1
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McCoy R, Oldroyd S, Yang W, Wang K, Hoven D, Bulmer D, Zilbauer M, Owens RM. In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2306727. [PMID: 38155358 PMCID: PMC10885678 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a major threat worldwide due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of novel pathogens. In vitro models that can adequately mimic in vivo gastrointestinal physiology are in high demand to elucidate mechanisms behind pathogen infectivity, and to aid the design of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. There exists a trade-off between simple and high throughput models and those that are more complex and physiologically relevant. The complexity of the model used shall be guided by the biological question to be addressed. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the intestine and the models that are developed to emulate this. Conventional models are discussed in addition to emerging models which employ engineering principles to equip them with necessary advanced monitoring capabilities for intestinal host-pathogen interrogation. Limitations of current models and future perspectives on the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece McCoy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sophie Oldroyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Woojin Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Kaixin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Darius Hoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - David Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1PDUK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AWUK
| | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
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2
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Ortiz Jimenez V, Pham YTH, Zhou D, Liu M, Nugera FA, Kalappattil V, Eggers T, Hoang K, Duong DL, Terrones M, Rodriguez Gutiérrez H, Phan M. Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Making Atomic-Level Magnetism Tunable with Light at Room Temperature. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2304792. [PMID: 38072638 PMCID: PMC10870067 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The capacity to manipulate magnetization in 2D dilute magnetic semiconductors (2D-DMSs) using light, specifically in magnetically doped transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers (M-doped TX2 , where M = V, Fe, and Cr; T = W, Mo; X = S, Se, and Te), may lead to innovative applications in spintronics, spin-caloritronics, valleytronics, and quantum computation. This Perspective paper explores the mediation of magnetization by light under ambient conditions in 2D-TMD DMSs and heterostructures. By combining magneto-LC resonance (MLCR) experiments with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that the magnetization can be enhanced using light in V-doped TMD monolayers (e.g., V-WS2 , V-WSe2 ). This phenomenon is attributed to excess holes in the conduction and valence bands, and carriers trapped in magnetic doping states, mediating the magnetization of the semiconducting layer. In 2D-TMD heterostructures (VSe2 /WS2 , VSe2 /MoS2 ), the significance of proximity, charge-transfer, and confinement effects in amplifying light-mediated magnetism is demonstrated. We attributed this to photon absorption at the TMD layer that generates electron-hole pairs mediating the magnetization of the heterostructure. These findings will encourage further research in the field of 2D magnetism and establish a novel design of 2D-TMDs and heterostructures with optically tunable magnetic functionalities, paving the way for next-generation magneto-optic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Ortiz Jimenez
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
- Nanoscale Device Characterization DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMD20899USA
| | | | - Da Zhou
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Mingzu Liu
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | | | | | - Tatiana Eggers
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
| | - Khang Hoang
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology and Department of PhysicsNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoND58108USA
| | - Dinh Loc Duong
- Department of PhysicsMontana State UniversityBozemanMT59717USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of PhysicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | | | - Manh‐Huong Phan
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of South FloridaTampaFL33620USA
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3
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Ferreira MFS, Brambilla G, Thévenaz L, Feng X, Zhang L, Sumetsky M, Jones C, Pedireddy S, Vollmer F, Dragic PD, Henderson-Sapir O, Ottaway DJ, Strupiechonski E, Hernandez-Cardoso GG, Hernandez-Serrano AI, González FJ, Castro Camus E, Méndez A, Saccomandi P, Quan Q, Xie Z, Reinhard BM, Diem M. Roadmap on optical sensors. J Opt 2024; 26:013001. [PMID: 38116399 PMCID: PMC10726224 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ad0e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensors and sensing technologies are playing a more and more important role in our modern world. From micro-probes to large devices used in such diverse areas like medical diagnosis, defence, monitoring of industrial and environmental conditions, optics can be used in a variety of ways to achieve compact, low cost, stand-off sensing with extreme sensitivity and selectivity. Actually, the challenges to the design and functioning of an optical sensor for a particular application requires intimate knowledge of the optical, material, and environmental properties that can affect its performance. This roadmap on optical sensors addresses different technologies and application areas. It is constituted by twelve contributions authored by world-leading experts, providing insight into the current state-of-the-art and the challenges their respective fields face. Two articles address the area of optical fibre sensors, encompassing both conventional and specialty optical fibres. Several other articles are dedicated to laser-based sensors, micro- and nano-engineered sensors, whispering-gallery mode and plasmonic sensors. The use of optical sensors in chemical, biological and biomedical areas is discussed in some other papers. Different approaches required to satisfy applications at visible, infrared and THz spectral regions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xian Feng
- Jiangsu Normal University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Misha Sumetsky
- Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Pedireddy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Dragic
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | - Ori Henderson-Sapir
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Mirage Photonics, Oaklands Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Ottaway
- Department of Physics and Institute of Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paola Saccomandi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Qimin Quan
- NanoMosaic Inc., United States of America
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Björn M Reinhard
- Department of Chemistry and The Photonics Center, Boston University, United States of America
| | - Max Diem
- Northeastern University and CIRECA LLC, United States of America
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4
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Liu C, Vella J, Eedugurala N, Mahalingavelar P, Bills T, Salcido‐Santacruz B, Sfeir MY, Azoulay JD. Ultrasensitive Room Temperature Infrared Photodetection Using a Narrow Bandgap Conjugated Polymer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304077. [PMID: 37888896 PMCID: PMC10754133 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors operating across the short-, mid-, and long-wave infrared (SWIR-LWIR, λ = 1-14 µm) underpin modern science, technology, and society in profound ways. Narrow bandgap semiconductors that form the basis for these devices require complex manufacturing, high costs, cooling, and lack compatibility with silicon electronics, attributes that remain prohibitive for their widespread usage and the development of emerging technologies. Here, a photoconductive detector, fabricated using a solution-processed narrow bandgap conjugated polymer is demonstrated that enables charge carrier generation in the infrared and ultrasensitive SWIR-LWIR photodetection at room temperature. Devices demonstrate an ultralow electronic noise that enables outstanding performance from a simple, monolithic device enabling a high detectivity (D*, the figure of merit for detector sensitivity) >2.44 × 109 Jones (cm Hz1/2 W-1 ) using the ultralow flux of a blackbody that mirrors the background emission of objects. These attributes, ease of fabrication, low dark current characteristics, and highly sensitive operation overcome major limitations inherent within modern narrow-bandgap semiconductors, demonstrate practical utility, and suggest that uncooled detectivities superior to many inorganic devices can be achieved at high operating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Ting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Jarrett Vella
- Sensor DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Naresh Eedugurala
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Paramasivam Mahalingavelar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Tyler Bills
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Bernardo Salcido‐Santacruz
- Photonics InitiativeAdvanced Science Research CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of ChemistryThe Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Matthew Y. Sfeir
- Photonics InitiativeAdvanced Science Research CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
- Department of ChemistryThe Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNY10016USA
- Department of PhysicsThe Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
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5
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Schwarz DB, Patil A, Singla S, Dhinojwala A, Eagan JM. Metal-catalyzed copolymerizations of epoxides and carbon disulfide for high-refractive index low absorbance adhesives and plastics. Front Chem 2023; 11:1287528. [PMID: 38025056 PMCID: PMC10652881 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1287528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-refractive index plastics are useful materials due to their optical properties, ease of processing, and low-costs compared to their inorganic counterparts. Catalytic carbon disulfide (CS2) copolymerization with epoxides is one method for producing low-cost high refractive index polymers. The reaction is accompanied by an oxygen-sulfur exchange reaction which produces irregular microstructures in the repeating units. In this study, metal salen catalysts were investigated with different metal centers (Al, Cr, Co) and salen ligand electronics, sterics, backbones, and co-catalyst in the copolymerization of CS2 with propylene oxide (PO) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO). The results reveal the essential nature of Cr metal centers on reactivity and the backbone geometry on monomer selectivity. There were no significant impacts on the O-S exchange reaction when ligand design changed, however PO and CHO/CS2 copolymers yield different monothiocarbonate microstructures. Additionally, the effects of microstructure on optical and thermal properties were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and calorimetry, respectively. The CHO system produced high T g plastics (93°C) with high refractive indexes (n up to 1.64), modest absorbance (κ < 0.020), and Abbe numbers of 32.2 while PO yielded low T g adhesives (T g = 9°C) with high refractive indexes (n up to 1.73), low absorbance (κ < 0.005), and low Abbe numbers (V D = 19.1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James M. Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States
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6
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Bobrin VA, Hackbarth HG, Yao Y, Bedford NM, Zhang J, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Customized Nanostructured Ceramics via Microphase Separation 3D Printing. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304734. [PMID: 37750431 PMCID: PMC10646229 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
To date, the restricted capability to fabricate ceramics with independently tailored nano- and macroscopic features has hindered their implementation in a wide range of crucial technological areas, including aeronautics, defense, and microelectronics. In this study, a novel approach that combines self- and digital assembly to create polymer-derived ceramics with highly controlled structures spanning from the nano- to macroscale is introduced. Polymerization-induced microphase separation of a resin during digital light processing generates materials with nanoscale morphologies, with the distinct phases consisting of either a preceramic precursor or a sacrificial polymer. By precisely controlling the molecular weight of the sacrificial polymer, the domain size of the resulting material phases can be finely tuned. Pyrolysis of the printed objects yields ceramics with complex macroscale geometries and nanoscale porosity, which display excellent thermal and oxidation resistance, and morphology-dependent thermal conduction properties. This method offers a valuable technological platform for the simplified fabrication of nanostructured ceramics with complex shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A. Bobrin
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Haira G. Hackbarth
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Electron Microscope UnitMark Wainwright Analytical CentreUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Nicholas M. Bedford
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular DesignSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Australian Centre for NanomedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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7
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Dorin P, Khan M, Wang KW. Uncovering and Experimental Realization of Multimodal 3D Topological Metamaterials for Low-Frequency and Multiband Elastic Wave Control. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304793. [PMID: 37664881 PMCID: PMC10602582 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Topological mechanical metamaterials unlock confined and robust elastic wave control. Recent breakthroughs have precipitated the development of 3D topological metamaterials, which facilitate extraordinary wave manipulation along 2D planar and layer-dependent waveguides. The 3D topological metamaterials studied thus far are constrained to function in single-frequency bandwidths that are typically in a high-frequency regime, and a comprehensive experimental investigation remains elusive. In this paper, these research gaps are addressed and the state of the art is advanced through the synthesis and experimental realization of a 3D topological metamaterial that exploits multimodal local resonance to enable low-frequency elastic wave control over multiple distinct frequency bands. The proposed metamaterial is geometrically configured to create multimodal local resonators whose frequency characteristics govern the emergence of four unique low-frequency topological states. Numerical simulations uncover how these topological states can be employed to achieve polarization-, frequency-, and layer-dependent wave manipulation in 3D structures. An experimental study results in the attainment of complete wave fields that illustrate 2D topological waveguides and multi-polarized wave control in a physical testbed. The outcomes from this work provide insight that will aid future research on 3D topological mechanical metamaterials and reveal the applicability of the proposed metamaterial for wave control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dorin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Mustafa Khan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - K. W. Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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8
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Daňková K, Nicholas S, Nordström K. Temperature during pupal development affects hoverfly developmental time, adult life span, and wing length. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10516. [PMID: 37881229 PMCID: PMC10597744 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) are cosmopolitan, generalist flower visitors and among the most important pollinators after bees and bumblebees. The dronefly Eristalis tenax can be found in temperate and continental climates across the globe, often synanthropically. Eristalis tenax pupae of different generations and different climate zones are thus exposed to vastly different temperatures. In many insects, the ambient temperature during the pupal stage affects development, adult size, and survival; however, the effect of developmental temperature on these traits in hoverflies is comparatively poorly understood. We here reared E. tenax pupae at different temperatures, from 10°C to 25°C, and quantified the effect on adult hoverflies. We found that pupal rearing at 17°C appeared to be optimal, with high eclosion rates, longer wings, and increased adult longevity. Rearing temperatures above or below this optimum led to decreased eclosion rates, wing size, and adult survival. Similar thermal dependence has been observed in other insects. We found that rearing temperature had no significant effect on locomotor activity, coloration or weight, despite evidence of strong sexual dimorphism for each of these traits. Our findings are important as hoverflies are key pollinators, and understanding the effects of developmental temperature could potentially be useful for horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Daňková
- Flinders Health and Medical Research InstituteFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPraha 2Czech Republic
| | - Sarah Nicholas
- Flinders Health and Medical Research InstituteFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karin Nordström
- Flinders Health and Medical Research InstituteFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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9
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Keeys NI, Patel DK, LeDuc P, Majidi C. Soft magnetic thin film deformation with a bistable electropermanent magnet. Eng Res Express 2023; 5:035071. [PMID: 37881479 PMCID: PMC10594592 DOI: 10.1088/2631-8695/acf2e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Physically soft magnetic materials (PSMMs) represent an emerging class of materials that can change shape or rheology in response to an external magnetic field. However, until now, no studies have investigated using an electropermanent magnet (EPM) and magnetic repulsion to magnetically deform PSMMs. Such capabilities would enable the ability to deform PSMMs without the need for continuous electrical input and produce PSMM film deformation without an air gap, as would be required with magnetic attraction. To address this, we introduce a PSMM-EPM architecture in which the shape of a soft deformable thin film is controlled by switching between bistable on/off states of the EPM circuit. We characterized the deflection of a PSMM thin film when placed at controlled distances normal to the surface of the EPM and compared its response for cases when the EPM is in the 'on' and 'off' states. This work is the first to demonstrate a magnetically repelled soft deformable thin film that achieves two electronically-controlled modes of deformation through the on and off states of an EPM. This work has the potential to advance the development of new magneto-responsive soft materials and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolen I. Keeys
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Patel
- Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
| | - Philip LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, United States of America
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10
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Lee H, Hwang JH, Song SH, Han H, Han S, Suh BL, Hur K, Kyhm J, Ahn J, Cho JH, Hwang DK, Lee E, Choi C, Lim JA. Chiroptical Synaptic Heterojunction Phototransistors Based on Self-Assembled Nanohelix of π-Conjugated Molecules for Direct Noise-Reduced Detection of Circularly Polarized Light. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304039. [PMID: 37501319 PMCID: PMC10520648 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
High-performance chiroptical synaptic phototransistors are successfully demonstrated using heterojunctions composed of a self-assembled nanohelix of a π-conjugated molecule and a metal oxide semiconductor. To impart strong chiroptical activity to the device, a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based π-conjugated molecule decorated with chiral glutamic acid is newly synthesized; this molecule is capable of supramolecular self-assembly through noncovalent intermolecular interactions. In particular, nanohelix formed by intertwinded fibers with strong and stable chiroptical activity in a solid-film state are obtained through hydrogen-bonding-driven, gelation-assisted self-assembly. Phototransistors based on interfacial charge transfer at the heterojunction from the chiroptical nanohelix to the metal oxide semiconductor show excellent chiroptical detection with a high photocurrent dissymmetry factor of 1.97 and a high photoresponsivity of 218 A W-1 . The chiroptical phototransistor demonstrates photonic synapse-like, time-dependent photocurrent generation, along with persistent photoconductivity, which is attributed to the interfacial charge trapping. Through the advantage of synaptic functionality, a trained convolutional neural network successfully recognizes noise-reduced circularly polarized images of handwritten alphabetic characters with better than 89.7% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lee
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Hwang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Song
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Han
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Seo‐Jung Han
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio‐Medical Science and TechnologyKIST SchoolUniversity of Science and Technology of KoreaSeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Lim Suh
- Extreme Materials Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Kahyun Hur
- Extreme Materials Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kyhm
- Technology Support CenterKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtae Ahn
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and TechnologyKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information TechnologyKIST SchoolUniversity of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoon Choi
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Center for Opto‐Electronic Materials and DevicesKorea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information TechnologyKIST SchoolUniversity of Science and TechnologySeoul02792Republic of Korea
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11
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Oh JH, Tannenbaum A, Deasy JO. Improved prediction of drug-induced liver injury literature using natural language processing and machine learning methods. Front Genet 2023; 14:1161047. [PMID: 37529777 PMCID: PMC10390074 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1161047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse hepatic drug reaction that can potentially lead to life-threatening liver failure. Previously published work in the scientific literature on DILI has provided valuable insights for the understanding of hepatotoxicity as well as drug development. However, the manual search of scientific literature in PubMed is laborious and time-consuming. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques along with artificial intelligence/machine learning approaches may allow for automatic processing in identifying DILI-related literature, but useful methods are yet to be demonstrated. To address this issue, we have developed an integrated NLP/machine learning classification model to identify DILI-related literature using only paper titles and abstracts. For prediction modeling, we used 14,203 publications provided by the Critical Assessment of Massive Data Analysis (CAMDA) challenge, employing word vectorization techniques in NLP in conjunction with machine learning methods. Classification modeling was performed using 2/3 of the data for training and the remainder for test in internal validation. The best performance was achieved using a linear support vector machine (SVM) model on the combined vectors derived from term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and Word2Vec, resulting in an accuracy of 95.0% and an F1-score of 95.0%. The final SVM model constructed from all 14,203 publications was tested on independent datasets, resulting in accuracies of 92.5%, 96.3%, and 98.3%, and F1-scores of 93.5%, 86.1%, and 75.6% for three test sets (T1-T3). Furthermore, the SVM model was tested on four external validation sets (V1-V4), resulting in accuracies of 92.0%, 96.2%, 98.3%, and 93.1%, and F1-scores of 92.4%, 82.9%, 75.0%, and 93.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Allen Tannenbaum
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Pal DS, Lin Y, Zhan H, Banerjee T, Kuhn J, Providence S, Devreotes PN. Optogenetic modulation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Ras superfamily proteins directly controls cell shape and movement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1195806. [PMID: 37492221 PMCID: PMC10363612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1195806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we provide detailed protocols on using optogenetic dimerizers to acutely perturb activities of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) specific to Ras, Rac or Rho small GTPases of the migratory networks in various mammalian and amoeba cell lines. These GEFs are crucial components of signal transduction networks which link upstream G-protein coupled receptors to downstream cytoskeletal components and help cells migrate through their dynamic microenvironment. Conventional approaches to perturb and examine these signaling and cytoskeletal networks, such as gene knockout or overexpression, are protracted which allows networks to readjust through gene expression changes. Moreover, these tools lack spatial resolution to probe the effects of local network activations. To overcome these challenges, blue light-inducible cryptochrome- and LOV domain-based dimerization systems have been recently developed to control signaling or cytoskeletal events in a spatiotemporally precise manner. We illustrate that, within minutes of global membrane recruitment of full-length GEFs or their catalytic domains only, widespread increases or decreases in F-actin rich protrusions and cell size occur, depending on the particular node in the networks targeted. Additionally, we demonstrate localized GEF recruitment as a robust assay system to study local network activation-driven changes in polarity and directed migration. Altogether, these optical tools confirmed GEFs of Ras superfamily GTPases as regulators of cell shape, actin dynamics, and polarity. Furthermore, this optogenetic toolbox may be exploited in perturbing complex signaling interactions in varied physiological contexts including mammalian embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Huiwang Zhan
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tatsat Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephenie Providence
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Ingenuity Research Program, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Young T, Clark V, Arroyo-Currás N, Heikenfeld J. Perspective-The Feasibility of Continuous Protein Monitoring in Interstitial Fluid. ECS Sens Plus 2023; 2:027001. [PMID: 37128505 PMCID: PMC10140668 DOI: 10.1149/2754-2726/accd7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Real-time continuous monitoring of proteins in-vivo holds great potential for personalized medical applications. Unfortunately, a prominent knowledge gap exists in the fundamental biology regarding protein transfer and correlation between interstitial fluid and blood. Additionally, technological sensing will require affinity-based platforms that cannot be robustly protected in-vivo and will therefore be challenged in sensitivity, longevity, and fouling over multi-day to week timelines. Here we use electrochemical aptamer sensors as a model system to discuss further research necessary to achieve continuous protein sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States of America
| | - Vincent Clark
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States of America
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America
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14
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Choi H, Iyer RR, Renteria CA, Boppart SA. Phase-sensitive detection of anomalous diffusion dynamics in the neuronal membrane induced by ion channel gating. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:065005. [PMID: 36848681 PMCID: PMC10010434 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acbf9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-ergodicity of neuronal dynamics from rapid ion channel gating through the membrane induces membrane displacement statistics that deviate from Brownian motion. The membrane dynamics from ion channel gating were imaged by phase-sensitive optical coherence microscopy. The distribution of optical displacements of the neuronal membrane showed a Lévy-like distribution and the memory effect of the membrane dynamics by the ionic gating was estimated. The alternation of the correlation time was observed when neurons were exposed to channel-blocking molecules. Non-invasive optophysiology by detecting the anomalous diffusion characteristics of dynamic images is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Rishyashring R Iyer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Carlos A Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
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15
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Bilches Medinas D, Malik S, Yıldız‐Bölükbaşı E, Borgonovo J, Saaranen MJ, Urra H, Pulgar E, Afzal M, Contreras D, Wright MT, Bodaleo F, Quiroz G, Rozas P, Mumtaz S, Díaz R, Rozas C, Cabral‐Miranda F, Piña R, Valenzuela V, Uyan O, Reardon C, Woehlbier U, Brown RH, Sena‐Esteves M, Gonzalez‐Billault C, Morales B, Plate L, Ruddock LW, Concha ML, Hetz C, Tolun A. Mutation in protein disulfide isomerase A3 causes neurodevelopmental defects by disturbing endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e105531. [PMID: 34904718 PMCID: PMC8762563 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recessive gene mutations underlie many developmental disorders and often lead to disabling neurological problems. Here, we report identification of a homozygous c.170G>A (p.Cys57Tyr or C57Y) mutation in the gene coding for protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3, also known as ERp57), an enzyme that catalyzes formation of disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum, to be associated with syndromic intellectual disability. Experiments in zebrafish embryos show that PDIA3C57Y expression is pathogenic and causes developmental defects such as axonal disorganization as well as skeletal abnormalities. Expression of PDIA3C57Y in the mouse hippocampus results in impaired synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Proteomic and functional analyses reveal that PDIA3C57Y expression leads to dysregulation of cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, associated with altered integrin biogenesis and reduced neuritogenesis. Biochemical studies show that PDIA3C57Y has decreased catalytic activity and forms disulfide-crosslinked aggregates that abnormally interact with chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, rare disease gene variant can provide insight into how perturbations of neuronal proteostasis can affect the function of the nervous system.
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16
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Ilyas T, Jin H, Siddique MI, Lee SJ, Kim H, Chua L. DIANA: A deep learning-based paprika plant disease and pest phenotyping system with disease severity analysis. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:983625. [PMID: 36275542 PMCID: PMC9582859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of deep neural networks has allowed the development of fully automated and efficient diagnostic systems for plant disease and pest phenotyping. Although previous approaches have proven to be promising, they are limited, especially in real-life scenarios, to properly diagnose and characterize the problem. In this work, we propose a framework which besides recognizing and localizing various plant abnormalities also informs the user about the severity of the diseases infecting the plant. By taking a single image as input, our algorithm is able to generate detailed descriptive phrases (user-defined) that display the location, severity stage, and visual attributes of all the abnormalities that are present in the image. Our framework is composed of three main components. One of them is a detector that accurately and efficiently recognizes and localizes the abnormalities in plants by extracting region-based anomaly features using a deep neural network-based feature extractor. The second one is an encoder-decoder network that performs pixel-level analysis to generate abnormality-specific severity levels. Lastly is an integration unit which aggregates the information of these units and assigns unique IDs to all the detected anomaly instances, thus generating descriptive sentences describing the location, severity, and class of anomalies infecting plants. We discuss two possible ways of utilizing the abovementioned units in a single framework. We evaluate and analyze the efficacy of both approaches on newly constructed diverse paprika disease and pest recognition datasets, comprising six anomaly categories along with 11 different severity levels. Our algorithm achieves mean average precision of 91.7% for the abnormality detection task and a mean panoptic quality score of 70.78% for severity level prediction. Our algorithm provides a practical and cost-efficient solution to farmers that facilitates proper handling of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Ilyas
- Core Research Institute of Intelligent Robots, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
- Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Jin
- Core Research Institute of Intelligent Robots, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
- Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Irfan Siddique
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, United States
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hyongsuk Kim
- Core Research Institute of Intelligent Robots, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
- Division of Electronic and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Leon Chua
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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17
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Venkatesh S, Sturm D, Lu X, Lang RJ, Sengupta K. Origami Microwave Imaging Array: Metasurface Tiles on a Shape-Morphing Surface for Reconfigurable Computational Imaging. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2105016. [PMID: 35896946 PMCID: PMC9534976 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Origami is the art of paper folding that allows a single flat piece of paper to assume different 3D shapes depending on the fold patterns and the sequence of folding. Using the principles of origami along with computation imaging technique the authors demonstrate a versatile shape-morphing microwave imaging array with reconfigurable field-of-view and scene-adaptive imaging capability. Microwave/millimeter-wave based array imaging systems are expected to be the workhorse for sensory perception of future autonomous intelligent systems. The imaging capability of a planar array-based systems operating in complex scattering conditions have limited field-of-view and lack the ability to adaptively reconfigure resolution. To overcome this, here, deviations from planarity and isometry are allowed, and a shape-morphing computational imaging system is demonstrated. Implemented on a reconfigurable Waterbomb origami surface with 22 active metasurface panels that radiate near-orthogonal modes across 17-27 GHz, capability to image complex 3D objects in full details minimizing the effects of specular reflections in diffraction-limited sparse imaging with scene adaptability, reconfigurable cross-range resolution, and field-of-view is demonstrated. Such electromagnetic origami surfaces, through simultaneous surface shape-morphing ability (potentially with shape-shifting electronic materials) and electromagnetic field programmability, opens up new avenues for intelligent and robust sensing and imaging systems for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Venkatesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27606USA
| | - Daniel Sturm
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ08544USA
| | - Xuyang Lu
- University of Michigan‐Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint InstituteShanghai200240China
| | | | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ08544USA
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18
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Chen Z, Bai F, Jonas SJ, Wirz RE. Cold atmospheric plasma for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Plasma Process Polym 2022; 19:2200012. [PMID: 35574246 PMCID: PMC9088580 DOI: 10.1002/ppap.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly stressed the global community, exposing vulnerabilities in the supply chains for disinfection materials, personal protective equipment, and medical resources worldwide. Disinfection methods based on cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technologies offer an intriguing solution to many of these challenges because they are easily deployable and do not require resource-constrained consumables or reagents needed for conventional decontamination practices. CAP technologies have shown great promise for a wide range of medical applications from wound healing and cancer treatment to sterilization methods to mitigate airborne and fomite transfer of viruses. This review engages the broader community of scientists and engineers that wish to help the medical community with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by establishing methods to utilize broadly applicable CAP technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Advanced Therapy CenterNational Innovation Center for Advanced Medical DevicesShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fan Bai
- Advanced Therapy CenterNational Innovation Center for Advanced Medical DevicesShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Richard E. Wirz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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19
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Zhang S, Nishimura Y, Erickson PJ, Aa E, Kil H, Deng Y, Thomas EG, Rideout W, Coster AJ, Kerr R, Vierinen J. Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in the Vicinity of Storm-Enhanced Density at Midlatitudes. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030429. [PMID: 36247325 PMCID: PMC9539488 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study provides first storm time observations of the westward-propagating medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), particularly, associated with characteristic subauroral storm time features, storm-enhanced density (SED), subauroral polarization stream (SAPS), and enhanced thermospheric westward winds over the continental US. In the four recent (2017-2019) geomagnetic storm cases examined in this study (i.e., 2018-08-25/26, 2017-09-07/08, 2017-05-27/28, and 2016-02-02/03 with minimum SYM-H index -206, -146, -142, and -58 nT, respectively), MSTIDs were observed from dusk-to-midnight local times predominately during the intervals of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz stably southward. Multiple wavefronts of the TIDs were elongated NW-SE, 2°-3° longitude apart, and southwestward propagated at a range of zonal phase speeds between 100 and 300 m/s. These TIDs initiated in the northeastern US and intensified or developed in the central US with either the coincident SED structure (especially the SED basis region) or concurrent small electron density patches adjacent to the SED. Observations also indicate coincident intense storm time electric fields associated with the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling electrodynamics at subauroral latitudes (such as SAPS) as well as enhanced thermospheric westward winds. We speculate that these electric fields trigger plasma instability (with large growth rates) and MSTIDs. These electrified MSTIDs propagated westward along with the background westward ion flow which resulted from the disturbance westward wind dynamo and/or SAPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun‐Rong Zhang
- Haystack ObservatoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyWestfordMAUSA
| | | | | | - Ercha Aa
- Haystack ObservatoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyWestfordMAUSA
| | - Hyosub Kil
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Evan G. Thomas
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - William Rideout
- Haystack ObservatoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyWestfordMAUSA
| | - Anthea J. Coster
- Haystack ObservatoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyWestfordMAUSA
| | - Robert Kerr
- Computational Physics, IncNorth ChelmsfordMAUSA
| | - Juha Vierinen
- Department of Physics and TechnologyThe Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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20
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Cheng X, Ullo MF, Case LB. Reconstitution of Phase-Separated Signaling Clusters and Actin Polymerization on Supported Lipid Bilayers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:932483. [PMID: 35959492 PMCID: PMC9361016 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.932483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation driven by weak interactions between multivalent molecules contributes to the cellular organization by promoting the formation of biomolecular condensates. At membranes, phase separation can promote the assembly of transmembrane proteins with their cytoplasmic binding partners into micron-sized membrane-associated condensates. For example, phase separation promotes clustering of nephrin, a transmembrane adhesion molecule, resulting in increased Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization. In vitro reconstitution is a powerful approach to understand phase separation in biological systems. With a bottom-up approach, we can determine the molecules necessary and sufficient for phase separation, map the phase diagram by quantifying de-mixing over a range of molecular concentrations, assess the material properties of the condensed phase using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and even determine how phase separation impacts downstream biochemical activity. Here, we describe a detailed protocol to reconstitute nephrin clusters on supported lipid bilayers with purified recombinant protein. We also describe how to measure Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization on bilayers using fluorescence microscopy. These different protocols can be performed independently or combined as needed. These general techniques can be applied to reconstitute and study phase-separated signaling clusters of many different receptors or to generally understand how actin polymerization is regulated at membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lindsay B. Case
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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21
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Muratore C, Muratore MK, Austin DR, Miesle P, Benton AK, Beagle LK, Motala MJ, Moore DC, Slocik JM, Brothers MC, Kim SS, Krupa K, Back TA, Grant JT, Glavin NR. Laser-Fabricated 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Electronic Sensor Arrays for Rapid, Low-Cost, Ultrasensitive Detection of Influenza A and SARS-Cov-2. Adv Mater Interfaces 2022; 9:2102209. [PMID: 35538926 PMCID: PMC9073982 DOI: 10.1002/admi.202102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex electronic antigen sensors for detection of SARS-Cov-2 spike glycoproteins and hemagglutinin from influenza A are fabricated using scalable processes for straightforward transition to economical mass-production. The sensors utilize the sensitivity and surface chemistry of a 2D MoS2 transducer for attachment of antibody fragments in a conformation favorable for antigen binding with no need for additional linker molecules. To make the devices, ultra-thin layers (3 nm) of amorphous MoS2 are sputtered over pre-patterned metal electrical contacts on a glass chip at room temperature. The amorphous MoS2 is then laser annealed to create an array of semiconducting 2H-MoS2 transducer regions between metal contacts. The semiconducting crystalline MoS2 region is functionalized with monoclonal antibody fragments complementary to either SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein or influenza A hemagglutinin. Quartz crystal microbalance experiments indicate strong binding and maintenance of antigen avidity for antibody fragments bound to MoS2. Electrical resistance measurements of sensors exposed to antigen concentrations ranging from 2-20 000 pg mL-1 reveal selective responses. Sensor architecture is adjusted to produce an array of sensors on a single chip suited for detection of analyte concentrations spanning six orders of magnitude from pg mL-1 to µg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Muratore
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of DaytonDaytonOH45469USA
- m‐nanotech Ltd.DaytonOH45409USA
| | - Melani K. Muratore
- m‐nanotech Ltd.DaytonOH45409USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of DaytonDaytonOH45469USA
| | - Drake R. Austin
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Paige Miesle
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringDaytonOH45469USA
| | - Anna K. Benton
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of DaytonDaytonOH45469USA
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Lucas K. Beagle
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of DaytonDaytonOH45469USA
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Michael J. Motala
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - David C. Moore
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Joseph M. Slocik
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Michael C. Brothers
- UES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
- 711
Human Performance WingAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Steve S. Kim
- 711
Human Performance WingAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | - Kristen Krupa
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of DaytonDaytonOH45469USA
| | - Tyson A. Back
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
| | | | - Nicholas R. Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing DirectorateAir Force Research LaboratoryWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOH45433USA
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22
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Lee KH, Al Ba'ba'a H, Yu K, Li K, Zhang Y, Du H, Masri SF, Wang Q. Magnetoactive Acoustic Topological Transistors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2201204. [PMID: 35470580 PMCID: PMC9218775 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Topological field-effect transistor is a revolutionary concept that physical fields are used to switch on and off quantum topological states of the condensed matter. Although this emerging concept has been explored in electronics, how to realize it in the acoustic realm remains elusive. In this work, a class of magnetoactive acoustic topological transistors capable of on-demand switching on and off topological states and reconfiguring topological edges with external magnetic fields is presented. The key mechanism is to harness magnetic fields to tune air-cavity volumes within acoustic chambers, thus breaking or preserving the inversion symmetry to manifest or conceal the quantum valley Hall effect. To switch the topological transport beyond the in-plane routes, a magneto-tuned non-topological band gap to allow or forbid the wave transport out-of-plane is harnessed. With the reversible magnetic control, on-demand switching of topological routes to realize topological field-effect waveguides and wave regulators is demonstrated. Analogous to the impact of semiconductor transistors on modern electronics, this work may expand the scope of topological acoustics by achieving unprecedented functions in acoustic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hoon Lee
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Hasan Al Ba'ba'a
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Kunhao Yu
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Ketian Li
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Yanchu Zhang
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Haixu Du
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Sami F. Masri
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
| | - Qiming Wang
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA90089USA
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23
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Deng Z, Jia Z, Li L. Biomineralized Materials as Model Systems for Structural Composites: Intracrystalline Structural Features and Their Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103524. [PMID: 35315243 PMCID: PMC9108615 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralized composites, which are usually composed of microscopic mineral building blocks organized in 3D intercrystalline organic matrices, have evolved unique structural designs to fulfill mechanical and other biological functionalities. While it has been well recognized that the intricate architectural designs of biomineralized composites contribute to their remarkable mechanical performance, the structural features within and corresponding mechanical properties of individual mineral building blocks are often less appreciated in the context of bio-inspired structural composites. The mineral building blocks in biomineralized composites exhibit a variety of salient intracrystalline structural features, such as, organic inclusions, inorganic impurities (or trace elements), crystalline features (e.g., amorphous phases, single crystals, splitting crystals, polycrystals, and nanograins), residual stress/strain, and twinning, which significantly modify the mechanical properties of biogenic minerals. In this review, recent progress in elucidating the intracrystalline structural features of three most common biomineral systems (calcite, aragonite, and hydroxyapatite) and their corresponding mechanical significance are discussed. Future research directions and corresponding challenges are proposed and discussed, such as the advanced structural characterizations and formation mechanisms of intracrystalline structures in biominerals, amorphous biominerals, and bio-inspired synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Zian Jia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringVirginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State UniversityBlacksburgVA24060USA
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24
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Bakarich SE, Miller R, Mrozek RA, O'Neill MR, Slipher GA, Shepherd RF. Pump Up the Jam: Granular Media as a Quasi-Hydraulic Fluid for Independent Control Over Isometric and Isotonic Actuation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104402. [PMID: 35343110 PMCID: PMC9131430 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elastomer-granule composites have been used to switch between soft and stiff states by applying negative pressure differentials that cause the membrane to squeeze the internal grains, inducing dilation and jamming. Applications of this phenomenon have ranged from universal gripping to adaptive mobility. Previously, the combination of this jamming phenomenon with the ability to transport grains across multiple soft actuators for shape morphing has not yet been demonstrated. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the use of hollow glass spheres as granular media that functions as a jammable "quasi-hydraulic" fluid in a fluidic elastomeric actuator that better mimics a key featur of animal musculature: independent control over i) isotonic actuation for motion; and ii) isometric actuation for stiffening without shape change. To best implement the quasi-hydraulic fluid, the authors design and build a fluidic device. Leveraging this combination of physical properties creates a new option for fluidic actuation that allows higher specific stiffness actuators using lower volumetric flow rates in addition to independent control over shape and stiffness. These features are showcased in a robotic catcher's mitt by stiffening the fluid in the glove's open configuration for catching, unjamming the media, then pumping additional fluid to the mitt to inflate and grasp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E. Bakarich
- Autonomous Systems DivisionDEVCOM U.S. Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving GroundMD21005USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCornell University124 Hoy RoadIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCornell University214 Bard HallIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Randy A. Mrozek
- Weapons and Materials Research DirectorateDEVCOM U.S. Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving GroundMD21005USA
| | - Maura R. O'Neill
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCornell University124 Hoy RoadIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Slipher
- Autonomous Systems DivisionDEVCOM U.S. Army Research LaboratoryAberdeen Proving GroundMD21005USA
| | - Robert F. Shepherd
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringCornell University124 Hoy RoadIthacaNY14850USA
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25
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Bull AL, Campanello L, Hourwitz MJ, Yang Q, Zhao M, Fourkas JT, Losert W. Actin Dynamics as a Multiscale Integrator of Cellular Guidance Cues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873567. [PMID: 35573675 PMCID: PMC9092214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells must integrate multiple, competing external guidance cues. However, it is not well understood how cells prioritize among these cues. We investigate external cue integration by monitoring the response of wave-like, actin-polymerization dynamics, the driver of cell motility, to combinations of nanotopographies and electric fields in neutrophil-like cells. The electric fields provide a global guidance cue, and approximate conditions at wound sites in vivo. The nanotopographies have dimensions similar to those of collagen fibers, and act as a local esotactic guidance cue. We find that cells prioritize guidance cues, with electric fields dominating long-term motility by introducing a unidirectional bias in the locations at which actin waves nucleate. That bias competes successfully with the wave guidance provided by the bidirectional nanotopographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L. Bull
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leonard Campanello
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Matt J. Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Qixin Yang
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John T. Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Losert,
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26
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Qiu L, Morato NM, Huang KH, Cooks RG. Spontaneous Water Radical Cation Oxidation at Double Bonds in Microdroplets. Front Chem 2022; 10:903774. [PMID: 35559217 PMCID: PMC9086510 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.903774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous oxidation of compounds containing diverse X=Y moieties (e.g., sulfonamides, ketones, esters, sulfones) occurs readily in organic-solvent microdroplets. This surprising phenomenon is proposed to be driven by the generation of an intermediate species [M+H2O]+·: a covalent adduct of water radical cation (H2O+·) with the reactant molecule (M). The adduct is observed in the positive ion mass spectrum while its formation in the interfacial region of the microdroplet (i.e., at the air-droplet interface) is indicated by the strong dependence of the oxidation product formation on the spray distance (which reflects the droplet size and consequently the surface-to-volume ratio) and the solvent composition. Importantly, based on the screening of a ca. 21,000-compound library and the detailed consideration of six functional groups, the formation of a molecular adduct with the water radical cation is a significant route to ionization in positive ion mode electrospray, where it is favored in those compounds with X=Y moieties which lack basic groups. A set of model monofunctional systems was studied and in one case, benzyl benzoate, evidence was found for oxidation driven by hydroxyl radical adduct formation followed by protonation in addition to the dominant water radical cation addition process. Significant implications of molecular ionization by water radical cations for oxidation processes in atmospheric aerosols, analytical mass spectrometry and small-scale synthesis are noted.
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27
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Song X, Mofidfar M, Zare RN. Introducing Nafion for In Situ Desalting and Biofluid Profiling in Spray Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2022; 9:807244. [PMID: 35145954 PMCID: PMC8821663 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce Nafion into the ambient ionization technique of spray mass spectrometry to serve for in situ desalting and direct analysis of biological fluids. Nafion was coated onto the surface of the triangular spray tip as the cation exchange material. Because the sulfonic group from the Nafion membrane effectively exchanges their carried protons with inorganic salt ions (e.g., Na+ and K+), the analyte’s ionization efficiency can be significantly enhanced by reducing ion suppression. The desalting efficiency can reach 90% and the maximum tolerance of the absolute salt amount reaches 100 μmol. The mass spectral profile can also be simplified by removing the multiple adducted ion types from small-molecule drugs and metabolites ([M + Na]+ and [M + K]+), or multiply charged ions formed by proteins ([M + nNa]n+ and [M + nK]n+). Thus, the Nafion coating makes less ambiguous data interpretation collected from spray mass spectrometry for qualitative profiling or quantitative measurement of a target analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard N. Zare,
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28
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Nguyen D, Tao L, Li Y. Integration of Machine Learning and Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations for Polymer Materials: Physical Understandings and Molecular Design. Front Chem 2022; 9:820417. [PMID: 35141207 PMCID: PMC8819075 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.820417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the synthesis of monomer sequence-defined polymers has expanded into broad-spectrum applications in biomedical, chemical, and materials science fields. Pursuing the characterization and inverse design of these polymer systems requires our fundamental understanding not only at the individual monomer level, but also considering the chain scales, such as polymer configuration, self-assembly, and phase separation. However, our accessibility to this field is still rudimentary due to the limitations of traditional design approaches, the complexity of chemical space along with the burdened cost and time issues that prevent us from unveiling the underlying monomer sequence-structure-property relationships. Fortunately, thanks to the recent advancements in molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning (ML) algorithms, the bottlenecks in the tasks of establishing the structure-function correlation of the polymer chains can be overcome. In this review, we will discuss the applications of the integration between ML techniques and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations to solve the current issues in polymer science at the chain level. In particular, we focus on the case studies in three important topics—polymeric configuration characterization, feed-forward property prediction, and inverse design—in which CGMD simulations are leveraged to generate training datasets to develop ML-based surrogate models for specific polymer systems and designs. By doing so, this computational hybridization allows us to well establish the monomer sequence-functional behavior relationship of the polymers as well as guide us toward the best polymer chain candidates for the inverse design in undiscovered chemical space with reasonable computational cost and time. Even though there are still limitations and challenges ahead in this field, we finally conclude that this CGMD/ML integration is very promising, not only in the attempt of bridging the monomeric and macroscopic characterizations of polymer materials, but also enabling further tailored designs for sequence-specific polymers with superior properties in many practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Ying Li,
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29
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Zou Y, Walsh BM, Chen L, Ng J, Shi X, Wang C, Lyons LR, Liu J, Angelopoulos V, McWilliams KA, Michael Ruohoniemi J. Unsteady Magnetopause Reconnection Under Quasi-Steady Solar Wind Driving. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2021GL096583. [PMID: 35865078 PMCID: PMC9285935 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic temporal nature of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause has been an active area of research. Both temporally steady and intermittent reconnection have been reported. We examine the steadiness of reconnection using space-ground conjunctions under quasi-steady solar wind driving. The spacecraft suggests that reconnection is first inactive, and then activates. The radar further suggests that after activation, reconnection proceeds continuously but unsteadily. The reconnection electric field shows variations at frequencies below 10 mHz with peaks at 3 and 5 mHz. The variation amplitudes are ∼10-30 mV/m in the ionosphere, and 0.3-0.8 mV/m at the equatorial magnetopause. Such amplitudes represent 30%-60% of the peak reconnection electric field. The unsteadiness of reconnection can be plausibly explained by the fluctuating magnetic field in the turbulent magnetosheath. A comparison with a previous global hybrid simulation suggests that it is the foreshock waves that drive the magnetosheath fluctuations, and hence modulate the reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Space ScienceUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Brian M. Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Li‐Jen Chen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Jonathan Ng
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Xueling Shi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- High Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Chih‐Ping Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Larry R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vassilis Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kathryn A. McWilliams
- Department of Physics & Engineering PhysicsUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - J. Michael Ruohoniemi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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30
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Espina G, Muñoz-Ibacache SA, Cáceres-Moreno P, Amenabar MJ, Blamey JM. From the Discovery of Extremozymes to an Enzymatic Product: Roadmap Based on Their Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:752281. [PMID: 35096788 PMCID: PMC8790482 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.752281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of the industrial revolution, the use of toxic compounds has grown exponentially, leading to a considerable pollution of the environment. Consequently, the development of more environmentally conscious technologies is an urgent need. Industrial biocatalysis appears as one potential solution, where a higher demand for more robust enzymes aims to replace toxic chemical catalysts. To date, most of the commercially available enzymes are of mesophilic origin, displaying optimal activity in narrow ranges of temperature and pH (i.e., between 20°C and 45°C, neutral pH), limiting their actual application under industrial reaction settings, where they usually underperform, requiring larger quantities to compensate loss of activity. In order to obtain novel biocatalysts better suited for industrial conditions, an efficient solution is to take advantage of nature by searching and discovering enzymes from extremophiles. These microorganisms and their macromolecules have already adapted to thrive in environments that present extreme physicochemical conditions. Hence, extremophilic enzymes stand out for showing higher activity, stability, and robustness than their mesophilic counterparts, being able to carry out reactions at nonstandard conditions. In this brief research report we describe three examples to illustrate a stepwise strategy for the development and production of commercial extremozymes, including a catalase from an Antarctic psychrotolerant microorganism, a laccase from a thermoalkaliphilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring and an amine-transaminase from a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a geothermal site in Antarctica. We will also explore some of their interesting biotechnological applications and comparisons with commercial enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Espina
- Fundación Biociencia, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Giannina Espina, ; Jenny M. Blamey,
| | | | | | | | - Jenny M. Blamey
- Fundación Biociencia, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Giannina Espina, ; Jenny M. Blamey,
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31
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Ma S, Alsaid Y, Pei X, Cai M, He X, Zhou F. Esophagus-Inspired Actuator for Solid Transportation via the Synergy of Lubrication and Contractile Deformation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2102800. [PMID: 34708584 PMCID: PMC8693057 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Directional transportation of objects has important applications from energy transfer and intelligent robots to biomedical devices. Although breakthroughs in liquid migration on 2D surfaces or 3D tubular devices have been achieved, realizing smooth/on-demand transportation of constrained solids within a 3D cavity environment under harsh pressurized environment still remains a daunting challenge, where strong interface friction force becomes the main obstacle restricting the movement of solids. Inspired by typical feeding mechanism in natural esophagus system which synergistically couples a lubricating mucosa surface with the peristaltic contraction deformation of the cavity, herein, this challenge is addressed by constructing an esophagus-inspired layered tubular actuator with a slippery inner surface and responsive hydrogel matrix to realize spherical solid propulsion by photo(thermo)-induced cavity deformation. The as-constructed tubular actuator containing Fe3 O4 nanoparticles exhibits local volumetric shrinkage upon NIR-irradiation, which can generate large hydrodynamic pressure and considerable mechanical extrusion force (Fdriving force ≈ 0.18 N) to overcome low interface friction force (ffriction force ≈ 0.03 N), enabling on-demand transportation of constrained (pressure: 0.103 MPa) spherical solids over a long distance in an arbitrary direction. This actuator is anticipated to be used as bionic medicine transportation devices or artificial in vitro esophagus simulation systems, for example, to help formula eating-related physiotherapy plans for patients and astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
| | - Yousif Alsaid
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Xiaowei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
| | - Meirong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid LubricationLanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China
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32
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Xu X, Bowen BJ, Gwyther REA, Freeley M, Grigorenko B, Nemukhin AV, Eklöf‐Österberg J, Moth‐Poulsen K, Jones DD, Palma M. Tuning Electrostatic Gating of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes by Controlling Protein Orientation in Biosensing Devices. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2021; 133:20346-20351. [PMID: 38504924 PMCID: PMC10946871 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect proteins through gating conductance by their unique surface electrostatic signature holds great potential for improving biosensing sensitivity and precision. Two challenges are: (1) defining the electrostatic surface of the incoming ligand protein presented to the conductive surface; (2) bridging the Debye gap to generate a measurable response. Herein, we report the construction of nanoscale protein-based sensing devices designed to present proteins in defined orientations; this allowed us to control the local electrostatic surface presented within the Debye length, and thus modulate the conductance gating effect upon binding incoming protein targets. Using a β-lactamase binding protein (BLIP2) as the capture protein attached to carbon nanotube field effect transistors in different defined orientations. Device conductance had influence on binding TEM-1, an important β-lactamase involved in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conductance increased or decreased depending on TEM-1 presenting either negative or positive local charge patches, demonstrating that local electrostatic properties, as opposed to protein net charge, act as the key driving force for electrostatic gating. This, in turn can, improve our ability to tune the gating of electrical biosensors toward optimized detection, including for AMR as outlined herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Benjamin J. Bowen
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Rebecca E. A. Gwyther
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Bella Grigorenko
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119991Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow119991Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119991Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow119991Russian Federation
| | - Johnas Eklöf‐Österberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - D. Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
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33
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Xu X, Bowen BJ, Gwyther REA, Freeley M, Grigorenko B, Nemukhin AV, Eklöf‐Österberg J, Moth‐Poulsen K, Jones DD, Palma M. Tuning Electrostatic Gating of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes by Controlling Protein Orientation in Biosensing Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20184-20189. [PMID: 34270157 PMCID: PMC8457214 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect proteins through gating conductance by their unique surface electrostatic signature holds great potential for improving biosensing sensitivity and precision. Two challenges are: (1) defining the electrostatic surface of the incoming ligand protein presented to the conductive surface; (2) bridging the Debye gap to generate a measurable response. Herein, we report the construction of nanoscale protein-based sensing devices designed to present proteins in defined orientations; this allowed us to control the local electrostatic surface presented within the Debye length, and thus modulate the conductance gating effect upon binding incoming protein targets. Using a β-lactamase binding protein (BLIP2) as the capture protein attached to carbon nanotube field effect transistors in different defined orientations. Device conductance had influence on binding TEM-1, an important β-lactamase involved in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conductance increased or decreased depending on TEM-1 presenting either negative or positive local charge patches, demonstrating that local electrostatic properties, as opposed to protein net charge, act as the key driving force for electrostatic gating. This, in turn can, improve our ability to tune the gating of electrical biosensors toward optimized detection, including for AMR as outlined herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Benjamin J. Bowen
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Rebecca E. A. Gwyther
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Bella Grigorenko
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119991Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow119991Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow119991Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical PhysicsRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow119991Russian Federation
| | - Johnas Eklöf‐Österberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GothenburgSweden
| | - D. Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesSir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3AXUK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
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Blatchley MR, Hall F, Ntekoumes D, Cho H, Kailash V, Vazquez‐Duhalt R, Gerecht S. Discretizing Three-Dimensional Oxygen Gradients to Modulate and Investigate Cellular Processes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2100190. [PMID: 34151527 PMCID: PMC8292886 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
With the increased realization of the effect of oxygen (O2 ) deprivation (hypoxia) on cellular processes, recent efforts have focused on the development of engineered systems to control O2 concentrations and establish biomimetic O2 gradients to study and manipulate cellular behavior. Nonetheless, O2 gradients present in 3D engineered platforms result in diverse cell behavior across the O2 gradient, making it difficult to identify and study O2 sensitive signaling pathways. Using a layer-by-layer assembled O2 -controllable hydrogel, the authors precisely control O2 concentrations and study uniform cell behavior in discretized O2 gradients, then recapitulate the dynamics of cluster-based vasculogenesis, one mechanism for neovessel formation, and show distinctive gene expression patterns remarkably correlate to O2 concentrations. Using RNA sequencing, it is found that time-dependent regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling enables cell survival and clustering in the high stress microenvironments. Various extracellular matrix modulators orchestrate hypoxia-driven endothelial cell clustering. Finally, clustering is facilitated by regulators of cell-cell interactions, mainly vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Taken together, novel regulators of hypoxic cluster-based vasculogenesis are identified, and evidence for the utility of a unique platform is provided to study dynamic cellular responses to 3D hypoxic environments, with broad applicability in development, regeneration, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Blatchley
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for NanoBioTechnology and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences‐Oncology CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Franklyn Hall
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for NanoBioTechnology and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences‐Oncology CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Dimitris Ntekoumes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for NanoBioTechnology and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences‐Oncology CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for NanoBioTechnology and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences‐Oncology CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Vidur Kailash
- Department of BiophysicsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Rafael Vazquez‐Duhalt
- Department of BionanotechnologyCenter for Nanosciences and NanotechnologyNational Autonomous University of MexicoEnsenadaBaja California22800Mexico
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringInstitute for NanoBioTechnology and Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences‐Oncology CenterJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21205USA
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Chiong JA, Tran H, Lin Y, Zheng Y, Bao Z. Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101233. [PMID: 34014619 PMCID: PMC8292855 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Through advances in molecular design, understanding of processing parameters, and development of non-traditional device fabrication techniques, the field of wearable and implantable skin-inspired devices is rapidly growing interest in the consumer market. Like previous technological advances, economic growth and efficiency is anticipated, as these devices will enable an augmented level of interaction between humans and the environment. However, the parallel growing electronic waste that is yet to be addressed has already left an adverse impact on the environment and human health. Looking forward, it is imperative to develop both human- and environmentally-friendly electronics, which are contingent on emerging recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer technologies. This review provides definitions for recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers based on reported literature, an overview of the analytical techniques used to characterize mechanical and chemical property changes, and standard policies for real-life applications. Then, various strategies in designing the next-generation of polymers to be recyclable, biodegradable, or biocompatible with enhanced functionalities relative to traditional or commercial polymers are discussed. Finally, electronics that exhibit an element of recyclability, biodegradability, or biocompatibility with new molecular design are highlighted with the anticipation of integrating emerging polymer chemistries into future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerika A. Chiong
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3H6Canada
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305‐5025USA
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Muratori C, Pakhomov AG, Gianulis E, Meads J, Casciola M, Mollica PA, Pakhomova ON. Activation of the phospholipid scramblase TMEM16F by nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) facilitates its diverse cytophysiological effects. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19381-19391. [PMID: 28982976 PMCID: PMC5702676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.803049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) are emerging as a novel modality for cell stimulation and tissue ablation. However, the downstream protein effectors responsible for nsPEF bioeffects remain to be established. Here we demonstrate that nsPEF activate TMEM16F (or Anoctamin 6), a protein functioning as a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase and Ca2+-activated chloride channel. Using confocal microscopy and patch clamp recordings, we investigated the relevance of TMEM16F activation for several bioeffects triggered by nsPEF, including phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, nanopore-conducted currents, membrane blebbing, and cell death. In HEK 293 cells treated with a single 300-ns pulse of 25.5 kV/cm, Tmem16f expression knockdown and TMEM16F-specific inhibition decreased nsPEF-induced PS exposure by 49 and 42%, respectively. Moreover, the Tmem16f silencing significantly decreased Ca2+-dependent chloride channel currents activated in response to the nanoporation. Tmem16f expression also affected nsPEF-induced cell blebbing, with only 20% of the silenced cells developing blebs compared with 53% of the control cells. This inhibition of cellular blebbing correlated with a 25% decrease in cytosolic free Ca2+ transient at 30 s after nanoporation. Finally, in TMEM16F-overexpressing cells, a train of 120 pulses (300 ns, 20 Hz, 6 kV/cm) decreased cell survival to 34% compared with 51% in control cells (*, p < 0.01). Taken together, these results indicate that TMEM16F activation by nanoporation mediates and enhances the diverse cellular effects of nsPEF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Gianulis
- From the Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, and
| | - Jade Meads
- From the Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, and
| | - Maura Casciola
- From the Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, and
| | - Peter A Mollica
- the Department of Medical Diagnostics and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23508
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