1
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Ha S, Kim J, Park CS, Lee S, Yoo D, Kim KH, Seo SE, Park SJ, An JE, Song HS, Bae J, Kim WK, Kwon OS. In situ, real-time, colorimetric detection of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) using self-protection products coated with chemical receptor-embedded hydrogel. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 207:114195. [PMID: 35325719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increase in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) enabled by the illegal use of drugs, there have been constant demands for simple methods that can be used to protect oneself against crime in real life. γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a central nervous system depressant, is one of the most dangerous drugs for use in DFSA because it is colorless and has slow physiological effects, which pose challenges for developing in situ, real-time GHB monitoring techniques. In this study, we developed a method for in situ colorimetric GHB detection using various self-protection products (SPPs) coated with 2-(3-bromo-4-hydroxystyryl)-3-ethylbenzothiazol-3-ium iodide (BHEI) as a chemical receptor embedded in hydrogels. Additionally, smartphone-based detection offers enhanced colorimetric sensitivity compared to that of the naked eye. The developed SPPs will help address drug-facilitated social problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyoung Ha
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Process Development Team, Drug Manufacturing Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Biosystem Research Lab, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggon Yoo
- Biosystem Research Lab, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Eun An
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Bae
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Biosystem Research Lab, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Hegen O, Salazar Gómez JI, Schlögl R, Ruland H. The potential of NO + and O 2 +• in switchable reagent ion proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21770. [PMID: 35076949 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry with switchable reagent ion capability (PTR+SRI-MS) are analytical techniques for real-time qualification and quantification of compounds in gas samples with trace level concentrations. In the detection process, neutral compounds-mainly volatile organic compounds-are ionized via chemical ionization with ionic reagents or primary ions. The most common reagent ions are H3 O+ , NO+ and O2 +• . While ionization with H3 O+ occurs by means of proton transfer, the ionization via NO+ and O2 +• offers a larger variety on ionization pathways, as charge transfer, hydride abstraction and so on are possible. The distribution of the reactant into various reaction channels depends not only on the usage of either NO+ or O2 +• , but also on the class of analyte compounds. Furthermore, the choice of the reaction conditions as well as the choice of either SIFT-MS or PTR+SRI-MS might have a large impact on the resulting products. Therefore, an overview of both NO+ and O2 +• as reagent ions is given, showing differences between SIFT-MS and PTR+SRI-MS as used analytical methods revealing the potential how the knowledge obtained with H3 O+ for different classes of compounds can be extended with the usage of NO+ and O2 +• .
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hegen
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
| | - Jorge I Salazar Gómez
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Ruland
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
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3
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Asaduzzaman M, Haque MA, Banasaz S, Morozova K, Ferrentino G, Scampicchio M. Transient changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during
dulce de leche
preparation by a direct injection mass spectrometer based on proton transfer reaction (PTR‐MS). Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
| | - Md Azizul Haque
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
| | - Shahin Banasaz
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrentino
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen‐Bolzano Piazza Università 1 Bolzano 39100 Italy
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4
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Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Wasik A. Revealing dynamic changes of the volatile profile of food samples using PTR-MS. Food Chem 2021; 364:130404. [PMID: 34175628 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Volatile compounds carry valuable information regarding the properties of foodstuffs. Volatiles emitted from food can be used as, for example, indicators of quality, shelf-life, or authenticity. A better understanding of the multitude of transformations which occur during food processing could facilitate the optimisation of production, increase the desirability of food products, and also their wholesomeness. However, as some of these transformations are fast-paced, it is necessary to monitor them using techniques which enable real-time determination of volatiles, such as proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Recent years have seen a marked increase in its use in food analysis, since it can be used to obtain insight into the dynamics of the monitored processes and can be the basis for precise quality control methods for food processing. This review highlights recent works in which PTR-MS was used in monitoring during foodstuffs production, preparation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Majchrzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Wojnowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Malásková M, Olivenza-León D, Piel F, Mochalski P, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Compendium of the Reactions of H 3O + With Selected Ketones of Relevance to Breath Analysis Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2019; 7:401. [PMID: 31263690 PMCID: PMC6584912 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft chemical ionization mass spectrometric techniques, such as proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), are often used in breath analysis, being particularly powerful for real-time measurements. To ascertain the type and concentration of volatiles in exhaled breath clearly assignable product ions resulting from these volatiles need to be determined. This is difficult for compounds where isomers are common, and one important class of breath volatiles where this occurs are ketones. Here we present a series of extensive measurements on the reactions of H3O+ with a selection of ketones using PTR-MS. Of particular interest is to determine if ketone isomers can be distinguished without the need for pre-separation by manipulating the ion chemistry through changes in the reduced electric field. An additional issue for breath analysis is that the product ion distributions for these breath volatiles are usually determined from direct PTR-MS measurements of the compounds under the normal operating conditions of the instruments. Generally, no account is made for the effects on the ion-molecule reactions by the introduction of humid air samples or increased CO2 concentrations into the drift tubes of these analytical devices resulting from breath. Therefore, another motivation of this study is to determine the effects, if any, on the product ion distributions under the humid conditions associated with breath sampling. However, the ultimate objective for this study is to provide a valuable database of use to other researchers in the field of breath analysis to aid in analysis and quantification of trace amounts of ketones in human breath. Here we present a comprehensive compendium of the product ion distributions as a function of the reduced electric field for the reactions of H3O+. (H2O)n (n = 0 and 1) with nineteen ketones under normal and humid (100% relative humidity for 37 °C) PTR-MS conditions. The ketones selected for inclusion in this compendium are (in order of increasing molecular weight): 2-butanone; 2-pentanone; 3-pentanone; 2-hexanone; 3-hexanone; 2-heptanone; 3-heptanone; 4-heptanone; 3-octanone; 2-nonanone; 3-nonanone; 2-decanone; 3-decanone; cyclohexanone; 3-methyl-2-butanone; 3-methyl-2-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-pentanone; 2-methyl-3-hexanone; and 2-methyl-3-heptanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malásková
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Piel
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paweł Mochalski
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Institute for Breath Research, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Cheng SC, Tsai YD, Lee CW, Chen BH, Shiea J. Direct and rapid characterization of illicit drugs in adulterated samples using thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:451-459. [PMID: 30987716 PMCID: PMC9296208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods and drinks have been adulterated with illicit drugs to facilitate criminal activities. Unfortunately, conventional analytical methods are incapable of rapidly characterizing these drugs in samples, as serious interferences from sample matrices must be removed through tedious and time-consuming pretreatment. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AMS) generally does not require sample pretreatment and is thus a suitable tool for directly and rapidly detecting illicit drugs in samples in different physical states. In this study, thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS), an AMS technique, was utilized to efficiently characterize illicit drugs spiked in samples including drinks, powders, and jelly candies. To perform sensitive analysis, the mass analyzer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor the molecular and fragment ions of the target analytes. The time required to complete a typical TD-ESI/MS analysis was less than 30 s. The limits of detection (LODs) for illicit drugs were found to be 100 ppb in drinks, 100–1000 ppb in instant powders, and 1.3–6.5 ng/mm2 on stamp surfaces. FM2 and nitrazepam laced in the inner layer of a jelly candy were detected by TD-ESI/MS, showcasing the advantage of the technique for direct and rapid analysis as opposed to conventional methods.
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7
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PTR-MS and GC-MS as complementary techniques for analysis of volatiles: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1035:1-13. [PMID: 30224127 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review is a critical commentary on the combined use of two instrumental analytical techniques, namely GC-MS and PTR-MS. The first mention of such an analytical approach likely appeared after the year 2000 and despite many advantages, it has not been applied very often. Therefore, the aim of this article is to elaborate on the concept of their combined use and to provide a curse tutorial for those considering taking such an approach. The issue of complementarity was raised in a broad sense of this term. Special emphasis was placed on indicating the possibilities of complementary utilization of GC-MS and PTR-MS and presenting the advantages and disadvantages as well as the current application of these techniques when used together.
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8
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de Paula C, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Recognizing drug-facilitated crimes: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines in beverages using fast liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and paper spray mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1348-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Paula
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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9
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González-Méndez R, Watts P, Reich DF, Mullock SJ, Cairns S, Hickey P, Brookes M, Mayhew CA. Use of Rapid Reduced Electric Field Switching to Enhance Compound Specificity for Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5664-5670. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Peter Watts
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - D. Fraser Reich
- Kore Technology, Ltd., Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Mullock
- Kore Technology, Ltd., Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire, CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stuart Cairns
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Peter Hickey
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Matthew Brookes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Rathausplatz 4, 6850, Dornbirn, Austria
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10
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O'Hara ME, Fernández Del Río R, Holt A, Pemberton P, Shah T, Whitehouse T, Mayhew CA. Limonene in exhaled breath is elevated in hepatic encephalopathy. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046010. [PMID: 27869108 PMCID: PMC5500822 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breath samples were taken from 31 patients with liver disease and 30 controls in a clinical setting and proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR-Quad-MS) used to measure the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). All patients had cirrhosis of various etiologies, with some also suffering from hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and/or hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Breath limonene was higher in patients with No-HCC than with HCC, median (lower/upper quartile) 14.2 (7.2/60.1) versus 3.6 (2.0/13.7) and 1.5 (1.1/2.3) nmol mol-1 in controls. This may reflect disease severity, as those with No-HCC had significantly higher UKELD (United Kingdom model for End stage Liver Disease) scores. Patients with HE were categorized as having HE symptoms presently, having a history but no current symptoms and having neither history nor current symptoms. Breath limonene in these groups was median (lower/upper quartile) 46.0 (14.0/103), 4.2 (2.6/6.4) and 7.2 (2.0/19.1) nmol mol-1, respectively. The higher concentration of limonene in those with current symptoms of HE than with a history but no current symptoms cannot be explained by disease severity as their UKELD scores were not significantly different. Longitudinal data from two patients admitted to hospital with HE show a large intra-subject variation in breath limonene, median (range) 18 (10-44) and 42 (32-58) nmol mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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11
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González-Méndez R, Watts P, Olivenza-León D, Reich DF, Mullock SJ, Corlett CA, Cairns S, Hickey P, Brookes M, Mayhew CA. Enhancement of Compound Selectivity Using a Radio Frequency Ion-Funnel Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer: Improved Specificity for Explosive Compounds. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10624-10630. [PMID: 27715015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key issue with any analytical system based on mass spectrometry with no initial separation of compounds is to have a high level of confidence in chemical assignment. This is particularly true for areas of security, such as airports, and recent terrorist attacks have highlighted the need for reliable analytical instrumentation. Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry is a useful technology for these purposes because the chances of false positives are small owing to the use of a mass spectrometric analysis. However, the detection of an ion at a given m/z for an explosive does not guarantee that that explosive is present. There is still some ambiguity associated with any chemical assignment owing to the presence of isobaric compounds and, depending on mass resolution, ions with the same nominal m/z. In this article we describe how for the first time the use of a radio frequency ion-funnel (RFIF) in the reaction region (drift tube) of a proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) can be used to enhance specificity by manipulating the ion-molecule chemistry through collisional induced processes. Results for trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluenes, and nitrotoluenes are presented to demonstrate the advantages of this new RFIF-PTR-ToF-MS for analytical chemical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón González-Méndez
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Peter Watts
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David Olivenza-León
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - D Fraser Reich
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stephen J Mullock
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Clive A Corlett
- Kore Technology Ltd , Cambridgeshire Business Park, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4EA, U.K
| | - Stuart Cairns
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Peter Hickey
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent TN14 7BP, U.K
| | - Matthew Brookes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Chris A Mayhew
- Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Leopold-Franzens-Universitaet Innsbruck , Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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12
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Fernández Del Río R, O'Hara ME, Holt A, Pemberton P, Shah T, Whitehouse T, Mayhew CA. Volatile Biomarkers in Breath Associated With Liver Cirrhosis - Comparisons of Pre- and Post-liver Transplant Breath Samples. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1243-50. [PMID: 26501124 PMCID: PMC4588000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of liver disease in the UK has risen dramatically and there is a need for improved diagnostics. Aims To determine which breath volatiles are associated with the cirrhotic liver and hence diagnostically useful. Methods A two-stage biomarker discovery procedure was used. Alveolar breath samples of 31 patients with cirrhosis and 30 healthy controls were mass spectrometrically analysed and compared (stage 1). 12 of these patients had their breath analysed after liver transplant (stage 2). Five patients were followed longitudinally as in-patients in the post-transplant period. Results Seven volatiles were elevated in the breath of patients versus controls. Of these, five showed statistically significant decrease post-transplant: limonene, methanol, 2-pentanone, 2-butanone and carbon disulfide. On an individual basis limonene has the best diagnostic capability (the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) is 0.91), but this is improved by combining methanol, 2-pentanone and limonene (AUROC curve 0.95). Following transplant, limonene shows wash-out characteristics. Conclusions Limonene, methanol and 2-pentanone are breath markers for a cirrhotic liver. This study raises the potential to investigate these volatiles as markers for early-stage liver disease. By monitoring the wash-out of limonene following transplant, graft liver function can be non-invasively assessed. Breath volatiles were compared for cirrhotic patients and controls and pre- and post-liver transplant. Three volatiles (limonene, methanol, 2-pentanone) have been found to have excellent diagnostic capabilities. Limonene shows washout characteristics following transplant supporting a hypothesis that it accumulates in fat.
There are numerous previous studies investigating breath volatiles in patients with liver disease but with conflicting results. It is impossible to tell which volatiles from previous studies may be false discoveries, and which are actually associated with the disease. We measured breath samples in patients and controls and in patients after transplant. Methanol, 2-pentanone and limonene show differences not only between patients and controls but also in cases pre- and post-transplant and have excellent diagnostic capabilities. We show evidence that limonene accumulates in the body, probably because the cirrhotic liver fails to metabolise dietary limonene.
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Key Words
- AID, autoimmune liver disease
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- AUROC, area under receiver operator curve
- BMI, body mass index
- Breath analysis
- CD, cryptogenic disease
- Cirrhosis
- Diagnosis limonene
- GC, gas chromatography
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC, hepatocellular cancer
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- ITU, intensive treatment unit
- LQ, lower quartile
- Liver transplant
- MS, mass spectrometry
- OPU, out-patient clinic
- PBC, primary biliary cirrhosis
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- PTR-MS
- PTR-MS, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry
- ROC, Receiver operating characteristics
- TAC, transplant assessment clinic
- TE, transient elastography
- UKELD, United Kingdom model for end-stage liver disease
- UQ, upper quartile
- VMR, volume mixing ratio
- VOC, volatile organic compounds
- Volatile organic compounds
- ppbv, parts per billion by volume
- ppmv, parts per million by volume
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernández Del Río
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M E O'Hara
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Holt
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - P Pemberton
- Critical Care and Anaesthesia, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - T Shah
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - T Whitehouse
- Critical Care and Anaesthesia, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - C A Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Lanza M, Acton WJ, Sulzer P, Breiev K, Jürschik S, Jordan A, Hartungen E, Hanel G, Märk L, Märk TD, Mayhew CA. Selective reagent ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry: a rapid technology for the novel analysis of blends of new psychoactive substances. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:427-31. [PMID: 25800025 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate the potential of selective reagent ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry for the rapid and selective identification of a popular new psychoactive substance blend called 'synthacaine', a mixture that is supposed to imitate the sensory and intoxicating effects of cocaine. Reactions with H3O(+) result in protonated parent molecules which can be tentatively assigned to benzocaine and methiopropamine. However, by comparing the product ion branching ratios obtained at two reduced electric field values (90 and 170 Td) for two reagent ions (H3O(+) and NO(+)) to those of the pure chemicals, we show that identification is possible with a much higher level of confidence then when relying solely on the m/z of protonated parent molecules. A rapid and highly selective analytical identification of the constituents of a recreational drug is particularly crucial to medical personnel for the prompt medical treatment of overdoses, toxic effects or allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik GmbH., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Agarwal B, González-Méndez R, Lanza M, Sulzer P, Märk TD, Thomas N, Mayhew CA. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Switchable Reagent Ion Soft Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Picric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8229-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishu Agarwal
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr.
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ramón González-Méndez
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik Gesellschaft m.b.H., Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr.
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Neil Thomas
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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15
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Acton WJ, Lanza M, Agarwal B, Jürschik S, Sulzer P, Breiev K, Jordan A, Hartungen E, Hanel G, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Headspace analysis of new psychoactive substances using a Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 360:28-38. [PMID: 25844048 PMCID: PMC4375562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion in the number and use of new psychoactive substances presents a significant analytical challenge because highly sensitive instrumentation capable of detecting a broad range of chemical compounds in real-time with a low rate of false positives is required. A Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (SRI-ToF-MS) instrument is capable of meeting all of these requirements. With its high mass resolution (up to m/Δm of 8000), the application of variations in reduced electric field strength (E/N) and use of different reagent ions, the ambiguity of a nominal (monoisotopic) m/z is reduced and hence the identification of chemicals in a complex chemical environment with a high level of confidence is enabled. In this study we report the use of a SRI-ToF-MS instrument to investigate the reactions of H3O+, O2+, NO+ and Kr+ with 10 readily available (at the time of purchase) new psychoactive substances, namely 4-fluoroamphetamine, methiopropamine, ethcathinone, 4-methylethcathinone, N-ethylbuphedrone, ethylphenidate, 5-MeO-DALT, dimethocaine, 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran and nitracaine. In particular, the dependence of product ion branching ratios on the reduced electric field strength for all reagent ions was investigated and is reported here. The results reported represent a significant amount of new data which will be of use for the development of drug detection techniques suitable for real world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Joe Acton
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK
| | - Matteo Lanza
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bishu Agarwal
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Jürschik
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Sulzer
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 512 214 800 050; fax: +43 512 214 800 099.
| | - Kostiantyn Breiev
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alfons Jordan
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugen Hartungen
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gernot Hanel
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Märk
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chris A. Mayhew
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tilmann D. Märk
- IONICON Analytik GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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16
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Kassebacher T, Sulzer P, Jürschik S, Hartungen E, Jordan A, Edtbauer A, Feil S, Hanel G, Jaksch S, Märk L, Mayhew CA, Märk TD. Investigations of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial compounds with proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry for a real-time threat monitoring scenario. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:325-32. [PMID: 23239380 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Security and protection against terrorist attacks are major issues in modern society. One especially challenging task is the monitoring and protection of air conditioning and heating systems of buildings against terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals. As existing technologies have low selectivity, long response times or insufficient sensitivity, there is a need for a novel approach such as we present here. METHODS We have analyzed various chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and/or toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and related compounds, namely phosgene, diphosgene, chloroacetone, chloroacetophenone, diisopropylaminoethanol, and triethyl phosphate, utilizing a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS) instrument with the objective of finding key product ions and their intensities, which will allow a low-resolution quadrupole mass spectrometry based PTR-MS system to be used with high confidence in the assignment of threat agents in the atmosphere. RESULTS We obtained high accuracy PTR-TOFMS mass spectra of the six compounds under study at two different values for the reduced electric field in the drift tube (E/N). From these data we have compiled a table containing product ions, and isotopic and E/N ratios for highly selective threat compound detection with a compact and cost-effective quadrupole-based PTR-MS instrument. Furthermore, using chloroacetophenone (tear gas), we demonstrated that this instrument's response is highly linear in the concentration range of typical Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the presented results it is possible to develop a compact and cost-effective PTR-QMS instrument that monitors air supply systems and triggers an alarm as soon as the presence of a threat agent is detected. We hope that this real-time surveillance device will help to seriously improve safety and security in environments vulnerable to terrorist attacks with toxic chemicals.
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