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Riedel A, Neukamm MA, Klima M, Henkel K, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ. Drugs in dental biofilm and enamel - A pilot study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23177. [PMID: 38261908 PMCID: PMC10796950 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Enamel and dental biofilm might serve as alternative matrices for determination of illicit and medical drugs. Thus, this study aims at evaluating possible correlations between detected drug concentrations in the matrices and simulated drug use in situ. Design Eleven subjects wore intraoral splints with embedded demineralized bovine enamel samples. Drug use was simulated by mouth rinsing with a 1.0 μg/ml drug solution three times daily for 1 min (study A) or by incubation of the splints in a 10 μg/ml drug solution once a day for 30 min (study B). Amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine were used as drugs. After 11 days, biofilm and enamel samples of the intraoral splints were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry after drying and extraction via ultrasonication with acetonitrile (biofilm) or methanol (enamel). Results In study A, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 1.3 pg/mg and 6.4 ± 11 pg/mg in biofilm and 0.2 pg/mg and 0.5 ± 0.9 pg/mg in enamel. In study B, median and mean drug concentration ± standard deviation were 350 pg/mg and 1100 ± 1600 pg/mg in biofilm and 5.8 pg/mg and 9.9 ± 10 pg/mg in enamel. Conclusions Overall, there were considerable interindividual concentration differences. Correlations between concentrations in the two sample materials were shown. The results of this pilot study revealed a dependence of concentrations on intensity and duration of drug contact. Thus, important information on past drug use might be provided in forensic cases by analysis of dental biofilm and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riedel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
| | - Merja A. Neukamm
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Miriam Klima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
- Labor Berlin – Charité Vivantes GmbH, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology, Berlin, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin, DE, 13353, Germany
| | - Kerstin Henkel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79104, Germany
| | - Markus J. Altenburger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79106, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg im Breisgau, DE, 79110, Germany
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Klima M, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ, Neukamm MA. In vitro studies on the dependence of drug deposition in dentin on drug concentration, contact time, and the physicochemical properties of the drugs. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2675-2685. [PMID: 37587384 PMCID: PMC10474980 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of dental hard tissues can provide information on previous drug use due to the deposition of drugs into this tissue. For the interpretation of analytical results in, e.g., postmortem toxicology or regarding archeological samples, the influence of drug dosing, consumption frequency, duration of intake and type of drug on analyte concentrations in teeth has to be characterized. To approximate these correlations, in vitro models were applied to investigate the time dependency of drug deposition via and against pulp pressure (perfusion studies) and the concentration dependency of drug deposition via oral cavity (incubation study) as well as the influence of de- and remineralization (pH cycling) on the incorporation of drugs in bovine dentin pellets. Some of the drugs of abuse most relevant in forensic case work (amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and benzoylecgonine) were applied. Concentrations in dentin samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after pulverization and extraction via ultrasonication with methanol. The studies showed that drug deposition in dentin likely depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug molecules as well as on the duration of contact with drugs via the blood stream and on drug concentrations present in the oral cavity. Higher drug concentrations in teeth can result from a more frequent or longer drug use. In addition, intake of higher doses or oral/inhalative consumption can also be expected to lead to higher drug concentrations. These findings can be helpful for the interpretation of postmortem cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Klima
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Nakao KI, Kibayashi K. Detection of methamphetamine in mouse femurs exposed to high temperature. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1268-1276. [PMID: 37149745 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone samples are valuable for examining the cause of death and circumstance leading up to death when body fluids are not available for forensic toxicological analysis. Examined were heat-induced changes in methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations in femurs removed from methamphetamine-injected mice to determine if the burned bones could be used for toxicology testing. The femurs were heated at 100°C, 300°C, or 500°C for 10 or 30 min. The tissue structure of the heated femurs was preserved at 100°C for 30 min but was destructed at higher temperatures. Methamphetamine and amphetamine were detected in femurs heated at 100°C for 10 min, 100°C for 30 min, and 300°C for 10 min (with methamphetamine and amphetamine concentrations ranging from 0.36 to 35 μg/g and 0.54 to 47 μg/g, respectively). Methamphetamine and amphetamine were detectable when heated above their decomposition temperature as a result of limited heat transfer do to protection provide by the femoral muscle. Thus, the bone could be a useful analytical sample in cases of burn-related deaths, where it is difficult to collect body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Nakao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ichioka H, Saito U, Shintani-Ishida K, Shirahase T, Idota N, Kanamura N, Ikegaya H. Application of Teeth in Toxicological Analysis of Decomposed Cadavers Using a Carbamazepine-Administered Rat Model. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020311. [PMID: 36673121 PMCID: PMC9858220 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In a regular autopsy, blood and organs are used to quantify drug and toxicant concentrations; however, specimens such as blood cannot be collected from highly decomposed corpses, making the quantification of drug and toxicants impossible. This study aimed to estimate the blood carbamazepine (CBZ) concentration from teeth, a part of the human body that is best preserved after death. We sampled teeth and blood of rats administered CBZ. The correlation between the tooth and serum CBZ concentrations was analyzed. Rats were euthanized after CBZ administration and kept at 22 °C for 0 to 15 days before sampling the teeth and measuring the CBZ concentration. Undecalcified, fresh, frozen sections of rat teeth were prepared, and CBZ localization was evaluated. CBZ concentrations in both teeth and cardiac blood peaked at 60 min after administration and increased in a dose-dependent manner. CBZ concentration in teeth did not substantially change after death, with high CBZ distribution being observed in the pulp cavity. The tooth and serum CBZ concentrations were highly correlated, suggesting that the measurement of toxicant concentration in sampled teeth would allow for the estimation of blood toxicant concentration in highly decomposed corpses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ichioka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5343
| | - Urara Saito
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kaori Shintani-Ishida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takahira Shirahase
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Nozomi Idota
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikegaya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Application of microextraction techniques in alternative biological matrices with focus on forensic toxicology: a review. Bioanalysis 2020; 13:45-64. [PMID: 33326299 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in alternative biological matrices (e.g., hair and saliva) for forensic toxicology analysis has increased, and recent developments in sample preparation have targeted rapid, cheap, efficient and eco-friendly methods, including microextraction techniques. For this review, we have gathered information about these two hot topics. We discuss the composition, incorporation of analytes and advantages and disadvantages of different biological matrices, and also present the operation principles of the most reported microextraction procedures and their application in forensic toxicology. The outcome of this review may encourage future forensic researches into alternative samples and microextraction techniques.
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Quade L, Chazot PL, Gowland R. Desperately seeking stress: A pilot study of cortisol in archaeological tooth structures. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:532-541. [PMID: 33026108 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced through activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. It is known as the "stress hormone" for its primary role in the body's stress response and has been the focus of much modern clinical research. Within archaeology, only a few studies have analyzed cortisol in human remains and these have been restricted to hair (Webb et al., 2010; Webb, White, van Uum, & Longstaffe, 2015a; Webb, White, van Uum, & Longstaffe, 2015b). This study examines the utility of dentine and enamel, which survive well archaeologically, as possible reservoirs for detectable levels of cortisol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Then, 69 teeth from 65 individuals from five Roman and Post-Roman sites in France were tested via competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess and quantify the cortisol concentrations present within tooth dentine and enamel. RESULTS In both tooth dentine and enamel, detectable concentrations of cortisol were identified in multiple teeth. However, concentrations were low and not all teeth yielded results that were measurable through cortisol ELISA. Differences in cortisol values between dentine and enamel could suggest different uptake mechanisms or timing. DISCUSSION These results suggest that cortisol is incorporated within tooth structures and merits further investigation in both modern and archaeological contexts. Analysis of the results through liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry would verify current results and might yield values that could be better integrated with published cortisol studies. Future studies of cortisol in tooth structures would greatly expand the research potential of cortisol in the past and could have implications for studies of human stress across deep time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Quade
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Nakao KI, Tatara Y, Kibayashi K. Detection of cocaine and metabolites from mouse femur buried in soil. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 37:1-6. [PMID: 30502554 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug addicts are frequently involved in committing homicides, and burial in the ground is often performed by offenders for body disposal. Therefore, toxicological analyses of buried bones are vitally important for investigating the cause and circumstance of death. Cocaine concentrations in heart blood, femoral muscle, and femur were measured in mice after injections of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg cocaine and in femurs buried in soil. The concentrations of cocaine in femurs (253.67-1345.31 ng/g) were higher than those found in heart blood (3.14-28.73 ng/mL) and femoral muscle (76.41-429.76 ng/g). The cocaine concentrations in buried femurs (54.83-388.68 ng/g) were significantly lower than those in unburied femurs (253.67-1345.31 ng/g). Further, cocaine was detected in femurs after being buried for 7-180 days in soil. These findings indicate that cocaine concentrations are higher in bone than in heart blood and femoral muscle and that the concentration decreases after burial in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Nakao
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Yuki Tatara
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Henkel K, Altenburger MJ, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA. Full validation of a method for the determination of drugs of abuse in non-mineralized dental biofilm using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application to postmortem samples. Talanta 2017; 176:360-366. [PMID: 28917762 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alternative matrices play a major role in postmortem forensic toxicology, especially if common matrices (like body fluids or hair) are not available. Incorporation of illicit and medicinal drugs into non-mineralized dental biofilm (plaque) seems likely but has not been investigated so far. Analysis of plaque could therefore extend the spectrum of potentially used matrices in postmortem toxicology. For this reason, a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the extraction, determination and quantification of ten drugs of abuse from plaque using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and fully validated. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, codeine and 6-acetylmorphine were extracted from 2mg of dried and powdered plaque via ultrasonication with acetonitrile. The extracts were analyzed on a triple-quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer in scheduled multiple reaction monitoring mode (sMRM). The method was fully validated and proved accurate, precise, selective and specific with satisfactory linearity within the calibrated ranges. The lower limit of quantification was 10-15pgmg-1 for all compounds except for MDA (100pgmg-1) and amphetamine (200pgmg-1). The method has been successfully applied to three authentic postmortem samples with known drug history. Amphetamine, MDMA, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine and codeine could be detected in these cases in concentrations ranging from 18pgmg-1 for cocaine to 1400pgmg-1 for amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Henkel
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstr. 27, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Nakao KI, Tatara Y, Kibayashi K. Quantification of Methamphetamine in Mouse Thighbones Buried in Soil. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1554-1558. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Nakao
- Department of Legal Medicine; School of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Yuki Tatara
- Department of Legal Medicine; School of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine; School of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
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Krais S, Klima M, Huppertz LM, Auwärter V, Altenburger MJ, Neukamm MA. Betel Nut Chewing in Iron Age Vietnam? Detection of Areca catechu Alkaloids in Dental Enamel. J Psychoactive Drugs 2016; 49:11-17. [PMID: 27997280 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1264647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The betel quid is one of the most commonly consumed psychoactive substances in the world. By archaeological evidence like the occurrence of areca nuts in archaeological sites, the typical overall reddish-brown staining on prehistoric human teeth or specific artifacts linked with the habit, it is assumed that this tradition reaches back to prehistoric times. Since this kind of evidence is indirect, it is frequently doubted. The present study provides the earliest direct analytical indication of betel nut chewing in human history. A typical stained tooth from an Iron Age skeleton (site Gò Ô Chùa in Southern Vietnam, 400-100 BC) was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ToF-MS) and the alkaloid arecoline which is specific for Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae) was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krais
- a Doctoral Candidate, Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Miriam Klima
- b Doctoral Candidate, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hermann Staudinger Graduate School , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Laura M Huppertz
- c Research Associate, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- d Professor, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Markus J Altenburger
- e Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- f Assistant Professor, Institute for Forensic Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Chiesa LM, Nobile M, Panseri S, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Bovine teeth as a novel matrix for the control of the food chain: liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry detection of treatments with prednisolone, dexamethasone, estradiol, nandrolone and seven β2-agonists. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:40-48. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1252469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | | | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Ottaviani G, Cameriere R, Cippitelli M, Froldi R, Tassoni G, Zampi M, Cingolani M. Determination of Drugs of Abuse in a Single Sample of Human Teeth by a Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:32-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Determination of medicinal and illicit drugs in post mortem dental hard tissues and comparison with analytical results for body fluids and hair samples. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Wang H, Zhang W, Wang X. Elucidation of a CGP7930 in vitro metabolite by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:491-496. [PMID: 26777679 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE γ-Aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB ) receptors are widely expressed in the nervous system and have been implicated as targets for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. CGP7930 is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAB receptors. It has been demonstrated to reduce drug self-administration and has gained increased research as a potential psychotropic treatment. METHODS An in vitro metabolic system with liver microsomes of SD rats has been conducted and evaluated by probe drugs. The predominant in vitro metabolite of CGP7930 was identified and elucidated using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). Its structure was determined by comparing the characteristic ions of CGP7930 and those of the metabolite, based on the accurate mass measurement by MS and the fragmentation pattern obtained by MS/MS. RESULTS We found that the main metabolic pathway of CGP7930 was via a monohydroxylation reaction and the hydroxylation site located at the terminal butyl-carbon. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of the hydroxylated metabolite underwent McLafferty rearrangement and α-cleavage. CONCLUSIONS This work provides an understanding of the in vitro metabolism of CGP7930, which is helpful for the further study of the development of potential drug candidates targeting GABAB receptors, for the treatment of depression. The work also demonstrates that the LC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS method has the advantage of possibly determining the structures of drug metabolites without the use of standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
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