1
|
Zorec TM, Skubic L, Poljak M. A novel digital PCR assay for detection and comprehensive characterization of Molluscum contagiosum virus genotypes MOCV1, MOCV2, and MOCV3 and recombinant lineages. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114993. [PMID: 38960327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV) is an important human pathogen causing a high disease burden worldwide. It is the last exclusively human-infecting poxvirus still circulating in its natural reservoir-a valuable model of poxviral evolution. Unfortunately, MOCV remains neglected, and little is known about its evolutionary history and circulating genomic variants, especially in non-privileged countries. The design weaknesses of available MOCV detection/genotyping assays surfaced with recent accumulation of abundant sequence information: all existing MOCV assays fail at accurate genotyping and capturing sub-genotype level diversity. Because complete MOCV genome characterization is an expensive and labor-intensive task, it makes sense to prioritize samples for whole-genome sequencing by diversity triage screening. To meet this demand, we developed a novel assay for accurate MOCV detection and genotyping, and comprehensive sub-genotype qualification to the level of phylogenetic groups (PGs). The assay included a novel set of oligonucleotide primers and probes, and it was implemented using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). It offers sensitive, specific, and accurate detection, genotyping (MOCV1-MOCV3), and PG qualification (PG1-6) of MOCV DNA from clinical samples. The novel dPCR assay is suitable for MOCV diversity triage screening and prioritization of samples for complete MOCV genome characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž M Zorec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucijan Skubic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zorec TM, Alm E, Lind Karlberg M, Advani R, Hošnjak L, Poljak M. Comprehensive analysis of 66 complete molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV) genomes: characterization and functional annotation of 47 novel complete MOCV genomes, including the first genome of MOCV genotype 3, and a proposal for harmonized MOCV genotyping indexing. mBio 2023; 14:e0222423. [PMID: 37947415 PMCID: PMC10746250 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02224-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Four molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV) genotypes (MOCV1-4) and four subtype variants were partially characterized using restriction enzyme profiling in the 1980s/1990s, but complete genome sequences of only MOCV1 and MOCV2 are available. The evolutionary pathways whereby genotypes/subtype variants with unavailable sequences emerged and whether all MOCVs can be detected using current diagnostic approaches remain unclear. We fully characterized 47 novel complete MOCV genomes, including the first complete MOCV3 genome, expanding the number of fully characterized genomes to 66. For reliably classifying the novel non-MOCV1/2 genomes, we developed and validated a framework for matching sequence-derived restriction maps with those defining MOCV subtypes in pioneering studies. Six phylogenetic subgroups (PG1-6) were identified, PG5 representing a novel MOCV2 subtype. The phylogenetic subgroups diverged from the prototype lineages following large-scale recombination events and hinted at partial sequence content of MOCV4 and direction of recombinant transfer in the events spawning PG5 and yet undetected MOCV1vb variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Mark Zorec
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology and Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Center, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erik Alm
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Reza Advani
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology and Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Center, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mario Poljak
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology and Slovenian HIV/AIDS Reference Center, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Characterization of a Complete Genome Sequence of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus from an Adult Woman in Australia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/1/e00939-20. [PMID: 33414285 PMCID: PMC7802512 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00939-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of molluscum contagiosum virus 1 (MOCV1) isolate NT2017 was sequenced from a tissue sample from an Australian woman. The genome consisted of 185,655 bp encoding 169 predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetically, isolate NT2017 was most closely related to an MOCV1 strain from Slovenia. The complete genome sequence of molluscum contagiosum virus 1 (MOCV1) isolate NT2017 was sequenced from a tissue sample from an Australian woman. The genome consisted of 185,655 bp encoding 169 predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetically, isolate NT2017 was most closely related to an MOCV1 strain from Slovenia.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zorec TM, Kutnjak D, Hošnjak L, Kušar B, Trčko K, Kocjan BJ, Li Y, Križmarić M, Miljković J, Ravnikar M, Poljak M. New Insights into the Evolutionary and Genomic Landscape of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV) based on Nine MCV1 and Six MCV2 Complete Genome Sequences. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110586. [PMID: 30373153 PMCID: PMC6266040 DOI: 10.3390/v10110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the sole member of the Molluscipoxvirus genus and the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum (MC), a common skin disease. Although it is an important and frequent human pathogen, its genetic landscape and evolutionary history remain largely unknown. In this study, ten novel complete MCV genome sequences of the two most common MCV genotypes were determined (five MCV1 and five MCV2 sequences) and analyzed together with all MCV complete genomes previously deposited in freely accessible sequence repositories (four MCV1 and a single MCV2). In comparison to MCV1, a higher degree of nucleotide sequence conservation was observed among MCV2 genomes. Large-scale recombination events were identified in two newly assembled MCV1 genomes and one MCV2 genome. One recombination event was located in a newly identified recombinant region of the viral genome, and all previously described recombinant regions were re-identified in at least one novel MCV genome. MCV genes comprising the identified recombinant segments have been previously associated with viral interference with host T-cell and NK-cell immune responses. In conclusion, the two most common MCV genotypes emerged along divergent evolutionary pathways from a common ancestor, and the differences in the heterogeneity of MCV1 and MCV2 populations may be attributed to the strictness of the constraints imposed by the host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž M Zorec
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Blanka Kušar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Trčko
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Boštjan J Kocjan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Miljenko Križmarić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 6b, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Jovan Miljković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 6b, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mario Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
López-Bueno A, Parras-Moltó M, López-Barrantes O, Belda S, Alejo A. Recombination events and variability among full-length genomes of co-circulating molluscum contagiosum virus subtypes 1 and 2. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1073-1079. [PMID: 28555548 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the sole member of the Molluscipoxvirus genus and causes a highly prevalent human disease of the skin characterized by the formation of a variable number of lesions that can persist for prolonged periods of time. Two major genotypes, subtype 1 and subtype 2, are recognized, although currently only a single complete genomic sequence corresponding to MCV subtype 1 is available. Using next-generation sequencing techniques, we report the complete genomic sequence of four new MCV isolates, including the first one derived from a subtype 2. Comparisons suggest a relatively distant evolutionary split between both MCV subtypes. Further, our data illustrate concurrent circulation of distinct viruses within a population and reveal the existence of recombination events among them. These results help identify a set of MCV genes with potentially relevant roles in molluscum contagiosum epidemiology and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Marcos Parras-Moltó
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa' (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Sylvia Belda
- Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martin P. Interventions for molluscum contagiosum in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:956-66. [PMID: 26991246 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral skin disease that presents with white, painless papules with central umbilication. In immunocompent individuals, MC is usually a benign infection that resolves without intervention. In HIV positive people, symptoms of MC can be more severe. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the literature on strategies for treating MC in people concomitantly infected with HIV and subsequently make recommendations on best management strategies for these people. METHOD Searches were conducted of the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, LILACS, IndMED, Global Health, ClinicalTrials.Gov, and Current Controlled Trials. Grey literature was searched via the New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature Report and Open Grey. References cited in previous reviews and references cited in studies identified as being possibly relevant were also reviewed. No language restrictions were imposed. Papers from 1980 to present were reviewed. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Thirteen studies were included in this review. Two papers were comparative studies, one of which was randomized and neither of which were blinded. Ten papers were observational studies with heterogeneous populations. One study was a multicentre cohort study. CONCLUSION Given the poor quality of study design, wide array of outcome variables, and lack of objective evidence, no specific recommendation can be made for the treatment of MC in people infected with HIV, other than the initiation of ART. Despite the good impact ART has made on prevalence of dermatologic disease, MC remains an important cause of morbidity in HIV positive populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Martin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum (MC), the third most common viral skin infection in children, and one of the five most prevalent skin diseases worldwide. No FDA-approved treatments, vaccines, or commercially available rapid diagnostics for MCV are available. This review discusses several aspects of this medically important virus including: physical properties of MCV, MCV pathogenesis, MCV replication, and immune responses to MCV infection. Sequencing of the MCV genome revealed novel immune evasion molecules which are highlighted here. Special attention is given to the MCV MC159 and MC160 proteins. These proteins are FLIPs with homologs in gamma herpesviruses and in the cell. They are of great interest because each protein regulates apoptosis, NF-κB, and IRF3. However, the mechanism that each protein uses to impart its effects is different. It is important to elucidate how MCV inhibits immune responses; this knowledge contributes to our understanding of viral pathogenesis and also provides new insights into how the immune system neutralizes virus infections.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen X, Anstey AV, Bugert JJ. Molluscum contagiosum virus infection. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:877-88. [PMID: 23972567 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus is an important human skin pathogen: it can cause disfigurement and suffering in children, in adults it is less common and often sexually transmitted. Extensive and persistent skin infection with the virus can indicate underlying immunodeficiency. Traditional ablative therapies have not been compared directly with newer immune-modulating and specific antiviral therapies. Advances in research raise the prospect of new approaches to treatment informed by the biology of the virus; in human skin, the infection is localised in the epidermal layers, where it induces a typical, complex hyperproliferative lesion with an abundance of virus particles but a conspicuous absence of immune effectors. Functional studies of the viral genome have revealed effects on cellular pathways involved in the cell cycle, innate immunity, inflammation, and cell death. Extensive lesions caused by molluscum contagiosum can occur in patients with DOCK8 deficiency-a genetic disorder affecting migration of dendritic and specialised T cells in skin. Sudden disappearance of lesions is the consequence of a vigorous immune response in healthy people. Further study of the unique features of infection with molluscum contagiosum virus could give fundamental insight into the nature of skin immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hošnjak L, Kocjan BJ, Kušar B, Seme K, Poljak M. Rapid detection and typing of Molluscum contagiosum virus by FRET-based real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:431-4. [PMID: 23174165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was developed for very sensitive and specific detection of Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), as well as reliable differentiation of the two MCV subtype genetic lineages, MCV1 and MCV2, in a single reaction. The assay employs modified primers specific for the viral MC021L gene and uses two novel FRET hybridization probes to detect polymorphisms specific for each of the two subtypes. The sensitivity of the assay at a 95% detection level for both MCV subtypes was 3.3 DNA copies/reaction and the dynamic range was nine orders of magnitude, discriminating 10-10(9) viral genome equivalents/reaction. Post-amplification probe-specific dissociation analysis differentiated the two viral subtypes reliably in all tested concentrations. Testing of 43 tissue specimens clinically diagnosed as MCV lesions showed complete agreement with the results obtained with previously described MCV specific MC080R Taqman RT-PCR and MC021L whole gene sequencing. The novel assay is simple, robust and easy to perform, and may be of great value for clinical and epidemiological studies of MCV infections and related conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hošnjak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Patient With AIDS With Fungating Lesions of the Face and Scalp. Clin Infect Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
11
|
Mark R, Buller L. Poxviruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
12
|
Dohil MA, Lin P, Lee J, Lucky AW, Paller AS, Eichenfield LF. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:47-54. [PMID: 16384754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a viral disorder of the skin and mucous membranes characterized by discrete single or multiple, flesh-colored papules. Although MC as a clinical entity is well defined and commonly observed, few data regarding its epidemiology in the pediatric population exist. Our purpose was to collect epidemiologic data on children with MC with regard to age, gender, ethnicity, degree of involvement, relation to pre-existing atopic dermatitis (AD), and immune status. A retrospective chart review was conducted. All subjects were seen at 3 tertiary pediatric dermatology referral centers with two of the sites based at a Children's Hospital. A total of 302 patient charts with the Current Procedural Terminology code diagnosis of MC seen over a 6- to 8-month period were reviewed. Approximately 80% of the patients were younger than 8 years old. The majority of patients (63%) had more than 15 lesions. All but one patient were otherwise healthy, as determined by history and clinical examination. Approximately 24% of the patients presented with a history of previous or active coexistent AD. However, children with AD were at risk for an increased number of lesions. These data provide valuable updated information on the demographics and clinical presentation of MC in pediatric patients in the United States. Limitations include that this was a retrospective study with a population limited to tertiary pediatric dermatology referral centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene A Dohil
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The poxvirus family is a diverse and interesting group of viruses that affect both humans and animals. Poxviruses are epitheliotropic and therefore are of interest to the dermatologist. The genera of poxviruses known to affect humans are Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus. The different poxviruses are reviewed, including their history, incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Diven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liota E, Smith KJ, Buckley R, Menon P, Skelton H. Imiquimod therapy for molluscum contagiosum. J Cutan Med Surg 2000; 4:76-82. [PMID: 11179929 DOI: 10.1177/120347540000400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/1999] [Accepted: 07/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that is a member of the family Poxviridae, and which has a worldwide distribution. As with other poxviruses, MCV does not appear to develop latency but evades the immune system through the production of viral specific proteins. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream for MCV. METHODS Thirteen children >5 and <10 years old, 19 immune-competent adults and four adults with advanced, but stable HIV-1 disease with >10 MCV lesions were treated with topical 5% imiquimod cream three times weekly for up to 16 weeks. RESULTS Fourteen of 19 immune-competent adults, four of four adults with HIV-1 disease, and six of 13 children had resolution of their MCV lesions in <16 weeks of imiquimod therapy. Children tended to have more pruritus and inflammatory reactions with imiquimod, although most treated lesions appeared to respond. The development of new MCV lesions resulted in a lower overall resolution of the lesions in children. Imiquimod appeared to be the most efficacious in patients with HIV-1 disease and in the genital area in immune-competent adults. CONCLUSION Although topical imiquimod appears to have some efficacy in the therapy of MCV, in children the pruritus correlated relatively well with the development of new lesions. In adults, areas that would be expected to have better penetration appeared to respond more consistently. Although the HIV-1-positive patients had the largest clinical lesions at the onset of therapy, as a group they had the best overall response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Liota
- Department of Dermatology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20089-5600, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith KJ, Yeager J, Skelton H. Molluscum contagiosum: its clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical spectrum. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38:664-72. [PMID: 10517682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Smith
- Department of Dermatology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20089, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson CH, Yager JA, Van Rensburg IB. Close relationship between equine and human molluscum contagiosum virus demonstrated by in situ hybridisation. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:157-61. [PMID: 9625473 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the virus responsible for human molluscum contagiosum (MCV) is the causal agent of a similar disease in horses, in situ hybridisations using cloned fragments of human MCV DNA labelled with digoxigenin were carried out on formalin-fixed biopsy sections of lesions from two horses with molluscum contagiosum-like skin lesions. In both instances there was evidence of specific hybridisation of the labelled probe to target DNA in the sections under high stringency conditions, identified by the development of a deep blue-purple stain in the cytoplasm of cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum of the lesions and the absence of non-specific hybridisation in adjacent non-lesional areas of the epidermis. These results indicate that on the basis of very close homology of their viral DNA sequences, the causative virus of equine molluscum contagiosum is either identical with, or very closely related to, its human equivalent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Thompson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which enables the detection of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) genomes in either fresh or formalin-fixed clinical specimens is described. The primers used were designed to amplify a 167 bp region of the 3.8 kbp HindIII fragment K of the MCV 1 genome. The ability of this PCR to detect three common MCV types (1, 1v and 2) in clinical specimens was confirmed using frozen extracts from 75 molluscum lesions, and digests of single sections of 11 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lesions; all of which had been previously typed by Southern hybridisation. In addition, 2 specimens previously negative by hybridisation were shown to be positive for MCV DNA by PCR. Confirmation of the identity of the PCR products and distinction between the two major MCV types (MCV 1/1v versus MCV 2) was achieved by comparison of the results of cleavage with the restriction endonucleases Hhal and Sacl. Sequencing of the PCR products revealed complete homology between MCV 1 and 1v, but minor nucleotide variations between MCV 1/1v and MCV 2 were identified. As well as providing a highly sensitive means of diagnosis, the technique may also prove useful for investigations into the pathogenesis, epidemiology and natural history of molluscum contagiosum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Thompson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
STDs have worldwide distribution and result in immense social and economic cost. Knowledge of the clinical signs, symptoms, current clinical tests, and treatment recommendations is important for all health care professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L McDonald
- Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bugert JJ, Darai G. Recent advances in molluscum contagiosum virus research. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 13:35-47. [PMID: 9413524 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6534-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and variola virus (VAR) are the only two poxviruses that are specific for man. MCV causes skin tumors in humans and primarily in children and immunocompromised individuals. MCV is unable to replicate in tissue culture cells or animals. Recently, the DNA sequence of the 190 kbp MCV genome was reported by Senkevich et al. MCV was predicted to encode 163 proteins of which 103 were clearly related to those of smallpox virus. In contrast, it was found that MCV lacks 83 genes of VAR, including those involved in the suppression of the host response to infection, nucleotide biosynthesis, and cell proliferation. However, MCV possesses 59 genes predicted to code for novel proteins including MHC-class I, chemokine and glutathione peroxidase homologs not found in other poxviruses. The MCV genomic data allow the investigation of novel host defense mechanisms and provide new possibilities for the development of therapeutics for treatment and prevention of the MCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Bugert
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Universität Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|