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Farag YG, Hanafi RS, Hammam MA. Novel dummy molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous solid-phase extraction of stanozolol metabolites from urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3335-3347. [PMID: 38661944 PMCID: PMC11106188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Stanozolol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, is one of the common doping drugs among athletes and bodybuilders. It is metabolized to a large extent and metabolites are detected in urine for a longer duration than the parent compound. In this study, a novel dummy molecularly imprinted polymer (DMIP) is developed as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of stanozolol metabolites from spiked human urine samples. The optimized DMIP is composed of stanozolol as the dummy template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker in a ratio of 1:10:80. The extracted analytes were quantitively determined using a newly developed and validated ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method, where the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.91 and 1.81 ng mL-1, respectively, fulfilling the minimum required performance limit decided on by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The mean percentage extraction recoveries for 3'-hydroxystanozolol, 4β-hydroxystanozolol, and 16β-hydroxystanozolol are 97.80% ± 13.80, 83.16% ± 7.50, and 69.98% ± 2.02, respectively. As such, the developed DMISPE can serve as an efficient cost-effective tool for doping and regulatory agencies for simultaneous clean-up of the stanozolol metabolites prior to their quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna G Farag
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Rasha S Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Mennatallah A Hammam
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, 4813001, Egypt
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2
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Tammekivi E, Batteau M, Laurenti D, Lilti H, Faure K. A powerful two-dimensional chromatography method for the non-target analysis of depolymerised lignin. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342157. [PMID: 38220289 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained as a by-product from the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. In the name of a circular economy, lignin should be valorised into valuable chemicals or biomaterials and utilised instead of petrochemicals. For the development of efficient valorisation processes, the structural characterisation of lignin can be highly beneficial. However, this is an arduous task, as the isolated (and sometimes processed) lignin mainly consists of various neutral monomers but also oligomers. In addition, the material contains isomers, which can be especially problematic to separate and identify. RESULTS We present a powerful off-line comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) chromatography method combining liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the non-target analysis of depolymerised lignin. The implementation of a 1-aminoanthracene column in the second dimension enabled a class separation of potential lignin monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers with an additional separation based on the number of hydroxyl groups and steric effects. The pentafluorophenyl column in the first dimension additionally improved the separation based on hydrophobicity. The comparison of off-line 2D LC × SFC to 1D SFC showed that besides the overall improved performance, the first method is also superior for the separation of isomers. Advanced data analysis methods (MS-DIAL, SIRIUS, and Feature-Based Molecular Network) were integrated into the non-target workflow to rapidly visualise and study the detected compounds, which proved to be especially beneficial for the characterisation of the separated isomers. SIGNIFICANCE The method yielded the first 2D LC plot demonstrating a classification of lignin compounds, which can be applied to compare various lignin sources and processing methods. In addition, the technique demonstrated improved separation of compounds, including isomers, which was especially beneficial as 77 % of the detected compounds had at least one isomer in the same lignin sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magali Batteau
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dorothée Laurenti
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hugo Lilti
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS, 2 Av. Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karine Faure
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ISA UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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3
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Desrini S, Girardot M, Imbert C, Mustofa M, Nuryastuti T. Screening antibiofilm activity of invasive plants growing at the Slope Merapi Mountain, Central Java, against Candida albicans. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:232. [PMID: 37438777 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans causes high-mortality candidiasis. Antifungal drug resistance demands the development of virulence factor-targeting drugs, particularly antibiofilm. This study screened the effects of five invasive plants growing in Indonesia (Mimosa pudica, Lantana camara, Acacia mangium, Ageratina riparia, and Mikania micrantha) against C. albicans biofilms. Antifungal activity, antiphospholipase activity, biofilm morphology of C. albicans, and cytotoxic capacity were also evaluated. METHODS Maceration was used to extract the plants, and the most active extract inhibiting the biofilms was fractionated using liquid-liquid fractionation. Antibiofilm activity was determined by a colorimetric assay, MTT. Antifungal activity was tested using the broth microdilution method. A phospholipase assay was performed using the egg-yolk agar method. Influence on the C. albicans morphology was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxic effect was carried out against Vero and HeLa cell lines. RESULTS M. pudica extracts showed the most potent antifungal efficacy with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.62 µg/mL and 7.81 µg/mL for aerial parts and roots, respectively. At high concentrations (500 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL), ethanol extract of M. pudica aerial parts strongly inhibited the phospholipase activity. Ethyl-acetate fraction of M. pudica aerial parts demonstrated the most potent antibiofilm activity against 24 h old biofilm of C. albicans with an inhibitory concentration (53.89%) of 62.5 µg/mL showed no cytotoxicity in both Vero and HeLa cells. This fraction affected the morphology of C. albicans and contained promising compounds for inhibiting the 24 h old biofilm of C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS Invasive M. pudica plant inhibited the growth of planktonic C. albicans cells and its ethyl acetate fraction decreased the metabolic activity of C. albicans biofilms. This result demonstrates the potential of invasive M. pudica plant to reduce biofilm-associated candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufi Desrini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Faculty Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Laboratoire Ecologie Et Biologie Des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Girardot
- Laboratoire Ecologie Et Biologie Des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie Et Biologie Des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mustofa Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Indonesia Biofilm Research Collaboration Center UGM-BRIN, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Titik Nuryastuti
- Indonesia Biofilm Research Collaboration Center UGM-BRIN, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Park HJ, Ham HJ, Yang YJ, Seo MK, Kim HI, Lee JH. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system for rapid identification and quantitation of thirty nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen in illegal products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9462. [PMID: 36567073 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE As the public interest in healthcare increases, illegal dietary supplements, foods, and drugs containing unauthorized pharmaceutical ingredients, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen, have been identified. Excessive and unintentional consumption is toxic to the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and liver; therefore, these pharmaceuticals must be monitored using analytical methods. METHODS A rapid and reliable analysis system involving liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was established and validated to identify and quantify 30 NSAIDs and acetaminophen. In addition, we obtained the MS2 spectrum for each component with the proposed structure of the fragment ions. RESULTS The analytical method was applied to 505 samples of illicitly distributed dietary supplements, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Non-steroidal analgesics were detected in 126 samples. Carbamazepine (42.9%) and diclofenac (30.2%) were the most detected components in the samples; other pharmaceutical adulterants were also detected in some cases. Additionally, we present the identification of an unknown component, dexamethasone (799 μg/g), using LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS in a sample containing the unknown component with meloxicam (15.4 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS The developed analysis system, consisting of qualitative analysis using LC-Q-Orbitrap/MS and quantitative analysis using LC/MS/MS, can rapidly and accurately identify and quantify NSAIDs and acetaminophen while also identifying non-analytical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Joon Park
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Joo Ham
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Yang
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyeong Seo
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Quantification of 17 Endogenous and Exogenous Steroidal Hormones in Equine and Bovine Blood for Doping Control with UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050393. [PMID: 33919404 PMCID: PMC8143330 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method able to simultaneously identify and quantify 17 endogenous and exogenous steroidal hormones was developed in bovine and equine blood using UHPLC-MS/MS. A total amount of 500 µL of sample was deproteinized with 500 µL of a mixture of methanol and zinc sulfate and evaporated. The mixture was reconstituted with 50 µL of a solution of 25% methanol and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were in the range of 0.9932–0.9999, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.023–1.833 and 0.069–5.5 ppb, respectively. The developed method showed a high sensitivity and qualitative aspects allowing the detection and quantification of all steroids in equine and bovine blood. Moreover, the detection limit of testosterone (50 ppt) is half of the threshold admitted in plasma (100 ppt). Once validated, the method was used to quantify 17 steroid hormones in both bovine and equine blood samples. The primary endogenous compounds detected were corticosterone (range 0.28–0.60 ppb) and cortisol (range 0.44–10.00 ppb), followed by androstenedione, testosterone and 11-deoxycortisol.
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Karakka Kal AK, Karatt TK, Philip M, Meissir S, Nalakath J. Separation and Determination of the Enantiomeric Levamisole and Dexamisole in Equine Plasma Samples Using Chiral Polysaccharide Column/ LC-MS/MS. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190808103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Drug Enforcement Administration confirmed that many manufacturers began
adding tetramisole or its individual isomers to cocaine as an adulterant, and believed that
tetramisole may augment cocaine’s effects. In recent times, there is an increasing trend in the usage
of tetramisole and its individual enantiomer in race sports especially in horse and camel races. So it’s
is very much required to confirm the stereochemistry of this illicit drug in the routine race day samples
coming to the anti-doping labs in order to avoid legal arguments and challenges to the analytical
findings.
Methods:
The aim of the study was to develop a simple, rapid and accurate method for the chiral
separation and determination of enantiomeric mixtures of levamisole and dexamisole using Thermo
Q-Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer. In order to evaluate the suitability of the method for
determining the enantiomeric purity of tetramisole, validation studies were also carried out by using
equine plasma.
Results:
The enantio-separation was achieved using the Lux i-cellulose-5 column. Isocratic flow was
used with a 1:1 mixture of mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate in water) and mobile phase B
(acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The run time was 8.0 min, and the column temperature
was 50°C. Dexamisole eluted at 5.94 min, and levamisole eluted at 6.62 min, giving the R-value of
1.50. The obtained inter-day precisions of dexamisole, levamisole were 3.16% and 2.85%, respectively.
The accuracy of dexamisole was in the range of 97.78 to 102.44%, and that for levamisole
was 99.16 to 102.82%. The limit of quantification value for both isomers in this method was 0.1 ng/
mL. The method was linear in the range of 0 to 50 ng/mL.
Conclusion:
Chromatographic separation was achieved using the polysaccharide cellulose chiral
column, and the reverse-phase separation approach was found to have the highest potential for successful
chiral resolution in LC-MS. Linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limit, recovery, and the
matrix effect in equine plasma were determined. Under the optimized conditions, the validated method
can be applied for the identification and detection of the tetramisole enantiomers in different
sources of illicit drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khader Karakka Kal
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K. Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Meissir
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Karakka Kal AK, Perwad Z, K Karatt T, Nalakath J, Subhahar M. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry to Assess Essential and Performance-Enhancing Metals in the Urine of Racehorses. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:490-498. [PMID: 32020176 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increased tendency to use various metals has been observed in the sports competition fields. Many of these metals and their organic complexes reportedly have good pharmacologic, therapeutic and performance-enhancement uses; they are banned or recommended as controlled medications in competitive sports. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of pharmacologically relevant metals in urine samples collected from racehorses at various sport events, develop a method and assess the concentrations of above metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Seven alkali-alkaline earth metals (lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium) and six heavy metals (chromium, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic and selenium) were studied in detail. To compare and confirm the concentrations of these metals, the screening was carried out on the basis of region and sex of the animal. ICP-MS provides extremely high sensitivity that enables the determination of the metals at very low concentration from complex biological matrices. From the research, it is clear that irrespective of sex and region the concentration of metal is very high in some samples, might be accidental or intentional doping to improve sporting performances. This research work is of significant importance in setting threshold values for screening metals in race day samples in order to avoid potential harmful effects on athletes and the depth of malpractices, it can bring to sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khader Karakka Kal
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Zabeel-2, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Zabeel-2, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Zabeel-2, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Zabeel-2, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Subhahar
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Zabeel-2, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Kunhamu Karatt T, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Is 9β-dehydrohalogenation of betamethasone and dexamethasone hindering the detection of banned co-eluting meprednisone? A reverse-phase chiral liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Steroids 2020; 155:108572. [PMID: 31904376 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectral analysis of dexamethasone and betamethasone reveal intense signals at m/z 373.19994 (using a Thermo Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC + operated in the positive ion mode), matching the signal of meprednisone, the 11-oxo version of methylprednisolone, along with its parent signal; possibly due to dehydrohalogenation of these drugs at MS. The parent mass of meprednisone is exactly same as that of dehydrohalogenated mass of dexamethasone and betamethasone; and are co-eluting, displaying same mass spectra. Specifically when they are administered together, identifying meprednisone (a drug for which there is zero tolerance in some regions of the world), is a great challenge with currently available techniques because it could be easily mistaken for dexamethasone or betamethasone, drugs allowed at certain threshold limits for therapeutic considerations. False negative results could be obtained in conventional reverse-phase chromatography and are liable to be abused; hence, establishing "zero tolerance" limits for these compounds often proves ineffective. In this paper, present an effective and reliable analytical method for simultaneously separating and identifying dexamethasone, betamethasone and meprednisone in equine urine and plasma using chiral liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. From the various columns screened, the Lux i-Cellulose-5 chiral column produced high-quality results with extremely good separation. During this study, it is quite evident that dehydrohalogenation occurs only in the mass ionization source; the compounds are very stable in-vivo/in-vitro and do not break down either on-column or during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Karakka Kal AK, Nalakath J, Kunhamu Karatt T, Perwad Z, Mathew B, Subhahar M. Development and validation of a chiral LC-MS method for the enantiomeric resolution of (+) and (-)-medetomidine in equine plasma by using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Chirality 2020; 32:314-323. [PMID: 31925851 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection and separation of medetomidine enantiomers from the complex biological matrices poses a great analytical challenge, especially in the field of forensic toxicology and pharmacology. Couple of researchers reported resolution of medetomidine using protein-based chiral columns, but the reported method is quiet challenging and tedious to be employed for routine analysis. This research paper reported a method that enables the enantio-separation of medetomidine by using polysaccharide cellulose chiral column. The use of chiralcel OJ-3R column was found to have the highest potential for successful chiral resolution. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate was the ideal buffer salt for chiral liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization (ESI)+ mass spectrometry (MS) detection for the successful separation and detection of racemic compound. The method was linear over the range of 0 to 20 ng/mL in equine plasma and the inter-day precisions of levomedetomidine, dexmedetomidine were 1.36% and 1.89%, respectively. The accuracy of levomedetomidine was in the range of 99.25% to 101.57% and that for dexmedetomidine was 99.17% to 100.99%. The limits of quantification for both isomers were 0.2 ng/mL. Recovery and matrix effect on the analytes were also evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the validated method can be adapted for the identification and resolution of the medetomidine enantiomers in different matrices used for drug testing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Subhahar
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Karakka Kal AK, Karatt TK, Sayed R, Philip M, Meissir S, Nalakath J. Separation of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine enantiomers using a polysaccharide-based chiral column: A normal phase liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Chirality 2019; 31:568-574. [PMID: 31250489 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral considerations are found to be very much relevant in various aspects of forensic toxicology and pharmacology. In forensics, it has become increasingly important to identify the chirality of doping agents to avoid legal arguments and challenges to the analytical findings. The scope of this study was to develop an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) method for the enantiomeric separation of typical illicit drugs such as ephedrines (ie, 1S,2R(+)-ephedrine and 1R,2S(-)-ephedrine) and pseudoephedrine (ie, R,R(-)-pseudoephedrine and S,S(+)-pseudoephedrine) by using normal phase chiral liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry technique. Results show that the Lux i-amylose-1 stationary phase has very broad and balancing-enantio-recognition properties towards ephedrine analogues, and this immobilized chiral stationary phase may offer a powerful tool for enantio-separation of different types of pharmaceuticals in the normal phase mode. The type of mobile phase and organic modifier used appear to have dramatic influences on separation quality. Since the developed method was able to detect and separate the enantiomers at very low levels (in pico grams), this method opens easy access for the unambiguous identification of these illicit drugs and can be used for the routine screening of the biological samples in the antidoping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramy Sayed
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Meissir
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Karatt TK, Sayed R, Nalakath J, Perwad Z, Albert PH, Abdul Khader KK. Separation and identification of the epimeric doping agents - Dexamethasone and betamethasone in equine urine and plasma: A reversed phase chiral chromatographic approach. Steroids 2018; 140:77-82. [PMID: 30296548 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is one of the most important considerations when controlling doping. The epimeric corticosteroids dexamethasone and betamethasone are significantly potent and long-acting, and they are highly abused in equestrian sports. The scope of this study was to develop a simple and reliable analytical method for simultaneously identifying and separating regularly abused co-eluting corticosteroids in equine urine and plasma. In this paper, we present a simple and rapid method for the chiral separation and identification of epimeric mixtures of dexamethasone and betamethasone using a Thermo Q Exactive high resolution accurate mass spectrometer. The high resolution accurate mass spectrometer system provided extremely high sensitivity, enabling detection of each isomer at a very low concentration from complex biological matrices. Chromatographic separation was performed using amylose and cellulose chiral columns. Reversed phase media showed very good potential for providing a successful chiral resolution in LC-MS analysis. This study also focused on optimizing the mobile phase for elution strength, nature of the organic modifier, additives, and column temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramy Sayed
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter H Albert
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - K K Abdul Khader
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Use of polysaccharide-based chiral columns: enantiomeric separation of seven pairs of abused drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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