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Chiu KY, Ai Y, Tanim-Ai Hassan M, Li X, Gunawardena HP, Chen H. Standards-Free Absolute Quantitation of Oxidizable Glycopeptides by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1441-1450. [PMID: 38815255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Currently, glycopeptide quantitation is mainly based on relative quantitation due to absolute quantitation requiring isotope-labeled or standard glycopeptides which may not be commercially available or are very costly and time consuming to synthesize. To address this grand challenge, coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS), based on the combination of electrochemistry (EC) and mass spectrometry (MS), was utilized to quantify electrochemically active glycopeptides without the need of using standard materials. In this study, we studied tyrosine-containing glycopeptides, NYIVGQPSS(β-GlcNAc)TGNL-OH and NYSVPSS(β-GlcNAc)TGNL-OH, and successfully quantified them directly with CMS with a discrepancy of less than 5% between the CMS measured amount and the theoretical amount. Taking one step further, we applied this approach to quantify glycopeptides generated from the digestion of NIST mAb, a monoclonal antibody reference material. Through HILIC column separation, five N297 glycopeptides resulting from NIST mAb tryptic digestion were successfully separated and quantified by CMS for an absolute amount without the use of any standard materials. This study indicates the potential utility of CMS for quantitative proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Chiu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Md Tanim-Ai Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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FNU PIJ, Tanim-Al-Hassan M, Yaroshuk T, Ai Y, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of Peptides and Proteins by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry After Derivatization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 495:117153. [PMID: 38009161 PMCID: PMC10673616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2023.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Peptide/protein quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) is advantageous due to its high sensitivity. Traditional absolute peptide quantitation methods rely on making calibration curves using peptide standards or isotope-labelled peptide standards, which are expensive and take time to synthesize. A method which can eliminate the need for using standards would be beneficial. Recently, we developed coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) which can be used to quantify peptides that are oxidizable (e.g., those containing tyrosine or tryptophan), without using peptide standard. The method is based on electrochemical oxidation of peptides followed by MS to measure the oxidation yield. However, it cannot be directly used to quantify peptides without oxidizable residues. To extend this method for quantifying peptides/proteins in general, in this study, we adopted a derivatization strategy, in which a target peptide is first tagged with an electroactive reagent such as monocarboxymethylene blue NHS ester (MCMB-NHS ester), followed with quantitation by CMS. To illustrate the power of this method, we have analyzed peptides MG and RPPGFSPFR. The quantification error was less than 5%. Using RPPGFSPFR as an example, the quantitation sensitivity of the technique was found to be 0.25 pmol. Furthermore, we also used the strategy to quantify proteins cytochrome C and β-casein with an error of 2-26%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Ivan Joel FNU
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Md. Tanim-Al-Hassan
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Timothy Yaroshuk
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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Mofidfar M, Song X, Kelly JT, Rubenstein MH, Zare RN. Silicone Wristband Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Combined Exposome and Metabolome Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - John T. Kelly
- Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 USA
| | | | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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Ai Y, Gunawardena HP, Li X, Kim YI, Dewald HD, Chen H. Standard-Free Absolute Quantitation of Antibody Deamidation Degradation and Host Cell Proteins by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12490-12499. [PMID: 36018377 PMCID: PMC10492508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic absolute quantitation strategies mainly rely on the use of synthetic stable isotope-labeled peptides or proteins as internal standards, which are highly costly and time-consuming to synthesize. To circumvent this limitation, we recently developed a coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) approach for absolute quantitation of proteins without the use of standards, based on the electrochemical oxidation of oxidizable surrogate peptides, followed by mass spectrometry measurement of the peptide oxidation yield. Previously, CMS was only applied for single-protein quantitation. In this study, first, we demonstrated absolute quantitation of multiple proteins in a mixture (e.g., β-lactoglobulin B, α-lactalbumin, and carbonic anhydrase) by CMS in one run, without using any standards. The CMS quantitation result was validated with a traditional isotope dilution method. Second, CMS can be used for absolute quantitation of a low-level target protein in a mixture; for instance, 500 ppm of PLBL2, a problematic host cell protein (HCP), in the presence of a highly abundant monoclonal antibody (mAb) was successfully quantified by CMS with no use of standards. Third, taking one step further, this study demonstrated the unprecedented quantitative analysis of deamidated peptide products arising from the mAb heavy chain deamidation reaction. In particular, absolute quantitation of the deamidation succinimide intermediate which had not been performed before due to the lack of standard was conducted by CMS, for the first time. Overall, our data suggest that CMS has potential utilities for quantitative proteomics and biotherapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yong-Ick Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Howard D Dewald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Chemistry Building, 133 University Terrace, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Wang Q, Liu Z, Liu Y, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of N-Nitrosamines by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry without Using Standards. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:875-884. [PMID: 35446584 PMCID: PMC9119692 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were recently found in the sartan family of drugs and caused many drug recalls. Both of their detection and quantification are therefore important. Methods reported for N-nitrosamine quantitation rely on the use of standards and are just applicable to simple N-nitrosamines. There is an urgent need to quantify N-nitrosamines derived from drugs with a complicated structure that lack standards. To tackle the issue, this study describes a novel absolute quantitation strategy for N-nitrosamines using coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS) without standards. In our approach, N-nitrosamine is first converted into electrochemically active hydrazine via zinc reduction under acidic condition and the resulting hydrazine can then be easily quantified using CMS. To validate our method, six simple N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitroso-4-phenylpiperidine (NPhPIP), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPA), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), were chosen as test samples, and they all were quantified with excellent measurement accuracy (quantitation error ≤1.1%). Taking this one step further, as a demonstration of the method utility, a drug-like N-nitrosamine, (R)-N-(2-(6-chloro-5-methyl-1'-nitroso-2,3-dihydrospiro[indene-1,4'-piperidin]-3-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (VII), was also synthesized and successfully quantified using our method at 15 ppb level in a complex formulation matrix, following solvent extraction, N-nitrosamine isolation, and reductive conversion. Because of the feature of requiring no standards, CMS provides a simple and powerful approach for N-nitrosamine absolute quantitation and has great potential for analysis of other drug impurities or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yong Liu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Song X, Mofidfar M, Zare RN. Introducing Nafion for In Situ Desalting and Biofluid Profiling in Spray Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2022; 9:807244. [PMID: 35145954 PMCID: PMC8821663 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce Nafion into the ambient ionization technique of spray mass spectrometry to serve for in situ desalting and direct analysis of biological fluids. Nafion was coated onto the surface of the triangular spray tip as the cation exchange material. Because the sulfonic group from the Nafion membrane effectively exchanges their carried protons with inorganic salt ions (e.g., Na+ and K+), the analyte's ionization efficiency can be significantly enhanced by reducing ion suppression. The desalting efficiency can reach 90% and the maximum tolerance of the absolute salt amount reaches 100 μmol. The mass spectral profile can also be simplified by removing the multiple adducted ion types from small-molecule drugs and metabolites ([M + Na]+ and [M + K]+), or multiply charged ions formed by proteins ([M + nNa]n+ and [M + nK]n+). Thus, the Nafion coating makes less ambiguous data interpretation collected from spray mass spectrometry for qualitative profiling or quantitative measurement of a target analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Song X, Li J, Mofidfar M, Zare RN. Distinguishing between Isobaric Ions Using Microdroplet Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2021; 11:728. [PMID: 34822386 PMCID: PMC8625015 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isobaric ions having the same mass-to-charge ratio cannot be separately identified by mass spectrometry (MS) alone, but this limitation can be overcome by using hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) in microdroplets. Because isobaric ions may contain a varied number of exchangeable sites and different types of functional groups, each one produces a unique MS spectral pattern after droplet spray HDX without the need for MS/MS experiments or introduction of ion mobility measurements. As an example of the power of this approach, isobaric ions in urinary metabolic profiles are identified and used to distinguish between healthy individuals and those having bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (X.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (X.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (X.S.); (M.M.)
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Ai Y, Zhao P, FNU PIJ, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of Tryptophan-Containing Peptides and Amyloid β-Peptide Fragments by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1771-1779. [PMID: 34101439 PMCID: PMC8925997 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Isotope-labeled internal standards are routinely used for mass spectrometry (MS)-based absolute quantitation. However, syntheses of isotope-labeled peptides are time-consuming and costly. To tackle this issue, we recently developed a coulometric mass spectrometric (CMS) approach for absolute quantitation without the use of standards, based on the electrochemical oxidation of cysteine or tyrosine-containing peptides followed by mass spectrometric measurement of the oxidation yield. To further expand the utility of this method, herein we present the CMS method for absolute quantitation of peptides based on tryptophan electrochemical oxidation. Several tryptophan-containing peptides, such as WGG, WQPPRARI, WAGGDASGE, RTRPLWVRME, and KVPRNQDWL, were successfully quantified with a quantification error ranging from -4.5 to +4.3%. Furthermore, this quantitation approach is also applicable to protein, in which protein can be digested and a surrogate peptide can be selected for quantification to reflect the amount of the parent protein, as exemplified by CMS analysis of peptide GITWK from cytochrome c. The CMS result agreed well with the traditional isotope dilution method, with only a small difference of 3.5%. In addition, CMS was used to successfully quantify amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide fragments (up to 28 amino acid residues) based on tyrosine oxidation. The validity of the CMS method for peptide and protein absolute quantitation without using isotope-labeled peptide standards would greatly facilitate proteomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Chen
- Corresponding Author: Hao Chen - Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA 07102
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