styrene) (PS: M(n) = 1770), directly from solids, providing a fast and efficient method of identification. Ion source conditions were evaluated and it was found that the key instrument parameter was the ion source desolvation temperature which, when set to 600 °C was sufficient to vapourise the heavier oligomers for ionisation. PS, a non-polar polymer that is very challenging to analyse by MALDI or ESI without the aid of metal salts to promote cationisation, was ionised promptly by ASAP resulting in the production of radical cations. A small degree of in-source dissociation could be eliminated by control of the instrument ion source voltages. The fragmentation observed through in-source dissociation could be duplicated in a controlled manner through Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) of the radical cations. PEG, which preferentially ionises through adduction with alkali metal cations in MALDI and ESI, was observed as a protonated molecular ion by ASAP. In-source dissociation could not be eliminated entirely and the fragmentation observed resulted from cleavage of the C-C and C-O backbone bonds, as opposed to only C-O bond cleavage observed from tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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36
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Vollrath A, Schubert S, Schubert US. Fluorescence imaging of cancer tissue based on metal-free polymeric nanoparticles – a review. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1994-2007. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Resolving the microcosmos of complex samples: UPLC/travelling wave ion mobility separation high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of in vivo drug metabolism studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-012-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Scionti V, Wesdemiotis C. Electron transfer dissociation versus collisionally activated dissociation of cationized biodegradable polyesters. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1442-1449. [PMID: 23147820 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polyesters were ionized by electrospray ionization and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry using collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) as activation methods. The compounds studied include one homopolymer, polylactide and two copolymers, poly(ethylene adipate) and poly(butylene adipate). CAD of [M+2Na](2+) ions from these polyesters proceeds via charge-remote 1,5-H rearrangements over the ester groups, leading to cleavages at the (CO)O-alkyl bonds. ETD of the same precursor ions creates a radical anion at the site of electron attachment, which fragments by radical-induced cleavage of the (CO)O-alkyl bonds and by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution at the (CO)-O bonds. In contrast to CAD, ETD produces fragments in one charge state only and does not cause consecutive fragmentations, which simplifies spectral interpretation and permits conclusive identification of the correct end groups. The radical-site reactions occurring during ETD are very similar with those reported for ETD of protonated peptides. Unlike multiply protonated species, multiply sodiated precursors form ion pairs (salt bridges) after electron transfer, thereby promoting dissociations via nucleophilic displacement in addition to the radical-site dissociations typical in ETD.
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39
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Mass spectrometric and theoretical studies on dissociation of the SS bond in the allicin: Homolytic cleavage vs heterolytic cleavage. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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40
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Tagle LH, Terraza CA, Ortiz P, Rodríguez MJ, Tundidor-Camba A, Leiva A, González-Henríquez C, Cabrera AL, Volkmann UG, Ramos-Moore E. Synthesis of Oligomeric Silicon-containing Poly(imide-amide)s Derived from Trimellitic Anhydride and Amino-Acids. Vibration Spectral, Optical, Thermal and Morphological Characterization. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.687963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Terraza CA, Tagle LH, Tundidor-Camba A, González-Henríquez C, Ortiz P, Coll D. Poly(amide)s obtained from 4-(4-((4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)diphenylsilyl)phenoxy)benzenamine and dicarboxylic acids containing diphenylsilarylene units. Synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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43
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Chemical and Biochemical Applications of MALDI TOF-MS Based on Analyzing the Small Organic Compounds. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 331:165-92. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Altuntaş E, Knop K, Tauhardt L, Kempe K, Crecelius AC, Jäger M, Hager MD, Schubert US. Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(ethylene imine)s by electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:105-114. [PMID: 22282096 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymers, which are of importance in gene delivery, are investigated in detail by using electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight (ESI-Q-TOF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The analyzed PEIs with different end groups were synthesized using the polymerization of substituted 2-oxazoline via a living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) and a subsequent hydrolysis under acidic conditions. The main goal of this study was to identify linear PEI polymers in a detailed way to gain information about their fragmentation pathways. For this purpose, a detailed characterization of three different linear PEIs was performed by using ESI-Q-TOF and MALDI-TOF MS in combination with collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. In ESI-MS as well as MALDI-MS analysis, the obtained spectra of PEIs resulted in fitting mass distributions for the investigated PEIs. In the tandem MS analysis, a 1,2-hydride shift with a charge-remote rearrangement via a four-membered cyclic transition state, as well as charge-induced fragmentation reactions, was proposed as the main fragmentation mechanisms according to the obtained fragmentation products from the protonated parent peaks. In addition, heterolytic and homolytic cleavages were proposed as alternative fragmentation pathways. Moreover, a 1,4-hydrogen elimination was proposed to explain different fragmentation products obtained from the sodiated parent peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Altuntaş
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 , Jena, Germany
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González Henríquez CM, Tagle LH, Terraza CA, Barriga González A, Volkmann UG, Cabrera AL, Ramos-Moore E, Pavez-Moreno M. Structural symmetry breaking of silicon-containing poly(amide-imide) oligomers and its relation to electrical conductivity and Raman-active vibrations. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Wunschel DS, Wahl KL, Melville AM, Sorensen CM, Colburn HA, Valentine NB, Stamper CL. Determination of post-culture processing with carbohydrates by MALDI-MS and TMS derivatization GC–MS. Talanta 2011; 85:2352-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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47
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Baumgaertel A, Scheubert K, Pietsch B, Kempe K, Crecelius AC, Böcker S, Schubert US. Analysis of different synthetic homopolymers by the use of a new calculation software for tandem mass spectra. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1765-1778. [PMID: 21598337 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The manual interpretation of tandem mass spectra of synthetic polymers is very time-consuming. Therefore, a new software tool was developed to accelerate the interpretation of spectra obtained without requiring any further knowledge about the polymer class or the fragmentation behavior under high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. The software only requires an alphabetical list of elements and a peak list of the measured substance as an xml file for the evaluation of the chosen mass spectrum. Tandem mass spectra of different homopolymers, like poly(2-oxazoline)s, poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(styrene), were interpreted by the new software tool. This contribution describes a fast and automated software tool for the rapid analysis of homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Baumgaertel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) and Jena Center for Soft Mater (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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48
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Li X, Guo L, Casiano-Maldonado M, Zhang D, Wesdemiotis C. Top-Down Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Methods for Synthetic Polymer Analysis. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200542p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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49
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Reichel C. Practicing IEF-PAGE of EPO: the impact of detergents and sample application methods on analytical performance in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:603-19. [PMID: 21204292 DOI: 10.1002/dta.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic techniques, namely isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are key techniques used for confirming the doping-related abuse of recombinant erythropoietins and analogs. IEF-PAGE is performed on horizontal slab-gels with samples applied to the surface of the gel. Different sample application techniques can be employed, but application pieces and applicator strips are most frequently used. However, defective application pieces cause lane streaking during IEF of erythropoietin (EPO), which is especially pronounced in the acidic region of the gel. The effect is due to an incompatibility of the substance used for enhancing the wettability of the cellulose-based commercial product and is batch-dependent. A detailed mass spectrometric study was performed, which revealed that defective sample application pieces (bought between 2007 and 2010) contained a complex mixture of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, and alkyl sulfates (e.g. SDS). Anionic detergents, like the sulfates contained in these application pieces, are in general incompatible with IEF. Alternative application techniques proved partly useful. While homemade pieces made of blotting paper are a good alternative, the usage of applicator strips or shims is hampered by the risk of leaking wells, which lead to laterally diffused samples. Casting IEF-gels with wells appears to be the best solution, since sustained release of retained proteins from the application pieces can be avoided. Edge effects do not occur if wells are correctly filled with the samples. The evaluation of EPO-profiles with defects is prohibited by the technical document on EPO-analytics (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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50
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Wang HY, Chu X, Zhao ZX, He XS, Guo YL. Analysis of low molecular weight compounds by MALDI-FTICR-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1166-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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