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Lee JH, Yang YJ, Min AY, Kim SJ, Jung EJ, Kim JH, Beak SY. Screening and elucidation of fragmentations of 23 diuretics in dietary supplements using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap. Sci Justice 2021; 61:451-458. [PMID: 34482925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diuretics are used to treat the edematous state in cases of renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, and heart failure. These compounds are used by athletes to lose weight and are included in the list of prohibited substances by the World Anti-Doping Agency. They are also used by obese and overweight people for losing weight, and there are a number of recent reports on the contamination of dietary supplements with diuretics. Due to the alluring online marketing and blogging, there is an extensive misuse of products that are illegally adulterated with diuretics, which has seriously increased health risks. Therefore, it is essential to develop an analytical method for the detection of adulterants in such substances. In this study, 23 diuretics, categorized into four groups, namely, thiazide diuretics (e.g., bendroflumethiazide), loop diuretics (e.g., bumetanide), potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride), and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide), were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). Their fragmentation was elucidated based on the MS/MS data. The 124 products were screened by the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap (LC-HRMS) method, and the confirmed compounds were quantitated by a previously established LC-MS/MS method. Approximately 5% of the samples were found to be illegally contaminated with diuretics at a concentration of 0.051-162 mg/g. The high selectivity and sensitivity of the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap (LC-HRMS) method, in combination with the established fragmentation, offer a new approach for the rapid and accurate screening of diuretics in adulterated products, which would be ultimately beneficial for the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yang
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Min
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Kim
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Beak
- Center of Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Osongseangmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Monfort N, Martínez L, Bergés R, Segura J, Ventura R. Screening method for stimulants in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS: identification of isomeric compounds. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Monfort
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Martínez
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisi i Serveis Analítics; IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques); Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF; Barcelona Spain
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3
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Bernard M, Akrout W, Van Buu CT, Metz C, Antignac M, Yagoubi N, Do B. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous identification and quantification of cardiovascular drugs applied to the detection of substandard and falsified drugs. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:562-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélisande Bernard
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Wiem Akrout
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Christelle Tran Van Buu
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Carole Metz
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Marie Antignac
- Pharmacy, Saint-Antoine Hospital-Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien HUEP; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
| | - Najet Yagoubi
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Bernard Do
- Laboratories Departement; Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Paris France
- Faculty of pharmacy; Paris Sud University, UA 401 Matériaux et Santé; Châtenay-Malabry France
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4
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Guddat S, Solymos E, Orlovius A, Thomas A, Sigmund G, Geyer H, Thevis M, Schänzer W. High-throughput screening for various classes of doping agents using a new ‘dilute-and-shoot’ liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-target approach. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:836-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - E. Solymos
- Eötvös Loránd University; Joint Research and Training Laboratory on Separation Techniques; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | - A. Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - G. Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - H. Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - M. Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
| | - W. Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne
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Peralta CM, Fernández LP, Masi AN. Solid phase extraction using nylon membranes with fluorescence detection as a fast and sensitive method for Amiloride and Furosemide determination in urine samples. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Cleary R, Kellogg M, Soul JS, Berry GT, Jensen FE. Sensitive isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of bumetanide in serum and brain tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:998-1002. [PMID: 21414852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and validated a simple and sensitive stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of bumetanide in human serum. Samples were prepared with a simple acetonitrile based protein precipitation. The supernatant was then analyzed directly using LC-MS/MS. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed phase column using a methanol and water gradient. The detection was performed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode via a positive electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The method had a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 1 ng/mL, linearity up to 1250 ng/mL, intra- and inter-day precision less than 10%, and accuracy within ±10%. This method was also demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of bumetanide in rat serum and brain tissue. Bumetanide concentrations in rat serum and brain were determined for samples collected at several intervals following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of bumetanide, and were used to calculate bumetanide permeability through the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Dikunets MA, Savel’eva NB, Bolotov SL, Virus ED, Rodchenkov GM. Study of the matrix effect on the determination of nonconjugated xenobiotics in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810130058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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The interaction between furosemide-palladium (II) chelate and basic triphenylmethane dyes by resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and resonance non-linear scattering spectra and their analytical applications. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-3176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Abstract
The list of prohibited substances in sports includes a group of masking agents that are forbidden in both in- and out-of-competition doping tests. This group consists of a series of compounds that are misused in sports to mask the administration of other doping agents, and includes: diuretics, used to reduce the concentration in urine of other doping agents either by increasing the urine volume or by reducing the excretion of basic doping agents by increasing the urinary pH; probenecid, used to reduce the concentration in urine of acidic compounds, such as glucuronoconjugates of some doping agents; 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, used to reduce the formation of 5alpha-reduced metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids; plasma expanders, used to maintain the plasma volume after misuse of erythropoietin or red blood cells concentrates; and epitestosterone, used to mask the detection of the administration of testosterone. Diuretics may be also misused to achieve acute weight loss before competition in sports with weight categories. In this chapter, pharmacological modes of action, intended pharmacological effects for doping purposes, main routes of biotransformation and analytical procedures used for anti-doping controls to screen and confirm these substances will be reviewed and discussed.
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Development and validation of a dried blood spot-LC-APCI-MS assay for estimation of canrenone in paediatric samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:769-76. [PMID: 20153705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI)-mass spectroscopic (MS) assay of canrenone has been developed and validated employing Dried Blood Spots (DBS) as the sample collection medium. DBS samples were prepared by applying 30 microl of spiked whole blood onto Guthrie cards. A 6mm disc was punched from the each DBS and extracted with 2 ml of methanolic solution of 17alpha-methyltestosterone (Internal Standard). The methanolic extract was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in acetonitrile:water (1:9, v/v). The reconstituted solution was further subjected to solid phase extraction using HLB cartridges. Chromatographic separation was achieved using Waters Sunfire C18 reversed-phase column using isocratic elution, followed by a high organic wash to clear late eluting/highly retained components. The mobile phase consisted of methanol:water (60:40, v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. LC-APCI-MS detection was performed in the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode using target ions at m/z 341.1 and 303.3 for canrenone and internal standard respectively. The selectivity of the method was established by analysing DBS samples from 6 different sources (individuals). The calibration curve for canrenone was found to be linear over 25-1000 ng/ml (r>0.994). Accuracy (% RE) and precision (% CV) values for within and between day were <20% at the lower limit of quantification (LLQC) and <15% at all other concentrations tested. The LLOQ of the method was validated at 25 ng/ml. Clinical validation of the method was achieved by employing the validated method for analysis of 160 DBS samples from 37 neonatal and paediatric patients.
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11
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Dikunets MA, Appolonova SA, Rodchenkov GM. Matrix effect on the determination of synthetic corticosteroids and diuretics by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Recent developments in analytical determination of furosemide. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:519-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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A screening method for the simultaneous detection of glucocorticoids, diuretics, stimulants, anti-oestrogens, beta-adrenergic drugs and anabolic steroids in human urine by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:681-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Thörngren JO, Ostervall F, Garle M. A high-throughput multicomponent screening method for diuretics, masking agents, central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and opiates in human urine by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:980-992. [PMID: 18576434 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid multicomponent screening method of 130 substances for direct injections of urine samples has been developed. The fully automated method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is used for three different classes of doping agents: diuretics, central nervous system stimulants (CNS stimulants) and opiates. The samples are diluted with buffer containing internal standards (IS) by a pipetting robot system into 96-well plates. Samples are injected on a reversed phase sub 2-microm particle column connected to a fast polarity switching and rapid scanning tandem mass spectrometer with an electrospray interface. The software used to evaluate the results produced reports containing a small-sized window for each component and a data table list with flags to indicate any adverse analytical findings in the sample. The report can also be processed automatically using an application software, which interpret the data and indicate if there is a suspicious sample. One 96-well plate can be analyzed within 16 h.
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15
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Ventura R, Roig M, Montfort N, Sáez P, Bergés R, Segura J. High-throughput and sensitive screening by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of diuretics and other doping agents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2008; 14:191-200. [PMID: 18708699 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC- MS/MS) for high throughput screening in anti-doping control has been tested. A method to screen for the presence of diuretics and other doping agents in urine has been optimised and validated. The extraction procedure consisted of an alkaline extraction (pH 9.5) with ethyl acetate and salting-out effect (sodium chloride). The extracts were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Analysis of 34 forbidden drugs and metabolites was achieved in a total run time of 5 min, using a C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 microm particle size) and a mobile phase containing deionised water and acetonitrile with formic acid, with gradient elution at a flow-rate of 0.6 mL min(-1). Identification of the compounds was performed by multiple reaction monitoring, using electrospray ionisation in positive- or negative-ion mode. Precursor and product ions were studied for each compound and cone voltage and collision energy were optimised. Due to the different chemical structure of the compounds under study, extraction recoveries varied from less than 10% to 100% depending on the analyte. The limits of detection ranged from 50 ng mL(-1) to 200 ng mL(-1), and all the compounds comply with the requirements of quality established by the World Anti-doping Agency. Intra-assay precision was evaluated at two concentrations for each compound and, in most cases, a relative standard deviation of the signal ratio lower than 20% was obtained. The method has demonstrated to be reliable when analysing routine samples and the short analysis time resulting from a simple sample preparation and a rapid instrumental analysis allow a fast turn-around time and makes it of great interest for routine anti-doping control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ventura
- Grup de Recerca en Bioanàlisis, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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Politi L, Morini L, Polettini A. A direct screening procedure for diuretics in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with information dependent acquisition. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 386:46-52. [PMID: 17707787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diuretics are a class of compounds largely used for either therapeutic (edemas, hypertension, etc.) or illegal (doping) purposes. Probably owing to the substantial variety of their chemical structures, which makes them hardly extractable from a biological matrix in a single procedure, a quite short list of screening methods can be retrieved in the literature. METHODS This work presents a screening procedure for 24 diuretics based on the direct injection of urine (after 50 folds dilution) in a LC-ESI-MS/MS system (Applied Biosytems 4000 QTrap). Two information dependent acquisitions (IDA), one in positive, one in negative ionization, allowed the acquisition of one selected reaction monitoring transition for each compound, which, when a significant peak was found, triggered the acquisition of the enhanced product ion (EPI) spectrum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS EPI spectra were stored in a library and the procedure was able to recognize by library matching various diuretics in real positive samples. The limits of detection were comprised between 0.002 and 0.25 mg/l and ion suppression was not found to significantly influence the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Politi
- Department of Legal Medicine & Public Health, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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17
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing: Structure characterization and analytical assays. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:79-107. [PMID: 16888758 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the sensitive, selective, and unambiguous nature of mass spectrometric analyses, chromatographic techniques interfaced to various kinds of mass spectrometers have become the most frequently employed strategy in the fight against doping. To obtain utmost confidence in analytical assays, mass spectrometric characterization of target analytes and typical dissociation pathways have been utilized as basis for the development of reliable and robust screening as well as confirmation procedures. Methods for qualitative and/or quantitative determinations of prohibited low and high molecular weight drugs have been established in doping control laboratories preferably employing gas or liquid chromatography combined with electron, chemical, or atmospheric pressure ionization followed by analyses using quadrupole, ion trap, linear ion trap, or hyphenated techniques. The versatility of modern mass spectrometers enable specific as well as comprehensive measurements allowing sports drug testing laboratories to determine the misuse of therapeutics such as anabolic-androgenic steroids, stimulants, masking agents or so-called designer drugs in athletes' blood or urine specimens, and a selection of recent developments is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Wenk M, Haegeli L, Brunner H, Krähenbühl S. Determination of furosemide in plasma and urine using monolithic silica rod liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1367-70. [PMID: 16569489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we developed a fast and reliable HPLC assay for the determination of the loop diuretic furosemide in plasma and urine, using a Chromolith RP 18e (100 mm x 4.6 mm) monolithic silica rod HPLC column. After liquid-liquid extraction with diethylether plasma or urine samples were separated with a gradient consisting of solvent A (20% acetonitrile) and solvent B (80% acetonitrile), both in 0.25% acetic acid. The flow rate was 3.5 ml/min and the effluent was monitored by fluorescence with excitation at 230 nm and emission at 410 nm. The retention times for the internal standard (naproxen) and for furosemide were 2.1 and 3.7 min, respectively, and total run time was 8 min. The calibration curves were linear between 7.8 and 1000 ng/ml, and within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation were <6.5% and <10%, respectively. The proposed assay for furosemide in plasma and urine using monolithic silica rod chromatography is fast, sensitive, and reliable, and, thus, well suited for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wenk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology and Department of Research, University Hospital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Bhavesh D, Srinivasa P, Parag P, Brijesh P, Shivprakash R, Kumar VP. Development and Validation an LC Method for the Determination of Bendroflumethiazide in Human Plasma and its Pharmacokinetics. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Goebel C, Trout GJ, Kazlauskas R. Rapid screening method for diuretics in doping control using automated solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Tescarollo Dias IL, de Oliveira Neto G, Vendramini DC, Sommer C, Martins JLS, Kubota LT. A Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Membrane Electrode for the Determination of the Diuretic Furosemide. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120027772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Guzmán A, Agüí L, Pedrero M, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Flow injection and HPLC determination of furosemide using pulsed amperometric detection at microelectrodes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:923-33. [PMID: 14656583 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flow-injection and HPLC determination of the diuretic drug furosemide using pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) at cylindrical carbon fibre microelectrodes (CFMEs) is reported. Experimental conditions such as pH (6.5) and buffer concentration (0.05 mol l(-1) HPO4(2-)/H2PO4(-)) were optimized using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Repetitive flow-injection amperometric measurements at +1.25 V for furosemide showed a continuous decrease in the peak current, probably as a consequence of the microelectrode surface fouling. However, a suitable amperometric detection of furosemide was achieved using a PAD program consisting of a two-step potential waveform with alternating anodic and cathodic polarization. The anodic (detection) potential was +1.25 V (time of application 0.1 s), and the cathodic (cleaning) potential was -0.20 V (t=0.2 s). A linear calibration graph was obtained for furosemide in the 5.0 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) concentration range, with a limit of detection of 1.7 x 10(-7) mol l(-1). HPLC-PAD at carbon fibre microelectrodes was used for the determination of furosemide in the presence of several thiouracil drugs and oxytetracycline (OTC). The mobile phase selected was a 25:75 acetonitrile:5.0 x 10(-3) mol l(-1) NaH2PO4 (pH 5.0) mixture. A linear calibration graph was obtained for furosemide in the 1-100 microM range, with a limit of detection of 0.55 microM. The usefulness of this method for the determination of furosemide in real samples was evaluated by performing the analysis of commercial milk samples spiked with furosemide at a concentration level of 4.5 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) (150 ng ml(-1)), as well as with other thiouracil drugs and OTC. A mean recovery of 95+/-5% furosemide was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Guzmán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Qin Y, Wang XB, Wang C, Zhao M, Wu MT, Xu YX, Peng SQ. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to detection of diuretics in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 794:193-203. [PMID: 12888212 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the detection of 25 diuretics in human urine has been developed. Atmosphere pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) modes were evaluated. A 2-ml volume of urine was extracted under basic conditions and separated on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C(18) column (150 x 2.1 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase consisted of formic ammonium-formic acid buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile. The effects of capillary temperature, sheath gas pressure and compositions of mobile phase on the sensitivity were studied. The recoveries of most of the diuretics were 75-95%. In the full scan mode, the limits of detection of the 25 diuretics were 0.25-25 ng/ml for APCI and 0.6-250 ng/ml for ESI. Under the optimal conditions, 14 diuretics from authentic urine samples were detected successfully by LC-APCI-MS. To obtain more fragmentation information on the chemical structure for positive confirmation, tandem mass analysis was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Deventer K, Delbeke FT, Roels K, Van Eenoo P. Screening for 18 diuretics and probenecid in doping analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:529-35. [PMID: 12474217 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fast and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method for the screening of 18 diuretics and probenecid in human urine is presented. Analyses were performed on a LCQ-Deca instrument equipped with ESI-interface using scan by scan polarity changing. All diuretics and probenecid were separated in less than 20 min after liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The LOD for all substances was 100 ng/mL or better. The method was applied to detect diuretics after the oral administration of several drugs including hydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, spironolactone, furosemide, amiloride, triamterene, chlortalidone and epithizide. All diuretics could be detected for periods up to 96 h after the intake of therapeutic amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Deventer
- Ghent University, Doping Control Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Garcia P, Popot MA, Fournier F, Bonnaire Y, Tabet JC. Gas-phase behaviour of negative ions produced from thiazidic diuretics under electrospray conditions. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:940-953. [PMID: 12271437 DOI: 10.1002/jms.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A systematic mass spectrometric study of 10 thiazidic diuretics and related compounds was undertaken by mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. Collisional dissociation 'in-source' (CID-MS) and in a low-pressure collision cell (CID-MS/MS) were compared in both excitation regions. Spectra obtained by CID-MS and by CID-MS/MS were matched. Using the two methods, loss of HCl and consecutive dissociations from 2HCl losses were exhibited from compounds such as methyclothiazide and trichlormethiazide but not from other thiazidic diuretics that contain chlorine substituents in the aromatic moiety. However, deprotonated dichlorphenamide gave rise to loss of HCl by CID-MS and CID-MS/MS. For other diuretics such as hydroflumethiazide and hydrochlorothiazide, the loss of HCN and [HCN + SO(2)] was relevant. Reaction mechanisms were checked by means of deuterium-hydrogen exchange, which showed that deprotonation took place regioselectively on the heterocyclic moiety. The cleavage pathways require molecular isomerization forming ion-dipole complexes prior to decompositions, allowing long-distance proton transfer for neutral elimination. Identifications of the most specific fragmentations presented in this paper were applied to the screening and unambiguous identification of diuretics for horse doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Garcia
- L.A.B./F.N.C.F., 169 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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26
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:976-987. [PMID: 11523099 DOI: 10.1002/jms.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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