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Berkebile ZW, Putri DS, Abrahante JE, Seelig DM, Schleiss MR, Bierle CJ. The Placental Response to Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Depends Upon the Timing of Maternal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686415. [PMID: 34211475 PMCID: PMC8239309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the placenta, and these placental infections can cause fetal injury and/or demise. The timing of maternal HCMV infection during pregnancy is a determinant of fetal outcomes, but how development affects the placenta's susceptibility to infection, the likelihood of placental injury post-infection, and the frequency of transplacental HCMV transmission remains unclear. In this study, guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) was used to model primary maternal infection and compare the effects of infection at two different times on the placenta. When guinea pigs were infected with GPCMV at either 21- or 35-days gestation (dGA), maternal and placental viral loads, as determined by droplet digital PCR, were not significantly affected by the timing of maternal infection. However, when the transcriptomes of gestational age-matched GPCMV-infected and control placentas were compared, significant infection-associated changes in gene expression were only observed after maternal infection at 35 dGA. Notably, transcripts associated with immune activation (e.g. Cxcl10, Ido1, Tgtp1, and Tlr8) were upregulated in the infected placenta. A GPCMV-specific in situ hybridization assay detected rare infected cells in the main placenta after maternal infection at either time, and maternal infection at 35 dGA also caused large areas of GPCMV-infected cells in the junctional zone. As GPCMV infection after mid-gestation is known to cause high rates of stillbirth and/or fetal growth restriction, our results suggest that the placenta becomes sensitized to infection-associated injury late in gestation, conferring an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes after cytomegalovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Berkebile
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dira S. Putri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark R. Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Craig J. Bierle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Putri DS, Berkebile ZW, Mustafa HJ, Fernández-Alarcón C, Abrahante JE, Schleiss MR, Bierle CJ. Cytomegalovirus infection elicits a conserved chemokine response from human and guinea pig amnion cells. Virology 2020; 548:93-100. [PMID: 32838950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the chorioamnion, but whether these infections cause fetal membrane dysfunction remains poorly understood. We sought to assess whether guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infects amnion-derived cells in vitro, compare the inflammatory response of amnion cells to GPCMV and HCMV, and determine if GPCMV infects the amnion in vivo. We found that GPCMV replicates in primary guinea pig amnion derived cells and HPV16 E6/E7-transduced amniotic epithelial cells (AEC[E6/E7]s). HCMV and GPCMV infection of amnion cells increased the transcription of the chemokines CCL5/Ccl5, CXCL8/Cxcl8, and CXCL10/Cxcl10. Myd88-knockdown decreased Ccl5 and Cxc8 transcription in GPCMV-infected AEC[E6/E7]s. GPCMV was detected in the guinea pig amnion after primary maternal infection, revealing that guinea pigs are an appropriate model to study fetal membrane physiology after cytomegalovirus infection. As inflammation is known to cause fetal membrane weakening, the amnion's response to cytomegalovirus infection may cause preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dira S Putri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Zachary W Berkebile
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hiba J Mustafa
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Craig J Bierle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Nelson CS, Baraniak I, Lilleri D, Reeves MB, Griffiths PD, Permar SR. Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S45-S59. [PMID: 32134477 PMCID: PMC7057792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence: Cody S. Nelson, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2 Genome Ct, Durham, NC 27710 ()
| | - Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Transplantation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Itell HL, Nelson CS, Martinez DR, Permar SR. Maternal immune correlates of protection against placental transmission of cytomegalovirus. Placenta 2017; 60 Suppl 1:S73-S79. [PMID: 28456432 PMCID: PMC5650553 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenitally transmitted pathogen worldwide, impacting an estimated 1 million newborns annually. In a subset of infected infants, congenital HCMV causes severe, long-lasting sequelae, including deafness, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental delay, and even death. Accordingly, a maternal vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV infection continues to be a top public health priority. Nevertheless, all vaccines tested to date have failed to meet clinical trial endpoints. Maternal immunity provides partial protection against congenital HCMV transmission, as vertical transmission from seropositive mothers is relatively rare. Therefore, an understanding of the maternal immune correlates of protection against HCMV congenital infection will be critical to inform design of an efficacious maternal vaccine. This review summarizes our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune correlates of protection against congenital transmission of HCMV, and discusses the advantages and applications of a novel nonhuman primate model of congenital CMV transmission to aid in rational vaccine design and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Davey A, Eastman L, Hansraj P, Hemmings DG. Human cytomegalovirus is protected from inactivation by reversible binding to villous trophoblasts. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:198-207. [PMID: 21368297 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.088567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital disease in the developed world. Transmission of HCMV to the fetus can occur through the villous placenta. Previously, we have shown that although syncytiotrophoblast (ST) can be productively infected, it is more likely that HCMV reaches the fetus through breaks in the ST than through basal release of progeny virus from infected ST. Progeny virus released on the maternal side could interact back with the ST and accumulate. In pregnancy, the organ distribution of disease burden is dramatically shifted, with the placenta reported as a reservoir for some pathogens. Thus, we propose that the ST layer functions as a viral reservoir, where HCMV is harbored and ultimately protected from degradation. Using primary cytotrophoblasts differentiated into an ST culture in vitro and challenged with HCMV, we have defined reversible binding between the virus and trophoblasts that protects the virus from degradation. This is blocked by treatment with low pH and neutralizing intravenous immunoglobulin. This reversible binding likely is to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, because heparin treatment blocks it. Importantly, we show that bound and released virus maintained in culture for at least 48 h results from inoculum and not progeny virus. Thus, the placenta has the potential to accumulate a relatively high steady-state level of virus within the intervillous space resulting from localized binding and release at the ST. A better understanding of the molecular interactions between HCMV and ST will provide insights regarding interventions to prevent or minimize congenital transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Davey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Britt W. Manifestations of human cytomegalovirus infection: proposed mechanisms of acute and chronic disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 325:417-70. [PMID: 18637519 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans with acquired or developmental deficits in innate and adaptive immunity. In the normal immunocompetent host, symptoms rarely accompany acute infections, although prolonged virus shedding is frequent. Virus persistence is established in all infected individuals and appears to be maintained by both a chronic productive infections as well as latency with restricted viral gene expression. The contributions of the each of these mechanisms to the persistence of this virus in the individual is unknown but frequent virus shedding into the saliva and genitourinary tract likely accounts for the near universal incidence of infection in most populations in the world. The pathogenesis of disease associated with acute HCMV infection is most readily attributable to lytic virus replication and end organ damage either secondary to virus replication and cell death or from host immunological responses that target virus-infected cells. Antiviral agents limit the severity of disease associated with acute HCMV infections, suggesting a requirement for virus replication in clinical syndromes associated with acute infection. End organ disease secondary to unchecked virus replication can be observed in infants infected in utero, allograft recipients receiving potent immunosuppressive agents, and patients with HIV infections that exhibit a loss of adaptive immune function. In contrast, diseases associated with chronic or persistent infections appear in normal individuals and in the allografts of the transplant recipient. The manifestations of these infections appear related to chronic inflammation, but it is unclear if poorly controlled virus replication is necessary for the different phenotypic expressions of disease that are reported in these patients. Although the relationship between HCMV infection and chronic allograft rejection is well known, the mechanisms that account for the role of this virus in graft loss are not well understood. However, the capacity of this virus to persist in the midst of intense inflammation suggests that its persistence could serve as a trigger for the induction of host-vs-graft responses or alternatively host responses to HCMV could contribute to the inflammatory milieu characteristic of chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harbor Bldg. 104, 1600 7th Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Mcgavigan CJ, Sivaprakasam V, Aitken C, Mackenzie F. CMV Infection In Multiple Pregnancy — The Unpredictability Of Infectivity And Affectivity. Scott Med J 2008. [DOI: 10.1258/rsmsmj.53.3.57f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital CMV infections are the commonest congenitally transmitted infections affecting 0.5 to 2 % of all live births around the globe.1 Here we report a case of congenital CMV infection in a woman with a triplet pregnancy with variable outcomes in all three fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Mcgavigan
- Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, 16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER
| | - V Sivaprakasam
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Regional Virus Lab, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN
| | - C Aitken
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Regional Virus Lab, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN
| | - F Mackenzie
- Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Princess Royal Maternity Hospital, 16 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER
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8
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Kern ER. Pivotal role of animal models in the development of new therapies for cytomegalovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:164-71. [PMID: 16828175 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is extremely species specific and does not replicate in experimental animal tissues, animal models for the evaluation of antiviral agents for these infections have utilized surrogate animal viruses including murine CMV, rat CMV and guinea pig CMV. Murine CMV and rat CMV infections in normal and immunocompromised animals provide models of disseminated infection and are ideal for screening of new agents. While guinea pig CMV infection in immunocompromised animals also provides a model for disseminated disease, the model for congenital CMV is unique among all the experimental models. While these models have played a major role in the development of ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir, they do not provide information directly related to human CMV, nor are they useful for evaluation of agents that are active only against human CMV. The SCID-hu mouse models in which human tissue is infected with human CMV has been very useful in the development of new antiviral agents such as maribavir and cyclopropavir. Collectively these experimental CMV infections provide a variety of models representing various aspects of CMV infection in humans that are highly predictive for antiviral efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl R Kern
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pediatrics, CHB 128, 1600 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States.
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Loh HS, Mohd-Lila MA, Abdul-Rahman SO, Kiew LJ. Pathogenesis and vertical transmission of a transplacental rat cytomegalovirus. Virol J 2006; 3:42. [PMID: 16737550 PMCID: PMC1500997 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection is the major viral cause of well-documented birth defects in human. Because CMV is species-specific, the main obstacle to developing animal models for congenital infection is the difference in placental architecture, which preludes virus transmission across the placenta. The rat placenta, resembling histologically to that of human, could therefore facilitate the study of CMV congenital infection in human. RESULTS In this report, we present clear evidences of the transplacental property of a new rat CMV (RCMV), namely ALL-03, which had been isolated from placenta and uterus of the house rat. Our study signifies the detection of infectious virus, virus particles, viral protein and DNA as well as immune response to demonstrate a natural model of acute CMV infection including the immunocompetent and immunocompromised host associated with or without pregnancy. It is characterized by a full range of CMV related clinical signs; lesions and anatomical virus distribution to uterus, placenta, embryo, fetus, neonate, lung, kidney, spleen, liver and salivary gland of the infected rats in addition to the virus-specific seroconversion. The preference of the virus for different organs mimics the situation in immunocompromised man. Most interestingly, the placenta was observed to be involved in the maternofetal infection and hence confirmed the hypothesis that the RCMV strain ALL-03 is capable to cross the placenta and infect the offsprings congenitally. CONCLUSION The maternal viremia leading to uterine infection which subsequently infecting to the fetus through the placenta is the most likely phenomenon of CMV vertical transmission in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-San Loh
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheikh-Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lik-Jun Kiew
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Jones
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Harrison CJ, Caruso N. Correlation of maternal and pup NK-like activity and TNF responses against cytomegalovirus to pregnancy outcome in inbred guinea pigs. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200002)60:2<230::aid-jmv20>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Plotkin
- Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Doylestown, PA 18901, USA.
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14
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Roy DM, Brenner MK, Cook D, Duncan RI, Griffiths PD, Grundy JE. Transfer of humoral immunity against cytomegalovirus proteins following transplantation of T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow from seropositive donors. J Med Virol 1993; 41:150-8. [PMID: 8283177 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890410211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous work by Grob et al. [Lancet i: 774, 1987] has demonstrated that allogeneic, T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplant recipients have a better prognosis for reactivated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection if their donor is also immune. It was proposed that adoptively transferred humoral immunity was responsible for the protective effect of active infection. Immunoblot analysis using purified virions was used here to examine pre- and posttransplant antibody responses of seropositive recipients who had undergone active viral infection after transplantation. Immunoblots were assessed for the numbers of polypeptides recognised and reactivity against individual polypeptides. Immunoblots were also scanned by quantitative densitometry, and the intensity of antibody responses against total viral protein and individual polypeptides was determined. Sera from recipients with immune donors exhibited a secondary-type immune response in terms of both intensity and polypeptide specific pattern of antibody reactivity, compared with those recipients with nonimmune donors. In particular, recipients with immune donors appeared to show a greater reactivity against a protein of M(r) 55,000; this may represent the envelope glycoprotein gB, which is a major target for neutralising antibodies, and might also be utilised for preparing an effective vaccine for CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Roy
- Division of Communicable Diseases, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
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Stanberry LR. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus infection and animal models for its study. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 179:15-30. [PMID: 1499348 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77247-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L R Stanberry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio
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Boldogh I, AbuBakar S, Fons MP, Deng CZ, Albrecht T. Activation of cellular oncogenes by clinical isolates and laboratory strains of human cytomegalovirus. J Med Virol 1991; 34:241-7. [PMID: 1719130 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890340409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect on cellular (c) oncogene RNA levels was investigated after infection of permissive cells with cell culture adapted strains (AD-169, C-87, Davis) and unadapted clinical isolates (82-1, 84-2, 85-1) of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The results indicate that both adapted and unadapted strains of HCMV induce substantial increases in c-oncogene RNA levels for fos, jun, and myc measured by Northern blot hybridization. Elimination of immediate early (IE) protein synthesis between 0 and 3 hrs or reduction of virus infectivity (99.99%) by UV-irradiation did not reduce the increase in c-oncogene RNA levels. Inhibition of viral and cellular protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in a high abundance (superinduction) of specific RNAs which hybridized to c-oncogene probes after infection with either adapted or unadapted strains of HCMV. These data suggest that IE viral gene expression is not essential for activation of c-oncogenes. Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by blocking RNA elongation with actinomycin-D or by inhibiting the activity of RNA polymerase II with alpha-amanitin significantly reduced the increase in c-oncogene RNA levels, suggesting that activation of cellular genes by HCMV is controlled at the level of transcription. Activation of c-oncogenes by HCMV may be particularly important because their protein products appear to be involved in initiation and regulation of viral and cellular gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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18
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Harrison CJ, Burger R. Low maternal CD4 count at inception of gestational cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and impaired humoral response: effect on congenital CMV infection in the guinea pig. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 60:171-80. [PMID: 1676941 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90061-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the rate and clinical expression of disease in congenitally cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected infants is modified by maternal immunity to CMV. We used the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection to compare maternal CD4+ T-cell numbers in nonpregnant animals to those in pregnant dams just before and 7-14 days after inoculation with guinea pig CMV (gpCMV) very early, early, or late in gestation. We also examined ELISA antibody responses to gpCMV in the inoculated nonpregnant and pregnant animals. When compared to nonpregnant uninfected animals, CD4 counts were lower in very early and in late uninfected gestation. CD4 counts also dropped further in the postinoculation period. Compared to nonpregnant gpCMV-inoculated animals, initial antibody responses to gpCMV were also decreased in gpCMV-infected pregnant dams. The group of dams inoculated very early in pregnancy experienced delays in seroconversion to gpCMV, persisting low titers throughout gestation, in utero fetal resorptions, and CNS-infected pups. The group of dams inoculated late in gestation had the lowest geometric mean titers at delivery (almost 50% with no detectable antibody) and a high rate of vertical gpCMV transmission and postnatal pup death. Significantly lower rates of both congenital infection and postnatal pup deaths were observed in litters of late gestation-infected dams that had gpCMV antibody at delivery. Thus, decreased circulating maternal CD4+ T cells very early and late in gestation were further decreased after gpCMV inoculation and were associated with delayed and depressed maternal antibody responses, all of which were associated with poor outcome after primary maternal gpCMV infection, the expression of which varied by time in pregnancy when gpCMV was acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Harrison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-2899
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Tanaka A, Moriuchi H, Hirota K, Numazaki Y. Neutralizing antibody response to cytomegalovirus in seropositive pregnant women. J Med Virol 1991; 34:85-8. [PMID: 1653821 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890340203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neutralizing (NT) antibody response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in seropositive pregnant women was evaluated to establish the role of protective humoral immunity in HCMV infections (reactivation) during pregnancy. Complement fixation (CF) antibody titers increased significantly in 54 (0.62%) of 8,663 seropositive cases tested during gestation. However, titers of NT antibody, when tested in the presence of complement (C'), increased as gestation progressed and exceeded 1:500 in most of the cases in whom the CF antibody titer had shown earlier an insignificant increase. When NT antibodies were tested in the absence of C', insignificant increase in titers were found. The results suggest that the presence of high titer of NT antibody may play an important role in protective humoral immunity against reactivation of HCMV in pregnant women, and may also be effective in preventing intrauterine infection and modulating the severity of perinatal infection in offspring borne of HCMV carrier mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Virus Research Center, Sendai National Hospital, Japan
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