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Grönlund K, Nissinen VH, Rytöluoto I, Mosallaei M, Mikkonen J, Korpijärvi K, Auvinen P, Suvanto M, Saarinen JJ, Jänis J. Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Brominated Flame Retardants in Synthetic Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33011-33021. [PMID: 39100298 PMCID: PMC11292827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are persistent organic pollutants that pose a major threat to the environment. In this study, a direct insertion probe (DIP) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) was used to characterize additives, especially BFRs, from solid polymer samples with minimal sample preparation. A temperature-programmed DIP analysis, from 150 to 450 °C within 10 min, was utilized to achieve temporal separation of analytes based on their boiling or degradation temperatures, thereby facilitating their easier identification within a single run. Studied BFRs showed different behaviors during the analysis: decabromodiphenyl ether and tetrabromobisphenol A were found to be stable within the studied temperature range, while hexabromocyclododecane already started to debrominate. Our study showed that the DIP-APCI-MS method suited well for the direct qualitative identification of BFRs from polymer matrices. Furthermore, by optimizing the sampling procedure with cryogenic grinding, even quantitative analysis could be performed. The DIP measurements also provided important information about the composition of polymer matrices, including the identification of the comonomers present. Overall, DIP-APCI QTOF-MS was found to be an excellent tool for the compositional analysis of plastic samples. Developing rapid and reliable analysis methods can pave the way for more efficient plastic recycling and the safer use of plastic recyclates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Grönlund
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ville H. Nissinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ilkka Rytöluoto
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Milad Mosallaei
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joonas Mikkonen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Korpijärvi
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Koivurannantie 1, 40400 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paavo Auvinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mika Suvanto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jarkko J. Saarinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Janne Jänis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80130 Joensuu, Finland
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2
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Altamirano JC, Yin S, Belova L, Poma G, Covaci A. Exploring the hidden chemical landscape: Non-target and suspect screening analysis for investigating solid waste-associated environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118006. [PMID: 38154568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste is an inevitable consequence of urbanization. It can be safely managed in municipal landfills and processing plants for volume reduction or material reuse, including organic solid waste. However, solid waste can also be discarded in (un-)authorized dumping sites or inadvertently released into the environment. Legacy and emerging contaminants have the potential to leach from solid waste, making it a significant pathway to the environment. Non-target screening (NTS) and suspect screening analysis (SSA) have become helpful tools in environmental science for the simultaneous analysis of a wide range of chemical compounds. However, the application of these analytical approaches to environmental samples related to Raw or Processed Solid Waste (RPSW) has been largely neglected so far. This perspective review examines the potential and policy relevance of NTS and SSA applied to waste-related samples (liquid, gaseous and solid). It addresses the hurdles associated with the chemical safety of solid waste accumulation, processing, and reuse, and the need for landfill traceability, as well as effectiveness of leachate treatments. We reviewed the current applications of NTS and SSA to environmental samples of RPSW, as well as the potential adaptation of NTS and SSA techniques from related fields, such as oilfield and metabolomics, to the solid waste domain. Despite the ongoing technical challenges, this review highlights the significant potential for the implementation of NTS and SSA approaches in solid waste management and related scientific fields and provides support and guidance to the regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina Cecilia Altamirano
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET-UNCuyo-Government of Mendoza, P.O. Box. 331, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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3
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Bevington C, Williams AJ, Guider C, Baker NC, Meyer B, Babich MA, Robinson S, Jones A, Phillips KA. Development of a Flame Retardant and an Organohalogen Flame Retardant Chemical Inventory. Sci Data 2022. [PMCID: PMC9192637 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to compile comprehensive lists of flame retardants. However, this goal has proven challenging due to the heterogeneity of compounds that can be used as flame retardants coupled with changes in formulation chemistry over time. Flame retardants have been the focus of many recent existing hazard, exposure, and risk assessments. These assessments have been class-based or for individual chemical substances. Here, diverse sets of publicly available data sources from governmental organizations and the open literature were compiled to develop an inventory of chemicals used as flame retardants and organohalogen flame retardants. The chemical substances from these data sources were mapped to appropriate chemical identifiers via manual curation and deduplicated. Despite different data sources containing a large number of overlapping chemical substances, compiling information from multiple data sources was found to increase the breadth of potential flame retardant chemistries. The flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant inventories were developed as a resource for scientists interested in better understanding properties of flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant classes. Measurement(s) | chemical use information | Technology Type(s) | manual and automated literature collection |
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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5
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Nishimuta K, Ueno D, Takahashi S, Kuwae M, Kadokami K, Miyawaki T, Matsukami H, Kuramochi H, Higuchi T, Koga Y, Matsumoto H, Ryuda N, Miyamoto H, Haraguchi T, Sakai SI. Use of comprehensive target analysis for determination of contaminants of emerging concern in a sediment core collected from Beppu Bay, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115587. [PMID: 33261969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, concern about the release of anthropogenic organic micropollutants referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) has been growing. The objective of this study was to find potential CECs by means of an analytical screening method referred to as comprehensive target analysis with an automated identification and quantification system (CTA-AIQS), which uses gas and liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS). We used CTA-AIQS to analyze samples from a sediment core collected in Beppu Bay, Japan. With this method, we detected 80 compounds in the samples and CTA-AIQA could work to useful tool to find CECs in environmental media. Among the detected chemicals, three PAHs (anthracene, chrysene, and fluoranthene) and tris(isopropylphenyl)phosphate (TIPPP) isomers were found to increase in concentration with decreasing sediment depth. We quantified TIPPP isomers in the samples by means of targeted analysis using LC-MS/MS for confirmation. The concentration profiles, combined with previous reports indicating persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties, suggest that these chemicals can be categorized as potential CECs in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Nishimuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan; Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Michinobu Kuwae
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuramochi
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Taiki Higuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Koga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Noriko Ryuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
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Badea SL, Geana EI, Niculescu VC, Ionete RE. Recent progresses in analytical GC and LC mass spectrometric based-methods for the detection of emerging chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their transformation products in aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137914. [PMID: 32208267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper is an overview of screening methods recently developed for emerging halogenated contaminants and their transformation products. The target screening methods are available only for a limited number of emerging pollutants since the reference standards for these compounds are not always available, but a risk assessment of those micropollutants in environment must be performed anyhow. Therefore, the chromatographic techniques hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) trend to become indispensable methods for suspect and non-target screening of emerging halogenated contaminants. HRMS is also an effective tool for tentatively identification of the micropollutants' transformation products existing in much lower concentrations. To assess the transformation pathway of halogenated contaminants in environment, the non-target screening methods must be combined with biodegradation lab experiments and also with advanced oxidation and reduction processes that can mimic the transformation on these contaminants in environment. It is expected that in the future, the accurate-mass full-spectra of transformation products recorded by HRMS will be the basic information needed to elucidate the transformation pathways of emerging halogenated contaminants in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Laurentiu Badea
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania.
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Violeta-Carolina Niculescu
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Roxana-Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania
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7
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Moschet C, Anumol T, Lew BM, Bennett DH, Young TM. Household Dust as a Repository of Chemical Accumulation: New Insights from a Comprehensive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2878-2887. [PMID: 29437387 PMCID: PMC7239036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposure in household dust poses potential risks to human health but has been studied incompletely thus far. Most analytical studies have focused on one or several compound classes, with analysis performed by either liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS or GC-MS). However, a comprehensive investigation of individual dust samples is missing. The present study comprehensively characterizes chemicals in dust by applying a combination of target, suspect, and nontarget screening approaches using both LC and GC with quadrupole time-of-flight (Q/TOF) MS. First, the extraction method was optimized to streamline detection of LC-Q/TOF and GC-Q/TOF amenable compounds and was successfully validated with over 100 target compounds. Nontarget screening with GC-Q/TOF was done by spectral deconvolution followed by a library search. Suspect screening by LC-Q/TOF was carried out with an accurate mass spectral library. Finally, LC-Q/TOF nontarget screening was carried out by extracting molecular features, acquiring tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) spectra, and performing compound identification by use of in silico fragmentation software tools. In total, 271 chemicals could be detected in 38 dust samples, 163 of which could be unambiguously confirmed by a reference standard. Many of them, such as the plastic leachable 7,9-di- tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (CAS 82304-66-3) and three organofluorine compounds, are of emerging concern and their presence in dust has been underestimated. Advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches and analytical instruments are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoph Moschet
- University of California Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Davis, CA
| | | | - Bonny M. Lew
- University of California Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Davis, CA
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- University of California Davis, Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Health and the Environment, Davis, CA
| | - Thomas M. Young
- University of California Davis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Davis, CA
- Corresponding Author: Tel: +1 (530) 754-9399;
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8
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9
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Andra SS, Austin C, Patel D, Dolios G, Awawda M, Arora M. Trends in the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry for human biomonitoring: An analytical primer to studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 100:32-61. [PMID: 28062070 PMCID: PMC5322482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Global profiling of xenobiotics in human matrices in an untargeted mode is gaining attention for studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome. Defined as the study of a comprehensive inclusion of environmental influences and associated biological responses, human exposome science is currently evolving out of the metabolomics science. In analogy to the latter, the development and applications of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has shown potential and promise to greatly expand our ability to capture the broad spectrum of environmental chemicals in exposome studies. HRMS can perform both untargeted and targeted analysis because of its capability of full- and/or tandem-mass spectrum acquisition at high mass accuracy with good sensitivity. The collected data from target, suspect and non-target screening can be used not only for the identification of environmental chemical contaminants in human matrices prospectively but also retrospectively. This review covers recent trends and advances in this field. We focus on advances and applications of HRMS in human biomonitoring studies, and data acquisition and mining. The acquired insights provide stepping stones to improve understanding of the human exposome by applying HRMS, and the challenges and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Christine Austin
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mahmoud Awawda
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Andersen AJC, Hansen PJ, Jørgensen K, Nielsen KF. Dynamic Cluster Analysis: An Unbiased Method for Identifying A + 2 Element Containing Compounds in Liquid Chromatographic High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Data. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12461-12469. [PMID: 28193030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic cluster analysis (DCA) is an automated, unbiased technique which can identify Cl, Br, S, and other A + 2 element containing metabolites in liquid chromatographic high-resolution mass spectrometric data. DCA is based on three features, primarily the previously unutilized A + 1 to A + 2 isotope cluster spacing which is a strong classifier in itself but improved with the addition of the monoisotopic mass, and the well-known A:A+2 intensity ratio. Utilizing only the A + 1 to A + 2 isotope cluster spacing and the monoisotopic mass it was possible to filter a chromatogram for metabolites which contain Cl, Br, and S. Screening simulated isotope patterns of the Antibase Natural Products Database it was determined that the A + 1 to A + 2 isotope cluster spacing can be used to correctly classify 97.4% of molecular formulas containing these elements, only misclassifying a few metabolites which were either over 2800 u or metabolites which contained other A + 2 elements, such as Cu, Ni, Mg, and Zn. It was determined that with an interisotopic mass accuracy of 1 ppm, in a fully automated process, using all three parameters, it is possible to specifically filter a chromatogram for S containing metabolites with monoisotopic masses less than 825 u. Furthermore, it was possible to specifically filter a chromatogram for Cl and Br containing metabolites with monoisotopic masses less than 1613 u. Here DCA is applied on (i) simulated isotope patterns of the Antibase natural products databases, (ii) LC-QTOF data of reference standards, and (iii) LC-QTOF data of crude extracts of 10 strains of laboratory grown cultures of the microalga Prymnesium parvum where it identified known metabolites of the prymnesin series as well as over 20 previously undescribed prymnesin-like molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron John Christian Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2800 Søborg, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Kevin Jørgensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2800 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Jonker W, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Hamers T, Somsen GW, Lamoree MH, Kool J. Highly Selective Screening of Estrogenic Compounds in Consumer-Electronics Plastics by Liquid Chromatography in Parallel Combined with Nanofractionation-Bioactivity Detection and Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12385-12393. [PMID: 27934237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical safety of consumer products is an issue of emerging concern. Plastics are widely used, e.g. as casings of consumer electronics (TVs, computers, routers, etc.), which are present in houses and offices in continuously increasing numbers. In this study, we investigate the estrogenic activity of components of plastics coming from electronics' casings. A recently developed fractionation platform for effect-directed analysis (EDA) was used. This platform combines reversed-phase liquid chromatography in parallel with bioassay detection via nanofractionation and with online high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) for the identification of bioactives. Four out of eight of the analyzed plastics samples showed the presence of estrogenic compounds. Based on the MS results these were assigned to bisphenol A (BPA), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and a possible bisphenol A analog. All samples contained flame retardants, but these did not show any estrogenicity. The observed BPA, however, could be an impurity of tetrabromo-BPA (TBBPA) or TBBPA-based flame retardants. Due to the plausible migration of additives from plastics into the environment, plastics from consumer electronics likely constitute a source of estrogenic compound contamination in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Jonker
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrij Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Hamers
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrij Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrij Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Jonkers T, Covaci A, de Boer J. Screening of additives in plastics with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and different ionization sources: direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI, and LC-ion booster ESI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2945-53. [PMID: 26758596 PMCID: PMC4819935 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are complex mixtures consisting of a polymer and additives with different physico-chemical properties. We developed a broad screening method to elucidate the nature of compounds present in plastics used in electrical/electronic equipment commonly found at homes (e.g., electrical adaptors, computer casings, heaters). The analysis was done by (a) solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high accuracy/resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) with different ionization sources or (b) direct analysis of the solid by ambient mass spectrometry high accuracy/resolution TOFMS. The different ionization methods showed different selectivity and sensitivity for the different compound classes and were complementary. A variety of antioxidants, phthalates, UV filters, and flame retardants were found in most samples. Furthermore, some recently reported impurities or degradation products derived from flame retardants were identified, such as hydroxylated triphenyl phosphate and tetrabromobisphenol A monoglycidyl ether. Wide screening of plastic additives by direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI and LC-ion booster ESI ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Jonkers
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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