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Viet TD, Xuan TD, Anh LH. α-Amyrin and β-Amyrin Isolated from Celastrus hindsii Leaves and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Xanthine Oxidase, and Anti-Tyrosinase Potentials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237248. [PMID: 34885832 PMCID: PMC8658892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrus hindsii is a popular medicinal plant in Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries as well as in South America. In this study, an amount of 12.05 g of an α-amyrin and β-amyrin mixture was isolated from C. hindsii (10.75 g/kg dry weight) by column chromatography applying different solvent systems to obtain maximum efficiency. α-Amyrin and β-amyrin were then confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant activities of the α-amyrin and β-amyrin mixture were determined via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays with IC50 of 125.55 and 155.28 µg/mL, respectively. The mixture exhibited a high potential for preventing gout by inhibiting a relevant key enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO) (IC50 = 258.22 µg/mL). Additionally, an important enzyme in skin hyperpigmentation, tyrosinase, was suppressed by the α-amyrin and β-amyrin mixture (IC50 = 178.85 µg/mL). This study showed that C. hindsii is an abundant source for the isolation of α-amyrin and β-amyrin. Furthermore, this was the first study indicating that α-amyrin and β-amyrin mixture are promising in future therapies for gout and skin hyperpigmentation.
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Neto SF, Prada AL, Achod LDR, Torquato HFV, Lima CS, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Silva de Moraes MO, Lima ES, Sosa EH, de Souza TP, Amado JRR. α-amyrin-loaded nanocapsules produce selective cytotoxic activity in leukemic cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111656. [PMID: 34243603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyrins are triterpenes that have attractive pharmacological potential; however, their low water solubility and erratic stomach absorption hinders their use as a drug. The aim of this paper was to develop a novel α-amyrin-loaded nanocapsule for intestinal delivery and evaluate, preliminarily, its cytotoxic ability against leukemic cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five nanocapsule formulations were designed by the solvent displacement-evaporation method. Poly-ε-caprolactone, Eudragit® E100, and Kollicoat® Mae 100 P were used as film-former materials. Particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential, and the pH of all formulations were measured. The cytotoxic potential of the nanocapsules was evaluated in vitro using different leukemic lineages RESULTS: Nanocapsules coated with Kollicoat® Mae 100 P presented the smallest particle size (130 nm), the lowest zeta-potential (-38 mV), and the narrowest size distribution (PdI = 0.100). The entrapment efficiency was 65.47%, while the loading capacity was 2.40%. Nanocapsules release 100% of α-amyrin in 40 min (pH 7.4), by using a possible mechanism of swelling-diffusion. The formulation showed excellent on-shelf physicochemical stability during one year. Additionally, nanocapsules produced a selective cytotoxic effect on a human leukemia lineage Kasumi-1, an acute myeloid leukemia cell line, and produced cell death by apoptosis CONCLUSION: α-amyrin-loaded nanocapsules appear to be a promising nanoformulation that could be used against leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafim Florentino Neto
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octavio Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM CEP 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Ariadna Lafourcade Prada
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octavio Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM CEP 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Domingo Rosales Achod
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octavio Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM CEP 69077-000, Brazil
| | | | - Cauê Santos Lima
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04044-020, Brazil; Pharmaceutical Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Oneide Silva de Moraes
- Thematic Microscopy and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LTMN), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Bem Te ví, 8-406. Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69067-001, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octavio Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM CEP 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Edgar Hernandez Sosa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tatiane Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Octavio Ramos, 6200, Coroado, Manaus, AM CEP 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Jesus Rafael Rodriguez Amado
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology (LTF), Faculty of Pharmacy, Food and Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS CEP 79070-900, Brazil.
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Quali-Quantitative Characterization of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand Resin by GC-MS Validated Method, GC-FID and HPLC-HRMS 2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051447. [PMID: 33800018 PMCID: PMC7962098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (PH) trees are endemic to the tropical region of South America, mostly Brazil. Antibacterial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-hyperlipidemic/anti-hypercholesterolemic effects were reported for its resinous exudate Protiumheptaphyllum resin (PHR). This work aims to provide a qualitative and quantitative consistent chemical profiling of the major constituents of this resin and two extracts enriched in acid (acidic triterpene concentrated extract, ATCE) and neutral triterpenes (α and β-amyrin concentrated extract, AMCE). GC–MS/GC–FID was used for volatile terpene fraction, a validated GC–MS method was developed for quantification of neutral α and β-amyrin and HPLC–APCI HRMS2 was used for acidic triterpenes analysis. The chemical investigation reported 29 molecules, including 14 volatile terpenes, 6 neutral triterpenes and 11 acid triterpenes. The most abundant compounds were α-amyrin (251.28 g kg−1, 123.98 g kg−1 and 556.82 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively), β-amyrin (172.66 g kg−1, 95.39 g kg−1 and 385.58 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively), 3-oxo-tirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid (80.64 g kg−1, 157.10 g kg−1 and 15.31 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively) and 3α-hydroxy-tirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (77.71 g kg−1, 130.40 g kg−1 and 11.64 g kg−1 in PHR, ATCE and AMCE, respectively). Results showed specific enrichment of acidic and neutral triterpenoids in the two respective extracts.
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Zhang T, Xie L, Liu R, Chang M, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Revisiting the 4,4-dimethylsterols profile from different kinds of vegetable oils by using GC-MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cheng JX, Zhang BD, Zhu WF, Zhang CF, Qin YM, Abe M, Akihisa T, Liu WY, Feng F, Zhang J. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus hispida L.f.: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112204. [PMID: 31669442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ficus hispida L.f. (Moraceae) has long been used as a traditional medicine in India, China, Sri Lanka, Australia, and Myanmar in the treatment of diarrhea, ulcer, anemia, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides a systematic comment on the botany, traditional uses, and phytochemical and pharmacological studies of F. hispida, with an aim to make critical update of the current knowledge and obtain opportunities for further therapeutic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information was derived from scientific literature databases including PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from books, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, and unpublished materials. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION F. hispida is used especially in Chinese and Indian traditional medical systems as a remedy for skin disorders, respiratory diseases, and urinary diseases. Wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, sedative, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antineoplastic, and antidiabetic activities have been reported for crude extracts and isolated metabolites, but the methodologies in these studies often have inadequate design and low technical quality. More than 76 compounds have been isolated from F.hispida, including sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenylpropionic acids, benzoic acid derivatives, alkaloids, steroids, other glycosides, and alkanes, but the method of bioassay-guided fractionation is seldom applied in the isolation from F. hispida. CONCLUSION F. hispida is used widely in traditional medicines and has multiple pharmacological effects that could support traditional uses. However, pharmacological studies should be viewed with caution because of the inappropriate experimental design. More in vitro and in vivo research is urgently needed to study the molecular mechanisms and assess the effective and safe dose of F. hispida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wan-Fang Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi-Min Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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da Silva Júnior WF, Bezerra de Menezes DL, de Oliveira LC, Koester LS, Oliveira de Almeida PD, Lima ES, de Azevedo EP, da Veiga Júnior VF, Neves de Lima ÁA. Inclusion Complexes of β and HPβ-Cyclodextrin with α, β Amyrin and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060241. [PMID: 31234312 PMCID: PMC6627979 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
α, β amyrin (ABAM) is a natural mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes that has a wide range of biological activities. ABAM is isolated from the species of the Burseraceae family, in which the species Protium is commonly found in the Amazon region of Brazil. The aim of this work was to develop inclusion complexes (ICs) of ABAM and β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) by physical mixing (PM) and kneading (KN) methods. Interactions between ABAM and the CD’s as well as the formation of ICs were confirmed by physicochemical characterization in the solid state by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Physicochemical characterization indicated the formation of ICs with both βCD and HPβCD. Such ICs were able to induce changes in the physicochemical properties of ABAM. In addition, the formation of ICs with cyclodextrins showed to be an effective and promising alternative to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity and safety of ABAM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Letícia Scherer Koester
- Production and Drug Control Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities (UnP), Natal 59056-000, RN, Brazil.
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Martin D, Navarro Del Hierro J, Villanueva Bermejo D, Fernández-Ruiz R, Fornari T, Reglero G. Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Calendula officinalis Supercritical Extract as Affected by in Vitro Codigestion with Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8828-8837. [PMID: 27796089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical extracts of marigold (ME) were produced and characterized. The bioaccessibility of terpenes, especially that of pentacyclic triterpenes (PT), the particle-size distribution, and antioxidant activity after the in vitro codigestion of ME with olive oil (OO) were determined. ME produced without cosolvent was richer in taraxasterol, lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin than extracts with cosolvent. All terpenes showed high bioaccessibility without OO (>75%). Significant correlations were found between the molecular properties of compounds (logP and number of rotatable bonds) and their bioaccessibility. Codigestion with OO enhanced the bioaccessibility (around 100% for PT), which could be related to a higher abundance of low-size particles of the digestion medium. The antioxidant activity of the digested ME increased around 50%, regardless of OO. PT-rich extracts from marigold display high bioaccessibility and improved antioxidant activity after in vitro digestion, although complete bioaccessibility of PT can be reached by codigestion with oil, without affecting antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro Del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Villanueva Bermejo
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Fernández-Ruiz
- Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación, Laboratorio de Fluorescencia de Rayos X por Reflexión Total (TXRF), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Imdea-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC , 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Discovery of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors from natural products. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 64:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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AlAjmi M, Alam P, Shakeel F. Quantification of bioactive marker β-amyrin by validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic- densitometric method in different species ofMaytenusgrown in Saudi Arabia. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Moreira FDL, de Souza GHB, Rodrigues IV, Lopes NP, de Oliveira ARM. A non-michaelian behavior of the in vitro metabolism of the pentacyclic triterpene alfa and beta amyrins by employing rat liver microsomes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:14-9. [PMID: 23777643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies employing alpha and beta amyrin have demonstrated potential application in several biological activities suggesting their application as promising drugs. In the early drug development, metabolism studies may give important parameters regarding the efficacy and safety of the drug candidate. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the enzymatic kinetic parameters of these pentacyclic triterpenes. Chromatographic analyzes were performed using a Shimadzu GC-MS system. The resolution of amyrins was achieved with a DB5-MS column of 0.25 μM film thickness, 30.0 cm length and 0.25 mm diameter. At this condition, the retention times of beta- and alpha-amyrin were 21.3 and 20.2 min, respectively. The proposed method showed to be linear over the concentration range of 0.16-42.18 μM for beta amyrin and 0.11-28.12 μM for alpha amyrin. The lowest concentration quantified by the validated method was 0.16 μM for beta and 0.11 μM for alpha amyrin. The stability study showed that amyrins were stable at room temperature for 12h and at 37°C for 1h. The absolute recovery of the amyrin isomers from the rat microsome was 54.3-59.2%. The enzymatic kinetics presented sigmoidal plots. It was observed a Vmax=0.698 ± 0.022 μmol/mg protein/min, S50=4.4 μM and Hill coefficient of 2.7 ± 0.17 for alpha amyrin and a Vmax=0.775 ± 0.034 μmol/mg protein/min, S50=7.0 μM and Hill coefficient of 2.5 ± 0.21 for beta amyrin. The obtained results give the first clues regarding amyrin metabolism and suggests a more detailed study conducted employing isolated CYP isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Lima Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yeo SCM, Luo W, Wu J, Ho PC, Lin HS. Quantification of pinosylvin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:68-74. [PMID: 23777612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pinosylvin (trans-3,5-dihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydoxystilbene), exhibited various beneficial pharmacological activities in pre-clinical studies. To further probe its potential medicinal application, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the quantification of pinosylvin in rat plasma. A simple protein precipitation procedure was used for plasma cleanup before analysis by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionisation and multiple reaction monitoring in its negative ion mode. This LC-MS/MS method demonstrated good selectivity, accuracy (intra- and inter-day analytical recovery within 100±7.7%), precision (intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation<12.0%) and sensitivity (lower limit of detection=1.0ng/mL), with excellent linearity (R(2)>0.99) over the range of 1-1000ng/mL. The pharmacokinetic profiles of pinosylvin were subsequently assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Following intravenous administration (5 or 10mg/kg), plasma levels of pinosylvin declined rapidly with a short half-life (t1/2<10min). Upon oral administration at 15mg/kg, pinosylvin could not be quantified in plasma (<1ng/mL) while dose-escalation to 50mg/kg led to a low and erratic plasma exposure with very poor estimated oral bioavailability (F<1%). The short half-life and limited systemic exposure of pinosylvin prompt caution in its therapeutic application and it warrants exploration in developing pinosylvin pro-drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chao Ming Yeo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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Chicca A, Marazzi J, Gertsch J. The antinociceptive triterpene β-amyrin inhibits 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) hydrolysis without directly targeting cannabinoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1596-608. [PMID: 22646533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological activation of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors is a therapeutic strategy to treat chronic and inflammatory pain. It was recently reported that a mixture of natural triterpenes α- and β-amyrin bound selectively to CB(1) receptors with a subnanomolar K(i) value (133 pM). Orally administered α/β-amyrin inhibited inflammatory and persistent neuropathic pain in mice through both CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Here, we investigated effects of amyrins on the major components of the endocannabinoid system. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured CB receptor binding interactions of α- and β-amyrin in validated binding assays using hCB(1) and hCB(2) transfected CHO-K1 cells. Effects on endocannabinoid transport in U937 cells and breakdown using homogenates of BV2 cells and pig brain, as well as purified enzymes, were also studied. KEY RESULTS There was no binding of either α- or β-amyrin to hCB receptors in our assays (K(i) > 10 µM). The triterpene β-amyrin potently inhibited 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) hydrolysis in pig brain homogenates, but not that of anandamide. Although β-amyrin only weakly inhibited purified human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), it also inhibited α,β-hydrolases and more potently inhibited 2-AG breakdown than α-amyrin and the MAGL inhibitor pristimerin in BV2 cell and pig brain homogenates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We propose that β-amyrin exerts its analgesic and anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects via indirect cannabimimetic mechanisms by inhibiting the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-AG without interacting directly with CB receptors. Triterpenoids appear to offer a very broad and largely unexplored scaffold for inhibitors of the enzymic degradation of 2-AG. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Centre of Competence in Research NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Patel DN, Lin HS, Koh HL. Quantification of ginsenosides Rh4 and Rk3 in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1510-1517. [PMID: 23147830 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4) and ginsenoside Rk3 (Rk3) are two active substances isolated from the processed Panax species. To further explore their potential medicinal application, a reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC/MS/MS) was developed and validated for the quantification of Rh4 and Rk3 in rat plasma. Multiple ion monitoring and multiple reaction monitoring experiments were performed in negative ionization mode. This LC/MS/MS method had good selectivity, sensitivity (lower limit of quantification = 10 ng/mL), precision (intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation ≤ 10.1) and accuracy (analytical recovery within 100 ± 10%). The pharmacokinetic profiles of Rh4 and Rk3 were subsequently assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar to many other ginsenosides, the oral bioavailability of Rh4 and Rk3 was unfavorable, and Rh4 and Rk3 did not have any measurable plasma exposure after oral administration (20 mg/kg). Fortunately, upon intravenous administration (5 mg/kg), both Rh4 and Rk3 possessed abundant plasma exposure, moderate clearance (Cl = 50.2 ± 7.7 and 23.8 ± 1.4 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1), respectively) and terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2 λZ) = 157.2 ± 65.2 and 99.5 ± 37.8 min, respectively). As Rh4 and Rk3 displayed favorable intravenous pharmacokinetic profiles, further exploration on their medicinal application is warranted.
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14
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Santos FA, Frota JT, Arruda BR, de Melo TS, da Silva AADCA, Brito GADC, Chaves MH, Rao VS. Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of α, β-amyrin, a triterpenoid mixture from Protium heptaphyllum in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:98. [PMID: 22867128 PMCID: PMC3484111 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pentacyclic triterpenes in general exert beneficial effects in metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effects of α, β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpene mixture from the resin of Protium heptaphyllum on blood sugar level and lipid profile in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, and in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Findings Mice treated with α, β-amyrin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) had significantly reduced STZ-induced increases in blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC) and serum triglycerides (TGs). Unlike glibenclamide that showed significant reductions in BG, TC and TGs in normoglycemic mice, α, β-amyrin did not lower normal blood sugar levels but at 100 mg/kg, manifested a hypolipidemic effect. Also, α, β-amyrin effectively reduced the elevated plasma glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test. Moreover, the plasma insulin level and histopathological analysis of pancreas revealed the beneficial effect of α, β-amyrin in the preservation of beta cell integrity. In mice treated orally with α, β-amyrin (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) or fenofibrate (200 mg/kg), the HFD-associated rise in serum TC and TGs were significantly less. The hypocholesterolemic effect of α, β-amyrin appeared more prominent at 100 mg/kg with significant decreases in VLDL and LDL cholesterol and an elevation of HDL cholesterol. Besides, the atherogenic index was significantly reduced by α, β-amyrin. Conclusions These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of α, β-amyrin mixture and suggest that it could be a lead compound for drug development effective in diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Almeida Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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15
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Szakiel A, Pączkowski C, Pensec F, Bertsch C. Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2012; 11:263-284. [PMID: 23519009 PMCID: PMC3601259 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits associated with a diet rich in fruit and vegetables include reduction of the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, that are becoming prevalent in the aging human population. Triterpenoids, polycyclic compounds derived from the linear hydrocarbon squalene, are widely distributed in edible and medicinal plants and are an integral part of the human diet. As an important group of phytochemicals that exert numerous biological effects and display various pharmacological activities, triterpenoids are being evaluated for use in new functional foods, drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products. Screening plant material in the search for triterpenoid-rich plant tissues has identified fruit peel and especially fruit cuticular waxes as promising and highly available sources. The chemical composition, abundance and biological activities of triterpenoids occurring in cuticular waxes of some economically important fruits, like apple, grape berry, olive, tomato and others, are described in this review. The need for environmentally valuable and potentially profitable technologies for the recovery, recycling and upgrading of residues from fruit processing is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Flora Pensec
- UFR Pluridisciplinaire Enseignement Professionnalisant Supérieur, Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologie et Environnement EA 3391, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33, rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- UFR Pluridisciplinaire Enseignement Professionnalisant Supérieur, Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologie et Environnement EA 3391, Université de Haute-Alsace, 33, rue de Herrlisheim, 68000 Colmar, France
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