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Abate G, Zhang L, Pucci M, Morbini G, Mac Sweeney E, Maccarinelli G, Ribaudo G, Gianoncelli A, Uberti D, Memo M, Lucini L, Mastinu A. Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Ethanolic Phyto-Extracts of Artemisia annua L. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070975. [PMID: 34356599 PMCID: PMC8301839 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. (AA) has shown for many centuries important therapeutic virtues associated with the presence of artemisinin (ART). The aim of this study was to identify and quantify ART and other secondary metabolites in ethanolic extracts of AA and evaluate the biological activity in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus. In this work, after the extraction of the aerial parts of AA with different concentrations of ethanol, ART was quantified by HPLC and HPLC-MS. In addition, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, lignans, low-molecular-weight phenolics, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and terpenes were identified and semi-quantitatively determined by UHPLC-QTOF-MS untargeted metabolomics. Finally, the viability of human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was evaluated in the presence of the different ethanolic extracts and in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results show that ART is more concentrated in AA samples extracted with 90% ethanol. Regarding the other metabolites, only the anthocyanins are more concentrated in the samples extracted with 90% ethanol. Finally, ART and all AA samples showed a protective action towards the pro-inflammatory stimulus of LPS. In particular, the anti-inflammatory effect of the leaf extract of AA with 90% ethanol was also confirmed at the molecular level since a reduction in TNF-α mRNA gene expression was observed in SH-SY5Y treated with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Mariachiara Pucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Giulia Morbini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Eileen Mac Sweeney
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Maccarinelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniela Uberti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Mastinu
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (E.M.S.); (G.M.); (G.R.); (A.G.); (D.U.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (A.M.)
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Chutvirasakul B, Joseph JF, Parr MK, Suntornsuk L. Development and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of anti-malarial drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113855. [PMID: 33406473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a high-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS) for the simultaneous analysis of artemisinin-based drugs (e.g. artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artesunate, artemether) and piperaquine in formulations. Simultaneous separation of the investigated drugs was achieved in 14 min on a C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, particle size 1.8 μm) using a gradient elution of 0.05 % v/v formic acid in water and acetonitrile. MS detection was done in a positive ionization mode using electrospray ionization with acquisition in a single ion monitoring mode. Proper diluent and storage time in an autosampler played significant roles on the quantitation accuracy since the target analytes possessed varied solubility and stability in aqueous and organic solvents. The method was fully validated according to ICH guideline and data showed good linearity (R > 0.999, precision (RSD < 3.89 %) and accuracy (%recovery between 98.5 and 103.7) with low limits of detection (LOD < 24.7 ng/mL) and quantitation (LOQ < 82.40 ng/mL). Validation data indicated that the developed LC-MS method is fit for the intended purpose and was successfully applied to evaluate the drug contents in formulations. Among the tested samples, the percent labeled amounts found were between 93.1 and 105.0 % and one supplement capsule contained 0.039 %w/w of artemisinin. The newly developed method could benefit both the quality control departments in pharmaceutical industries and the authorities working on falsified drug problems since official methods for the analysis of these drugs are not available in pharmacopoeias. The method is fast and environmentally friendly due to the requirement of less chemicals and production of less wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boonta Chutvirasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, 63 Moo 7 Rangsit-Nakornnayok Road, Ongkharak, Nakornnayok, 26120, Thailand
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analysis), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Core Facility BiosupraMol, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analysis), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leena Suntornsuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajathevee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Application of LC-MS/MS method for determination of dihydroartemisin in human plasma in a pharmacokinetic study. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1635-1646. [PMID: 33118839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was also found therapeutic potential for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of DHA, the concentration of DHA in plasma of SLE patients needed be accurately determined based on a rapid and reliable analytical method. Experimental method & results: Developed method utilizes stable isotope-labeled internal standards and SPE method for sample preparation, applied XBridge C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) for chromatography separation. Detection of the analytes was achieved by an AB Sciex 4000 mass spectrometer under positive electrospray ionization mode. The method was validated in accordance with international guidelines on bioanalytical methods validations. Conclusion: DHA concentrations in human plasma of Chinese SLE patients were quantified by developed LC-MS/MS (no. 2016L02562).
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Puttappa N, Yamjala K, S T N, Raman SK, Kuppusamy G, Babu B, Kumar PR. A simple sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin and quercetin in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41794-41802. [PMID: 35541625 PMCID: PMC9076539 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrafast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of artesunate (ART), dihydroartemisinin (DHA, an active metabolite of ART) and quercetin (QRT) in rat plasma. The separation was achieved using a Zorbax C18 column (3 μm, 50 mm × 4.6 mm) as a stationary phase with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid (10% by volume) and methanol (90% by volume) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 and an injection volume of 10 μL. Artemisinin (ATM) was used as the internal standard (IS). Mass detection was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode except for QRT, where negative ionization was used. The extraction recoveries of ART, DHA, and QRT from plasma were found to be 91.05-99.62%, 95.12-98.56% and 89.35-98.90%, respectively. The developed method was validated and successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of ART, DHA and QRT in plasma samples after the oral administration of ART and ART-QRT pure drugs to rats at the dose of 5 mg kg-1 each. The results reveal that the developed method can be further used for the quantification of the proposed combination drugs in nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathi Puttappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Karthik Yamjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Narenderan S T
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Suresh Kumar Raman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - Basuvan Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research Ooty Nilgiris Tamil Nadu India
| | - P Ram Kumar
- Netmeds Marketplace Limited Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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Brecht K, Kirchhofer C, Bouitbir J, Trapani F, Keiser J, Krähenbühl S. Exogenous Iron Increases Fasciocidal Activity and Hepatocellular Toxicity of the Synthetic Endoperoxides OZ78 and MT04. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194880. [PMID: 31581457 PMCID: PMC6801819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic peroxides OZ78 and MT04 recently emerged as fasciocidal drug candidates. However, the effect of iron on fasciocidal activity and hepatocellular toxicity of these compounds is unknown. We investigated the in vitro fasciocidal activity and hepatocellular toxicity of OZ78 and MT04 in absence and presence of Fe(II)chloride and hemin, and conducted a toxicological study in mice. Studies were performed in comparison with the antimalarial artesunate (AS), a semisynthetic peroxide. Fasciocidal effects of OZ78 and MT04 were confirmed and enhanced by Fe2+ or hemin. In HepG2 cells, AS reduced cellular ATP and impaired membrane integrity concentration-dependently. In comparison, OZ78 or MT04 were not toxic at 100 µM and reduced the cellular ATP by 13% and 19%, respectively, but were not membrane-toxic at 500 µM. The addition of Fe2+ or hemin increased the toxicity of OZ78 and MT04 significantly. AS inhibited complex I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and MT04 impaired complex I and II, whereas OZ78 was not toxic. All three compounds increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration-dependently, with a further increase by Fe2+ or hemin. Mice treated orally with up to 800 mg OZ78, or MT04 showed no relevant hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, we confirmed fasciocidal activity of OZ78 and MT04, which was increased by Fe2+ or hemin. OZ78 and MT04 were toxic to HepG2 cells, which was explained by mitochondrial damage associated with ROS generation in the presence of iron. No relevant hepatotoxicity was observed in mice in vivo, possibly due to limited exposure and/or high antioxidative hepatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brecht
- Division of Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Kirchhofer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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Resende LA, da Silva PHR, Fernandes C. Quantitative determination of the antimalarials artemether and lumefantrine in biological samples: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 165:304-314. [PMID: 30579231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a worldwide health issue, with 216 million cases reported in 2016. Due to the widespread resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to conventional drugs, the first line treatment recommended by World Health Organization for uncomplicated malaria is artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT), which combines two drugs with different mechanisms of action. The association of artemether and lumefantrine is the most common ACT used in the clinical practice. However, there have been reports of clinical artemisinin and derivatives partial resistance, which is defined as delayed parasite clearance. In this context, the monitoring of drug concentration in biological matrices is essential to evaluate treatment response, the need of dose adjustment and the occurrence of dose dependent adverse effects. Furthermore, it is also important for pharmacokinetic studies and in the development of generic and similar drugs. Determination of antimalarial drugs in biological matrices requires a sample pre-treatment, which involves drug extraction from the matrix and analyte concentration. The most used techniques are protein precipitation (PP), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE). Subsequently, a liquid chromatography step is usually applied to separate interferences that could be extracted along with the analyte. Finally, the analytes are detected employing techniques that must be selective and sensitive, since the analyte might be present in trace levels. The most used approach for detection is tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), but ultraviolet (UV) is also employed in several studies. In this article, a review of the scientific peer-review literature dealing with validated quantitative analysis of artemether and/or lumefantrine in biological matrices, from 2000 to 2018, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Avelar Resende
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Skin sample preparation by collagenase digestion for diclofenac quantification using LC-MS/MS after topical application. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1251-63. [PMID: 27226048 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin is the target site to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of topical applications. Sample preparation is one of the influential steps in the bioanalysis of drugs in the skin. Evaluation of dermatopharmacokinetics at preclinical stage is challenging due to lack of proper sample preparation method. There is a need for an efficient sample preparation procedure for quantification of drugs in the skin using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS The skin samples treated with collagenase followed by homogenization using a bead beater represents a best-fit method resulting in uniform homogenate for reproducible results. CONCLUSION A new approach involving enzymatic treatment and mechanical homogenization techniques were evaluated for efficient sample preparation of skin samples in the bioanalysis.
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Rathod DM, Patel KR, Mistri HN, Jangid AG, Shrivastav PS, Sanyal M. Application of an LC–MS/MS method for reliable determination of amodiaquine, N -desethylamodiaquine, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma for a bioequivalence study in healthy Indian subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A High-Resolution LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantitative Determination of Artemether and Its Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin in Human Plasma and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zang M, Zhu F, Zhao L, Yang A, Li X, Liu H, Xing J. The effect of UGTs polymorphism on the auto-induction phase II metabolism-mediated pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin in healthy Chinese subjects after oral administration of a fixed combination of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Malar J 2014; 13:478. [PMID: 25476790 PMCID: PMC4265406 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a component of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is widely recommended for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. DHA is also the main metabolite of artemether and artesunate, both of which are used in ACT. Due to auto-induction metabolism, declining plasma concentrations after the repeated dosing have been reported for artemisinin (Qing-hao-su) and artemether. This study was designed to evaluate the potential auto-induction metabolism of DHA in healthy Chinese adults after multiple oral doses of DHA. The polymorphic effects of UGT1A9 (I399C>T) and UGT2B7*2 (802C>T), the major enzymes involved in the metabolism of DHA, on the pharmacokinetic profiles of DHA and its metabolite was also studied. METHODS Sixteen healthy Chinese subjects (four I399TT/802CC, four I399CC/802TT, four I399TT/802TT and four I399CT/802CT) received four recommended oral doses of Artekin, an ACT containing DHA (80 mg/dose) and piperaquine (PQ; 640 mg/dose), at 0, 6, 24 and 32 h. Plasma samples were analysed for DHA and its metabolite using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method. RESULTS DHA and its glucuronidated metabolite DHA-Glu were detected in human plasma after oral administration of DHA-PQ. Compared with the first dose, the AUC0-t of the parent drug DHA decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increased oral clearance (CL/F) after each repeated dose of DHA-PQ, whereas its metabolite DHA-Glu did not change (P>0.05) in AUC(0-t) or C(max). The phase II metabolic capability, calculated by the AUC(0-t) ratio of DHA-Glu to the parent drug DHA, increased 1.5-fold (90% CI, 1.3-1.7), 1.2-fold (90% CI, 1.1-1.3) and 1.7-fold (90% CI, 1.5-1.8) after the second, third and fourth dose, respectively. No polymorphic effect was found for UGT1A9 (I399C>T) and UGT2B7*2 (802C>T) on the pharmacokinetic profiles of DHA and its metabolite DHA-Glu. CONCLUSIONS The auto-induction phase II metabolism of DHA was present in healthy Chinese subjects after the recommended two-day oral doses of DHA-PQ (Artekin). The metabolic capability could recover after a 12-h dosing interval, which suggested that the alternative common three-day regimen (once daily) for DHA-PQ could probably lead to higher bioavailability of DHA. The polymorphism of UGT1A9 (I399C>T) and UGT2B7*2 (802C>T) may not be a concern during the treatment with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P,R, China.
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Hilhorst M, Hendriks G, de Vries R, Hillewaert V, Verhaege T, van de Merbel N. A high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of artesunate and its metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin glucuronide in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4299-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Guo S, Cui Y, He L, Zhang L, Cao Z, Zhang W, Zhang R, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of a specific monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to measure the artemether content of antimalarial drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79154. [PMID: 24236102 PMCID: PMC3827310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemether is one of the artemisinin derivatives that are active ingredients in antimalarial drugs. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs have become a serious problem, which demands reliable analytical tools and implementation of strict regulation of drug quality. Structural similarity among artemisinin analogs is a challenge to develop immunoassays that are specific to artemisinin derivatives. To produce specific antibodies to artemether, we used microbial fermentation of artemether to obtain 9-hydroxyartemether, which was subsequently used to prepare a 9-O-succinylartemether hapten for conjugation with ovalbumin as the immunogen. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as 2G12E1, was produced with high specificity to artemether. 2G12E1 showed low cross reactivities to dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artesunate and other major antimalarial drugs. An indirect competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) developed showed a concentration causing 50% of inhibition for artemether as 3.7 ng mL⁻¹ and a working range of 0.7-19 ng mL⁻¹. The icELISA was applied for determination of artemether content in different commercial drugs and the results were comparable to those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In comparison with reported broad cross activity of anti-artemisinin mAbs, the most notable advantage of the 2G12E1-based ELISA is its high specificity to artemether only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vergote V, Jansen H, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. LC-UV/MS quality analytics of paediatric artemether formulations. J Pharm Anal 2013; 4:37-52. [PMID: 29403867 PMCID: PMC5761056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly selective and stability-indicating HPLC-method, combined with appropriate sample preparation steps, is developed for β-artemether assay and profiling of related impurities, including possible degradants, in a complex powder for oral suspension. Following HPLC conditions allowed the required selectivity: a Prevail organic acid (OA) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), flow rate set at 1.5 mL/min combined with a linear gradient (where A=25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.5), and B=acetonitrile) from 30% to 75% B in a runtime of 60 min. Quantitative UV-detection was performed at 210 nm. Acetonitrile was applied as extraction solvent for sample preparation. Using acetonitrile-water mixtures as extraction solvent, a compartmental behaviour by a non-solving excipient-bound fraction and an artemether-solubilising free fraction of solvent was demonstrated, making a mobile phase based extraction not a good choice. Method validation showed that the developed HPLC-method is considered to be suitable for its intended regulatory stability-quality characterisation of β-artemether paediatric formulations. Furthermore, LC-MS on references as well as on stability samples was performed allowing identity confirmation of the β-artemether related impurities. MS-fragmentation scheme of β-artemether and its related substances is proposed, explaining the m/z values of the in-source fragments obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Vandercruyssen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthias D’Hondt
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herwig Jansen
- Dafra Pharma International, Slachthuisstraat 30/7, B-2300 Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 264 8100; fax: +32 9 264 8193.
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Wahajuddin, Raju KSR, Taneja I. Bioanalysis of antimalarials using liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Zhu F, Du F, Li X, Xing J. An investigation of the auto-induction of and gender-related variability in the pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin in the rat. Malar J 2012; 11:379. [PMID: 23171067 PMCID: PMC3511063 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin (QHS) and its derivatives dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether and artesunate have become the first-line anti-malarials in areas of multidrug resistance. Declining plasma concentrations during the repeated dosing have been reported for QHS, artemether and less convincingly for artesunate (ARS). However, there is limited information on whether the concentrations of their active metabolite DHA and its subsequent metabolites increased after multiple drug administrations. This study was designed to evaluate the potential auto-induction metabolism of DHA in animal species. The sex-specific effect on the pharmacokinetic profiles of DHA and its metabolites was studied. The pharmacokinetics of ARS, the prodrug of DHA, and its phase I/II metabolites were also investigated. Methods Two groups of rats received a single oral dose of DHA or ARS, and another two groups of rats were given oral doses of DHA or ARS once daily for five consecutive days. Plasma samples were analyzed for DHA, ARS and their phase I/II metabolites, using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method. Results DHA, monohydroxylated DHA (M1) and the glucuronide of DHA (DHA-G) were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of DHA or ARS. Neither DHA nor its metabolites (M1 and DHA-G) changed significantly (P > 0.05) in AUC0-t after 5-day oral doses of DHA or ARS. Sex difference was observed for DHA and its metabolites (M1 and DHA-G), whereas its prodrug ARS did not show similar characteristics for the corresponding metabolites (DHA, M1 and DHA-G). Conclusions The results gave the direct evidence for the absence of auto-induction of phase I and phase II metabolism of DHA and ARS in rats. The sex effect existed for DHA but not for ARS, which could be caused by the sex-specific differences in absorption of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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Kunze A, Huwyler J, Camenisch G, Gutmann H. Interaction of the antiviral drug telaprevir with renal and hepatic drug transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1096-102. [PMID: 22902721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telaprevir is a new, direct-acting antiviral drug that has been approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection. First data on drug-drug interactions with co-medications such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus and atorvastatin have been reported recently. Drug transporting proteins have been shown to play an important role in clinically observed drug-drug interactions. The aim of this study was therefore to systematically investigate the potential of telaprevir to inhibit drug transporting proteins. The effect of telaprevir on substrate uptake mediated by drug transporters located in human kidney and liver was investigated on a functional level in HEK293 cell lines that over-express single transporter. Telaprevir was shown to exhibit significant inhibition of the human renal drug transporters OCT2 and MATE1 with IC(50) values of 6.4 μM and 23.0 μM, respectively, whereas no inhibitory effect on OAT1 and OAT3 mediated transport by telaprevir was demonstrated. Liver drug transporters were inhibited with an IC(50) of 2.2 μM for OATP1B1, 6.8 μM for OATP1B3 and 20.7 μM for OCT1. Our data show that telaprevir exhibited significant potential to inhibit human drug transporters. In view of the inhibitory potential of telaprevir, clinical co-administration of telaprevir together with drugs that are substrates of renal or hepatic transporters should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Kunze
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Drug-Drug Interactions Section, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Duthaler U, Huwyler J, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Keiser J. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate, artemether and their metabolites in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:270-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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