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Farahmand M, Khales P, Salavatiha Z, Sabaei M, Hamidzade M, Aminpanah D, Tavakoli A. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of human astrovirus in gastroenteritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023:106209. [PMID: 37385570 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Human astrovirus (HAstV) is an important causative agent of gastroenteritis in humans, which mainly infects young children and the elderly. The goal of this study was to conduct a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of HAstV amongst patients with gastroenteritis, and to shed light on the connection between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. METHODS Systematic literature searches were conducted to identify all potentially relevant studies recorded up to April 8th, 2022. For study weighting, the inverse variance method was employed and the random-effects model was applied to evaluate data. For case-control studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to establish the relationship between HAstV infection and gastroenteritis. RESULTS Among 302423 gastroenteritis patients from 69 different countries, the overall pooled prevalence of HAstV infection was 3.48% (95% CI: 3.11%-3.89%). Case-control approach was used in 39 investigations, and the overall prevalence of HAstV infection among the 11342 healthy controls was 2.01% (95% CI: 1.40%-2.89%). Gastroenteritis and HAstV infection were associated with a pooled OR of 2.16 (95% CI: 1.72-2.71; P < 0.0001; I2 = 33.7%). The most commonly found HAstV genotypes in gastroenteritis patients were HAstV1 (62.18%), HAstV7 (33.33%), and HAstV-MLB1 (17.43%). CONCLUSION The frequency of HAstV infection was the highest in children under the age of five, and in developing countries. The prevalence rate of HAstV was not influenced by gender. Semi-nested and nested RT-PCR were highly sensitive assays for detecting HAstV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Khales
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Salavatiha
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Sabaei
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hamidzade
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danesh Aminpanah
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kim JS, Lee WJ, Lee SK, Lee EJ, Hyun J, Kim HS, Song W, Kim HS. Molecular Epidemiology of Human Astrovirus in Stool Samples From Patients With Acute Gastroenteritis in Korea, 2013-2017. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:367-372. [PMID: 30809982 PMCID: PMC6400717 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis. Classic HAstVs can be classified into eight genotypes. We investigated the positive rate of HAstVs and the distribution of HAstV genotypes in strains isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Hwaseong, Korea, in 2013–2017. Methods Between November 2013 and December 2017, 3,519 stool samples were collected from patients with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis and tested for HAstV using multiplex PCR. For HAstV-positive samples, the ORF2 gene, which encodes a capsid protein, was genotyped by reverse-transcription PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine whether the sequences of the HAstVs differed by year. Results The positive rate of HAstV was 1.9% (67 samples). HAstV Type 1 was the most prevalent genotype (82.4%), and Types 4, 5, and 8 were also detected. Infection occurred year-round, with no distinct seasonal variation. Infection occurred at nearly all ages (55 days–81 years; median: 3 years), and the positive rate was substantially higher in children younger than five years. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct clades of HAstV Type 1 according to the collection time. Conclusions Our results provide recent epidemiological data on HAstVs in Korea between 2013 and 2017. The finding of three distinct clades of HAstV Type 1 according to collection time suggests genetic evolution of HAstVs. These findings can enhance our knowledge on HAstV infection and viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Woon Jeong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jungwon Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym Univerisity College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Lopez F, Lizasoain A, Victoria M, Papalardo C, Castro S, Arreseigor E, López P, Colina R. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of classic human astrovirus among hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Uruguay. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1775-1781. [PMID: 28500748 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Classic Human Astrovirus (Classic HAstV) are one of the most important causes of pediatric acute gastroenteritis (AGE), after rotaviruses and arguably caliciviruses. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of Classic HAstV from 175 clinical samples, being 153 stools and 22 vomits, collected from pediatric hospitalized patients with AGE in Salto city, Uruguay, from January 2011 to December 2012. Classic HAstV were detected and genotyped by using a qualitative Retro Transcription-Polimerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) directed to the Open Reading Frame-2 (ORF2) region C. Amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses were carried out in order to determine genotypes and lineages. Classic HAstV were detected in 18 out of 175 analyzed samples (10.3%) and 14 of them (78.0%) were successfully sequenced being 6 (42.8%) classified as HAstV-1 (1a lineage), 4 (28.6%) as HAstV-2 (2c lineage), and 4 (28.6%) as HAstV-3 (3c lineage). A higher detection of Classic HAstV infections was observed in autumn for both years of surveillance, and the majority of the positive cases were observed in 2011. The group of children between 2 and 5 years old presented the higher percentage of infections. To our knowledge, the present study represents the first report of astrovirus from acute gastroenteritis cases in Uruguay, evidencing its role as a relevant etiologic agent in severe cases of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lopez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Lizasoain
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Victoria
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Papalardo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Sebastian Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Edit Arreseigor
- Pediatric Unit, Medical-Surgical Society of Salto, Salto, Uruguay
| | | | - Rodney Colina
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
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The prevalence of enteric RNA viruses in stools from diarrheic and non-diarrheic people in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Arch Virol 2016; 162:117-128. [PMID: 27686073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Southwestern Alberta is a region of Canada that has high rates of enteritis as well as high densities of livestock. The presence of enteric RNA viruses, specifically norovirus (NoV) GI, GII, GIII, GIV; sapovirus (SaV); rotavirus (RV); and astrovirus (AstV), was evaluated in stools from diarrheic (n = 2281) and non-diarrheic (n = 173) people over a 1-year period in 2008 and 2009. Diarrheic individuals lived in rural (46.6 %) and urban (53.4 %) settings and ranged in age from less than 1 month to 102 years, and the highest prevalence of infection in these individuals was in November. In all, viruses were detected in diarrheic stools from 388 individuals (17.0 %). NoV GII was the most frequently detected virus (8.0 %; n = 182) followed by SaV (4.3 %; n = 97), RV (2.0 %; n = 46), AstV (1.8 %; n = 42), NoV GI (0.9 %; n = 20), and NoV GIV (0.1 %; n = 1). Animal NoV GIII was never detected. The prevalence of mixed viral infections in diarrheic individuals was 2.8 % (n = 11). Children from 1 to 5 years of age accounted for the highest prevalence of positive stools, followed by the elderly individuals (≥70 years). Only NoV GII (1.2 %; n = 2) and SaV (1.2 %; n = 2) were detected in stools from non-diarrheic people. Sequence analysis of a subset of stools revealed homology to NoV, SaV and RV sequences from humans but not to strains from non-human animals. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that viruses of animal origin have a significant impact on the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis caused by RNA enteric viruses in people living in southwestern Alberta.
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Lizasoain A, Tort LFL, García M, Gómez MM, Cristina J, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP, Victoria M, Colina R. Environmental Assessment of Classical Human Astrovirus in Uruguay. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:142-148. [PMID: 25680829 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the molecular epidemiology of classical human astrovirus (HAstV) strains in sewage samples from four Uruguayan cities: Bella Unión, Salto, Paysandú, and Fray Bentos, located in the Northwestern region of the country. Overall, 96 sewage samples were collected biweekly between March 2011 and February 2012 and were subject to ultracentrifugation methodology in order to concentrate the viruses. RT-PCR directed to the ORF2 genome region was performed followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Forty-three (45 %) out of 96 analyzed samples were positive for HAstV (Mamastrovirus 1) and 31 of them were successfully sequenced being 21 (49 %) of them classified as HAstV-1 genotype (1a lineage) and 10 (23 %) as HAstV-2 genotype (eight strains belonging to the 2d lineage and two strains to the 2c lineage). The 1a lineage circulated throughout the year, while the 2d lineage only in the coldest months (June to October). Strikingly, the 2c lineage was detected only in Salto city during March 2011. In this city it was observed the highest frequency of HAstV and the greatest genetic diversity, probably due to its role as high touristic spot with an important influx of visitants from others regions of Uruguay and also from other countries. This study constitutes the first report in Uruguay that describes the phylogenetic diversity and genotype distribution of HAstV strains circulating in the Northwestern region evidencing a high frequency and also the presence of several different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lizasoain
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular. Regional Norte - CENUR Noroeste, Universidad de la República, Gral. Rivera 1350, 50000, Salto, Uruguay
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Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus. Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic (MAstV 1), HAstV-MLB (MAstV 6), and HAstV-VA/HMO (MAstV 8 and MAstV 9) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Emerging trends in the epidemiology of human astrovirus infection among infants, children and adults hospitalized with acute watery diarrhea in Kolkata, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1685-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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González GG, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with sporadic gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1972-82. [PMID: 21915873 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology and clinical symptoms in infants and young children with acute sporadic viral gastroenteritis due to viral etiologies other than rotaviruses have not been studied thoroughly in developing countries. Fecal specimens from 480 children <5 years of age who were admitted to a large children's hospital in the city of Valencia, Venezuela, with acute diarrhea during January to December 2003 were collected and screened by ELISA and RT-PCR for rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus. Viral isolates were partially characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Norovirus viral load was determined by qRT-PCR. Viruses were identified in 205 (43%) of the 480 stool samples collected. Rotavirus was the virus detected most frequently (21%), followed by norovirus (13%), adenovirus (5%), sapovirus (3%), and astrovirus (2%). Viral infection rates were highest in the 6- to 11-month-old group (49%) and lowest in children >24 months old. Norovirus GII was more prevalent (90%) than GI (10%). Enteric adenovirus (serotypes 40/41) was present in 43% of the adenovirus-positive samples. Rotavirus infection caused more severe clinical symptoms than the other viruses detected, with more vomiting (84%) and dehydration (11%) that led to hospital admission of 20% of the children with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus and norovirus showed marked and opposite seasonal patterns. No association was observed between disease severity and viral load in children infected with norovirus. These results not only confirm the impact of rotavirus infection in Venezuela but also indicate that other enteric viruses, especially noroviruses, contribute significantly to sporadic acute gastroenteritis and to the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán G González
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela.
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Glass RI, Bresee JS. Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Other Gastroenteritis Viral Infections. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149586 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Rajal VB, Cruz C, Last JA. Water quality issues and infant diarrhoea in a South American province. Glob Public Health 2010; 5:348-63. [PMID: 20473801 DOI: 10.1080/17441690802447267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the province of Salta, in the Northwest region of Argentina, almost two-thirds of the population live in absolute poverty, and diseases associated with poverty are rampant. Almost 12% of the total population of the province are children below 5 years of age; almost half of these infants are living in situations where the basic necessities are not available. Primitive sanitary conditions, including widespread contamination of available water supplies with pathogens, contribute to a major public health problem. Infant mortality was 17% higher for Salta than for Argentina as a whole in 2001. A major cause of death for these children is infectious disease, especially respiratory and intestinal diseases. In Salta, more than half of the total population of infants is affected by diarrhoea annually. The infectious pathogens are diverse: bacteria (predominantly in spring and summer), viruses (especially in the winter) and parasites (endemic in some situations). This paper evaluates current methods used to test for the presence of pathogens in drinking water; discusses why these methods are less than adequate; documents an episode of contamination in a local water supply source; and suggests appropriate methods that can be used to better address this major public health issue effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Rajal
- INIQUI, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
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Jang SY, Jeong WH, Kim MS, Lee YM, Lee JI, Lee GC, Paik SY, Koh GP, Kim JM, Lee CH. Detection of replicating negative-sense RNAs in CaCo-2 cells infected with human astrovirus. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1383-9. [PMID: 20544235 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis in infants under five. However, determination of the infectivity of clinical isolates is difficult, and the replication cycle of HAstV is not yet fully understood. In this study, it was attempted to detect negative-sense (-)RNAs generated during the replication of RNA viruses. We used clinical isolates of HAstV to infect CaCo-2 cells. Reverse transcription using only a sense primer followed by PCR using both sense and antisense primers showed that (-)RNAs were first detected in CaCo-2 cells between 9 and 12 h postinfection (p.i.). However, these (-)RNAs were not detected when cells were treated with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide during HAstV infection. Next, RT with only an antisense primer followed by PCR was performed to detect (+)RNA of HAstVs after production of (-)RNAs during replication. RT-PCR results using the antisense primer revealed that the amount of (+)RNA began to increase starting 9 h p.i., indicating an accumulation of the newly synthesized (+)RNA genome. Cycloheximide was observed to abrogate the increase of newly made (+)RNA during HAstV infection. In conclusion, the use of sense or antisense primers during the RT reaction together with cycloheximide enabled us to quantitatively detect (-)RNAs, and this proved to be an useful tool in understanding the replication cycle of HAstV.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
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Dai YC, Xu QH, Wu XB, Hu GF, Tang YL, Li JD, Chen Q, Nie J. Development of real-time and nested RT-PCR to detect astrovirus and one-year survey of astrovirus in Jiangmen City, China. Arch Virol 2010; 155:977-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Gharbi-Khelifi H, de Rougemont A, Hassine M, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Pothier P, Guédiche MN, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus and adenovirus serotypes 40/41 strains related to acute diarrhea in Tunisian children. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1895-902. [PMID: 19774695 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (AstV) and adenovirus types 40 and 41 (AdV 40/41) are responsible for epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children in Tunisia. A total of 788 fecal samples were collected during a 4-year period in the region of Monastir, from children under 12 years old, hospitalized or presenting in dispensaries with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. AstV and AdV40/41 were detected by immunoenzymatic methods and confirmed by PCR/RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for nucleotide homology with reference strains. AstV and AdV40/41 were characterized as a causative agent in 28 (3.6%) and 18 (2.3%) of the fecal samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AstVs belonged to the serotypes 3 (n = 4; 14.3%) and 1 (n = 24; 85.7%), and the enteric AdVs to the serotypes 40 (n = 1; 5.6%) and 41 (n = 17; 94.4%). This is the first report that describes the molecular epidemiology of AstV and AdV40/41 in Tunisian children. Their respective detection rate was very low, far below that of rotavirus and norovirus. The genetic diversity among these two viruses is relatively limited and varies depending on the area.
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Silva PA, Santos RAT, Costa PSS, Teixeira JMS, Giugliano LG, Andreasi MSA, Leite JPG, Schreier E, Cardoso DDDDP. The circulation of human astrovirus genotypes in the Central West Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:655-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andreia Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública; Robert Koch-Institute, Germany
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Logan C, O’Sullivan N. Detection of viral agents of gastroenteritis: Norovirus, Sapovirus and Astrovirus. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus, Sapovirus and Astrovirus are causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups, but most frequently the young, the elderly and persons in semi-closed communities such as hospitals, nursing homes, military bases and cruise ships. The sensitive and rapid detection of causative agents of viral gastroenteritis is key to the effective implementation of infection control systems. Traditional detection methods such as electron microscopy and antigen detection assays lack sensitivity. The detection of gastrointestinal viruses by molecular methods has resulted in increased levels of detection, and enables the epidemiological investigation of viral strains. The significant diversity of gastrointestinal viruses, in particular Norovirus and Sapovirus, are compounded by increasing reports of virus recombination, and pose an ongoing challenge to the development of sensitive and specific molecular detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Logan
- Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Niamh O’Sullivan
- Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland, and, Department of Pathology, Coombe Women’s Hospital, Dolphins Barn, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Molecular detection and characterization of gastroenteritis viruses occurring naturally in the stream waters of Manaus, central Amazonia, Brazil. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 74:375-82. [PMID: 18065620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00944-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the presence of the four main viruses responsible for human acute gastroenteritis in a hydrographic network impacted by a disordered urbanization process, a 1-year study was performed involving water sample collection from streams in the hydrographic basin surrounding the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Thirteen surface water sample collection sites, including different areas of human settlement characterized as urban, rural, and primary forest, located in the Tarumã-Açu, São Raimundo, Educandos, and Puraquequara microbasins, were defined with a global positioning system. At least one virus was detected in 59.6% (31/52) of the water samples analyzed, and rotavirus was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by human adenovirus (30.8%), human astrovirus (15.4%), and norovirus (5.8%). The viral contamination observed mainly in the urban streams reflected the presence of a local high-density population and indicated the gastroenteritis burden from pathogenic viruses in the water, principally due to recreational activities such as bathing. The presence of viral genomes in areas where fecal contamination was not demonstrated by bacterial indicators suggests prolonged virus persistence in aquatic environments and emphasizes the enteric virus group as the most reliable for environmental monitoring.
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Logan C, O'Leary JJ, O'Sullivan N. Real-time reverse transcription PCR detection of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:36-44. [PMID: 17644197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of highly sensitive real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the detection of norovirus genogroups I, II and IV, sapovirus genogroups I, II and IV, and human astrovirus from stool samples is described. Examination of 140 stool samples from paediatric patients exhibiting symptoms of diarrhoea and/or vomiting resulted in increased detection levels as compared to examination by electron microscopy. Real-time PCR resulted in a 200% increase in the rate of detection of norovirus as compared to electron microscopy. Only genogroup II noroviruses were detected in the stool specimens and when examined using partial-genotyping primers all were identified as clustering with the genogroup II/4(Bristol/Lordsdale) cluster. Sapovirus was not detected in any of the stool specimens by electron microscopy while 11% (15/140) of specimens were sapovirus positive by real-time RT-PCR, accounting for 36% of calicivirus diarrhoea. Real-time RT-PCR resulted in a tenfold increase in the rate of detection of astrovirus when compared to detection by electron microscopy with both type 1 and type 4 human astroviruses being detected in circulation. The results highlight the importance of the introduction of molecular methods for the routine screening of stool samples for causative agents of viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Logan
- Department of Microbiology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
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Resque HR, Munford V, Castilho JG, Schmich H, Caruzo TAR, Rácz ML. Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children in São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102:969-74. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Gabbay YB, Leite JPG, Oliveira DS, Nakamura LS, Nunes MRT, Mascarenhas JDP, Heinemann MB, Linhares AC. Molecular epidemiology of astrovirus type 1 in Belém, Brazil, as an agent of infantile gastroenteritis, over a period of 18 years (1982–2000): Identification of two possible new lineages. Virus Res 2007; 129:166-74. [PMID: 17714822 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are worldwide recognized as important viral enteropathogens during childhood. This study aims to determine the incidence, genetic diversity and intertype variability of HAstV-1 in children less than 5 years of age enrolled in several studies conducted in Belém/Pará, and São Luís/Maranhão, Brazil, from December 1982 to May 2000. Using EIA and RT-PCR, an overall positivity of 6.1% (155/2.534) was achieved, of these, 140 were positive by RT-PCR. The analysis of a 348bp ORF2 fragment revealed that HAstV-1 was the predominant genotype (85/140, 60.7%) throughout the 18 years of study. Phylogenetic analysis was performed for 81 of these strains, and 76 (93.8%) were genetically classified as HAstV-1a. The remainder of strains (n=5) were assigned to possible new lineages, 1e and 1f. Four of these five strains were detected in 1983 and 1984, and the lineage 1a circulated during 10 consecutive years (1990/2000). Genome sequence variation was found among the HAstV-1 strains involving all lineages, but only five nucleotide changes translated into aminoacid changes over this period, suggesting that HAstV-1 was very stable. The data obtained in this study should be useful for further studies at molecular level, including improvement of disease surveillance based on molecular diagnostic tools, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvone B Gabbay
- Virology Section, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rodovia BR 316, Km 07, S/N, Levilândia 67030-000, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
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Gabbay YB, Linhares AC, Cavalcante-Pepino EL, Nakamura LS, Oliveira DS, da Silva LD, Mascarenhas JDP, Oliveira CS, Monteiro TAF, Leite JPG. Prevalence of human astrovirus genotypes associated with acute gastroenteritis among children in Belém, Brazil. J Med Virol 2007; 79:530-8. [PMID: 17385695 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide human astroviruses (HAstV) have increasingly been recognized as causative agents of viral gastroenteritis, mainly in infants and young children. The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiology and genotype diversity of HAstVs detected in children who participated in a trial in Belém, Brazil with the rhesus human reassortant rotavirus vaccine tetravalent (RRV-TV). From April/1990 to August/1992, 624 diarrheic stool samples were tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for HAstV, with a positive rate of 4.0%. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done in 129 samples (25 positive and 104 with twice the optical density (OD) value of negative control by EIA) being 33 positive. The overall positivity yielded by both methods was 5.4% (34/624). Genotyping of the 33 positive samples was done by type-specific RT-PCR and confirmed by sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a 348-bp fragment of the ORF2 region of the capsid gene. HAstV-1 was the most prevalent, accounting for 45.5% of the isolates, followed by HAstV-2 (27.3%), HAstV-3 (12.1%), HAstV-4 (12.1%), and HAstV-6 (3.0%). The monthly distribution showed that HAstV-1 was predominant in the first year of study (May/1990 to May/1991) with highest prevalence in January/1991. HAstV-2 was predominant from July to November/1991 and HAstV-4 from September to October/1990. At 24 months of age, 30.6% of children had been infected by HAstV. The clinical symptoms registered during HAstV associated-diarrhea were usually mild. These data highlight the circulation of the different HAstV genotypes in Belém during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvone B Gabbay
- Virology Section, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
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Victoria M, Carvalho-Costa FA, Heinemann MB, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Genotypes and molecular epidemiology of human astroviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Med Virol 2007; 79:939-44. [PMID: 17516522 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is an important pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis mainly in children up to 5 years old worldwide. A total of 318 fecal samples were collected from January to December of 2004 from children with acute gastroenteritis hospitalized in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. The samples were obtained from three public hospitals and were previously investigated for the presence of rotavirus (RV) and enteric adenovirus (AdV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of HAstV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of open reading frame 2 (ORF2). HAstV infections were detected in 43 (14%) of the samples, of which 19 (6%) were mixed infections with HAstV and RV. HAstV were identified in all age groups, with 85% of the cases occurring in children younger than 2 years old. HAstV infections were more prevalent from March to May. Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever were the main clinical manifestations observed in these infections. Partial capsid sequencing of 35 HAstV strains characterized 25 (71%) as genotype 1 (HAstV-1), 6 (17%) HAstV-2, 3 (9%) HAstV-8, and 1 (3%) HAstV-4. Based on the genetic variability, three lineages were observed between RJ HAstV-1 strains. This study demonstrated the importance of HAstV infections causing acute infantile gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in RJ, Brazil. Molecular epidemiological surveillance is helpful for designing prevention strategies of HAstV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Victoria
- Department of Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Nguyen TA, Hoang L, Pham LD, Hoang KT, Mizuguchi M, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Identification of human astrovirus infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in the Southern Part of Vietnam during 2005–2006. J Med Virol 2007; 80:298-305. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Royuela E, Negredo A, Sánchez-Fauquier A. Development of a one step real-time RT-PCR method for sensitive detection of human astrovirus. J Virol Methods 2006; 133:14-9. [PMID: 16321452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) has been recognized as the second most common cause of diarrhoea among children under 5 years old. To date, the true incidence of HAstV was underestimated when using enzyme immunoabsorbent assays (EIAs) and conventional reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The sensitivity of detection of EIA is insufficient and, although RT-PCR is more sensitive than EIA, the time required is a limitation for astrovirus detection. The aim of the study was to develop a real-time RT-PCR method in order to increase the sensitivity, to quantify the viral load and to minimize the time required for HAstV detection. The real-time RT-PCR reported here requires only one rapid step to obtain a high sensitivity (0.0052 infectious units (IU) (0.0026 IU/microl)) in all human astrovirus detected. The real-time RT-PCR detected IUs down to a 10(-6) dilution with an improvement in the detection limit of factor 10(4), whereas the conventional RT-PCR detected down to IUs 10(-2) dilution. This process is able to reduce the time of the assay and avoids the risk of contamination. The method described below has been validated with a panel of 100 clinical samples and the results obtained confirmed the high specificity of the assay; consequently, the application of this assay for molecular diagnosis is feasible as a versatile tool for ascertaining the true implication of HAstV in acute viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Royuela
- Servicio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctr. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Pazdiora P, Jelínková H, Svecová M, Táborská J. First experience with diagnosing astroviral infections in children hospitalized in Pilsen (Czechia). Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:129-32. [PMID: 16821722 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Between the years 2000-2002 astroviral infection was confirmed in 0.8 % of 2606 children admitted for a diarrheal disease to the University Hospital in Pilsen (Czechia). Astrovirus infections most frequently occurred in the age group between 49-60 months, and 77.3 % of the infections occurred in winter. When the incidence was calculated for these most susceptible age groups, the positive rates were 2.4 % (between 49-60 months) and 1.2 % (between 7-12 months) respectively. On average the hospitalization lasted for 5 d, the diarrhea 3.7 d, vomiting 1.1 d, and 40.9 % of infected children had a raised temperature. In 7 out of 872 stool samples (0.8 %), astrovirus antigen has appeared in the course of the monitored period, i.e. nosocomial astrovirus infection was recorded. In view of the rarity of detecting astroviral infections it is probably not effective to include the diagnosis of these infections in the routine panel when examining the children admitted for gastrointestinal infections. The diagnosis of these infections should, however, be performed within the framework of epidemic incidence and in nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pazdiora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Charles University, 305 99 Pilsen, Czechia.
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Silva PA, Cardoso DDP, Schreier E. Molecular characterization of human astroviruses isolated in Brazil, including the complete sequences of astrovirus genotypes 4 and 5. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1405-17. [PMID: 16421636 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are recognized as an important cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. This study describes the molecular characteristics of astroviruses isolated in Brazil, using RT-PCR and molecular sequencing of segments of all three viral ORFs. Genetic analysis of a 348-nucleotide segment from ORF 2 demonstrated that the Brazilian isolates belong to HAstV genotypes 1 to 5 and 8. ORF 1b sequences displayed a high degree of nucleotide identity even between different genotypes, which disfavours HAstV genotyping in this region. ORF 1a sequence analysis classified all Brazilian samples as genogroup A. The complete sequences of HAstV genotype 4 (putative serotype 4) and genotype 5 (putative serotype 5) were determined for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Gabbay YB, Luz CRNED, Costa IV, Cavalcante-Pepino EL, Sousa MS, Oliveira KK, Wanzeller ALM, Mascarenhas JDP, Leite JPG, Linhares AC. Prevalence and genetic diversity of astroviruses in children with and without diarrhea in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:709-14. [PMID: 16410955 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000700004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) have been increasingly identified as important etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in children up to five years old. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotype diversity of HAstV in children with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. From June 1997 to July 1999 a total of 183 fecal samples 84 from symptomatic and 99 from asymptomatic children were tested by enzyme immunoassay for HAstV. Prevalence rates were found to be 11 and 3% for symptomatic and asymptomatic children, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out in 46 specimens (26 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic) including the 12 samples that were positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The overall positivity yielded by both methods was 8% (15/184); of these, 11% (9/84) for symptomatic and 5% (5/99) for those without symptoms or signs. Sequence analysis of amplicons revealed that HAstV-1 genotype was the most prevalent, accounting for 60% of isolates. Genotypes 2, 3, 4, and 5 were also detected, as one single isolate (10%) for each type. Variations in the sequences were observed when Brazilian isolates were compared to prototype strains identified in the United Kingdom. No seasonal pattern of occurrence was observed during these two years of study, and peak detection rate was observed in children aged between 3 and 6 months in the symptomatic group, and between 18 and 24 months in the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvone B Gabbay
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Descriptions of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis have become a prominent feature in scientific journals and other media such as the electronic reporting service 'promed'. A review of outbreak reports was done to further our understanding of the burden of disease, common and rare modes of transmission, complications, and possibilities for control and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Viral gastroenteritis outbreaks occur worldwide. In 2004, besides outbreak reports and surveys, there was considerable attention paid to food and waterborne outbreaks and the difficulties in proving these modes of transmission. Costs of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks are high. Complications and unusual manifestations of viral gastroenteritis, such as convulsions, transplant rejection, and chronic infection, may have been underreported. SUMMARY Viral gastroenteritis is a very common illness in health care settings that can cause significant disruption. Clinicians working in these settings should be familiar with the epidemiology and the possible modes of transmission of enteric viruses to be able to translate them into strategies for prevention or intervention. Research is needed to support these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Koopmans
- Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since Kapakian first identified a virus in the stool of a patient with diarrhoea in 1972, many viruses have been described that cause diarrhoea directly or indirectly. It is now appreciated that viruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal illness worldwide. Although bacteria and other pathogens cause significant numbers of gastroenteritis, it is the viruses that are dealt with in this review. The viruses responsible will be discussed individually. RECENT FINDINGS Rotavirus remains the leading cause of diarrhoeal disease overall, with the newly designated calicivirus family causing the most outbreaks in the industrialized nations. As diagnostic techniques improve, however, the importance of astrovirus and other previously under-reported pathogens is becoming more apparent and the number of viruses associated with gastroenteritis continues to increase. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, arguably the most important emerging infection of recent years and a cause of significant gastrointestinal disease, is also discussed. SUMMARY No effective treatments have been developed for viral gastroenteritis. Current efforts are targeted at the development of suitable vaccines and the implementation of infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clark
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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