1
|
Schülke S, Gilles S, Jirmo AC, Mayer JU. Tissue-specific antigen-presenting cells contribute to distinct phenotypes of allergy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249980. [PMID: 36938688 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical cells bridging innate and adaptive immune responses by taking up, processing, and presenting antigens to naïve T cells. At steady state, APCs thus control both tissue homeostasis and the induction of tolerance. In allergies however, APCs drive a Th2-biased immune response that is directed against otherwise harmless antigens from the environment. The main types of APCs involved in the induction of allergy are dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. However, these cell types can be further divided into local, tissue-specific populations that differ in their phenotype, migratory capacity, T-cell activating potential, and production of effector molecules. Understanding if distinct populations of APCs contribute to either tissue-specific immune tolerance, allergen sensitization, or allergic inflammation will allow us to better understand disease pathology and develop targeted treatment options for different stages of allergic disease. Therefore, this review describes the main characteristics, phenotypes, and effector molecules of the APCs involved in the induction of allergen-specific Th2 responses in affected barrier sites, such as the skin, nose, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we highlight open questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the contribution of different APCs to allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President´s Research Group: Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen (Hesse), Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Adan C Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes U Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basharat U, Aiche MM, Kim MM, Sohal M, Chang EH. Are rhinoviruses implicated in the pathogenesis of sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis exacerbations? A comprehensive review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1159-1188. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Usmaan Basharat
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Mazen M. Aiche
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Marianne M. Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Maheep Sohal
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| | - Eugene H. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holster A, Teräsjärvi J, Vuononvirta J, Koponen P, Peltola V, Helminen M, He Q, Korppi M, Nuolivirta K. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL10 gene are associated with virus etiology of infant bronchiolitis. World J Pediatr 2018; 14:594-600. [PMID: 29802545 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis is the most common infection leading to hospitalization in infancy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and in our previous study, IL10 gene rs1800896 (- 1082A/G) polymorphism was associated with viral etiology of infant bronchiolitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between IL10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at rs1800890 (- 3575A/T), rs1800871 (- 819C/T) or rs1800872 (- 592C/A) either alone or combined with the SNP at rs1800896 (- 1082G/A), and the etiology and severity of infant bronchiolitis. METHODS Data on four IL10 SNPs were available from 135 full-term infants, hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age less than 6 months, and from 378 to 400 controls. Viral etiology was studied, and oxygen support, feeding support and the length of stay in hospital were recorded during bronchiolitis hospitalization. RESULTS Infants with rhinovirus bronchiolitis had the IL10 rs1800890 variant AT or TT genotype less often (18.2%) than controls (63.3%, P = 0.03), and likewise, had the IL10 rs1800896 variant AG or GG genotype less often (27.3%) than controls (65.5%, P = 0.009). Twenty-eight infants with bronchiolitis had the variant-variant Grs1800896Trs1800890 haplotype, and none of them had rhinovirus infection. The IL10 rs1800871 or rs1800872 genotypes showed no associations with viruses. No association was found between any genotypes and bronchiolitis severity measures. CONCLUSION IL10 rs1800890 and rs1800896 polymorphisms differed between infants with rhinovirus bronchiolitis and controls, but not between infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Holster
- Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Koponen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and Child and Youth Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Helminen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Matti Korppi
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M, Schwarze J. The Human Immune Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:481-502. [PMID: 28179378 PMCID: PMC5355638 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00090-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections, particularly in children. Much information regarding the immune response to RSV comes from animal models and in vitro studies. Here, we provide a comprehensive description of the human immune response to RSV infection, based on a systematic literature review of research on infected humans. There is an initial strong neutrophil response to RSV infection in humans, which is positively correlated with disease severity and mediated by interleukin-8 (IL-8). Dendritic cells migrate to the lungs as the primary antigen-presenting cell. An initial systemic T-cell lymphopenia is followed by a pulmonary CD8+ T-cell response, mediating viral clearance. Humoral immunity to reinfection is incomplete, but RSV IgG and IgA are protective. B-cell-stimulating factors derived from airway epithelium play a major role in protective antibody generation. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) has a strongly protective role, and a Th2-biased response may be deleterious. Other cytokines (particularly IL-17A), chemokines (particularly CCL-5 and CCL-3), and local innate immune factors (including cathelicidins and IFN-λ) contribute to pathogenesis. In summary, neutrophilic inflammation is incriminated as a harmful response, whereas CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ have protective roles. These may represent important therapeutic targets to modulate the immunopathogenesis of RSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Russell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc Walton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zissler UM, Esser-von Bieren J, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schmidt-Weber CB. Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:475-94. [PMID: 26706728 DOI: 10.1111/all.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U. M. Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - J. Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - C. A. Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - A. M. Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery; Medical School; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - C. B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM); Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maltby S, Hansbro NG, Tay HL, Stewart J, Plank M, Donges B, Rosenberg HF, Foster PS. Production and differentiation of myeloid cells driven by proinflammatory cytokines in response to acute pneumovirus infection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4072-82. [PMID: 25200951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections are often pathogenic, driving severe inflammatory responses. Most research has focused on localized effects of virus infection and inflammation. However, infection can induce broad-reaching, systemic changes that are only beginning to be characterized. In this study, we assessed the impact of acute pneumovirus infection in C57BL/6 mice on bone marrow hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokine production in the lung upregulates myeloid cell production in response to infection. We demonstrate a dramatic increase in the percentages of circulating myeloid cells, which is associated with pronounced elevations in inflammatory cytokines in serum (IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL2), bone (TNF-α), and lung tissue (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, G-CSF, osteopontin). Increased hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell percentages (Lineage(-)Sca-I(+)c-kit(+)) were also detected in the bone marrow. This increase was accompanied by an increase in the proportions of committed myeloid progenitors, as determined by colony-forming unit assays. However, no functional changes in hematopoietic stem cells occurred, as assessed by competitive bone marrow reconstitution. Systemic administration of neutralizing Abs to either TNF-α or IFN-γ blocked expansion of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and also limited virus clearance from the lung. These findings suggest that acute inflammatory cytokines drive production and differentiation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow by inducing differentiation of committed myeloid progenitors. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms via which innate immune responses regulate myeloid cell progenitor numbers in response to acute respiratory virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maltby
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Hock L Tay
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Jessica Stewart
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Maximilian Plank
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Bianca Donges
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Cazzola M, Matera MG. Advances in asthma drug discovery: evaluating the potential of nasal cell sampling and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:595-607. [PMID: 24749518 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.909403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroid anti-inflammatory therapy is effective at controlling disease symptoms of asthma, but a subset of patients remains symptomatic despite optimal treatment, creating a clear unmet medical need. Moreover, none of the currently available drugs for asthma are really disease-modifying or curative. Although murine models of asthma, based on transgenic and knockout animals, may offer an integrated pathophysiological system for studying the characteristics of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, these alterations are noteworthily different compared with those observed in asthmatic patients. Since a clear functional and inflammatory relationship between the nasal mucosa and bronchial tissue in patients suffering from asthma and allergic rhinitis has been recognized, using preclinical models based on human nasal cells sampling might support a prompt and effective anti-inflammatory drug discovery in asthma. AREAS COVERED The authors provide a review, which discusses the potential role of nasal cell sampling and its application in advanced drug discovery for asthma. The contents range from the similarities and differences between asthma and allergic rhinitis up to artificial airway models based on sophisticated human lung-on-a-chip devices. EXPERT OPINION Nasal cell sampling and processing have reached a great potential in asthma drug discovery. The authors believe that models of asthma, which are based on human nasal cells, can provide valuable indications of proof of pharmacological and potential therapeutic efficacy in both preclinical and early clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- IRCCS, San Raffaele Pisana Hospital, Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants. Viruses 2013; 4:3731-53. [PMID: 23342375 PMCID: PMC3528288 DOI: 10.3390/v4123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that RSV infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Bovine RSV is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Infection of calves with bovine RSV shares features in common with RSV infection in children, such as an age-dependent susceptibility. In addition, comparable microscopic lesions consisting of bronchiolar neutrophilic infiltrates, epithelial cell necrosis, and syncytial cell formation are observed. Further, our studies have shown an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in RSV-infected calves, including IL-12p40 and CXCL8 (IL-8). This finding is consistent with increased levels of IL-8 observed in children with RSV bronchiolitis. Since rodents lack IL-8, neonatal calves can be useful for studies of IL-8 regulation in response to RSV infection. We have recently found that vitamin D in milk replacer diets can be manipulated to produce calves differing in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The results to date indicate that although the vitamin D intracrine pathway is activated during RSV infection, pro-inflammatory mediators frequently inhibited by the vitamin D intacrine pathway in vitro are, in fact, upregulated or unaffected in lungs of infected calves. This review will summarize available data that provide parallels between bovine RSV infection in neonatal calves and human RSV in infants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hardjojo A, Hadjojo A, Shek LP, van Bever HP, Lee BW. Rhinitis in children less than 6 years of age: current knowledge and challenges. Asia Pac Allergy 2011; 1:115-22. [PMID: 22053307 PMCID: PMC3206246 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinitis is a disease of the upper airway characterized by runny and/or blocked nose and/or sneezing. Though not viewed as a life threatening condition, it is also recognized to impose significant burden to the quality of life of sufferers and their caretakers and imposes an economic cost to society. Through a PubMed online search of the literature from 2006 to September 2011, this paper aims to review the published literature on rhinitis in young children below the age of 6 years. It is apparent from epidemiology studies that rhinitis in this age group is a relatively common problem. The condition has a heterogenous etiology with classification into allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Respiratory viral infections may play a role in the pathogenesis of long standing rhinitis, but definitive studies are still lacking. Treatment guidelines for management are lacking for this age group, and is a significant unmet need. Although the consensus is that co-morbidities including otitis media with effusion, adenoidal hypertrophy and asthma, are important considerations of management of these children. Pharmacotherapy is limited for young children especially for those below the age of 2 years. This review underscores the lack of understanding of rhinitis in early childhood and therefore the need for further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Hardjojo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schuurhof A, Janssen R, de Groot H, Hodemaekers HM, de Klerk A, Kimpen JL, Bont L. Local interleukin-10 production during respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is associated with post-bronchiolitis wheeze. Respir Res 2011; 12:121. [PMID: 21910858 PMCID: PMC3179726 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Following RSV bronchiolitis, 50% of children develop post-bronchiolitis wheeze (PBW). Animal studies have suggested that interleukin (IL)-10 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RSV bronchiolitis and subsequent airway hyperresponsiveness. Previously, we showed that ex vivo monocyte IL-10 production is a predictor of PBW. Additionally, heterozygosity of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800872 in the IL10 promoter region was associated with protection against RSV bronchiolitis. Methods This study aimed to determine the in vivo role of IL-10 in RSV pathogenesis and recurrent wheeze in a new cohort of 235 infants hospitalized for RSV bronchiolitis. IL-10 levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were measured at the time of hospitalization and the IL10 SNP rs1800872 genotype was determined. Follow-up data were available for 185 children (79%). Results Local IL-10 levels during RSV infection turned out to be higher in infants that later developed physician diagnosed PBW as compared to infants without PBW in the first year after RSV infection (958 vs 692 pg/ml, p = 0.02). The IL10 promoter SNP rs1800872 was not associated with IL-10 concentration in NPAs. Conclusion The relationship between high local IL-10 levels during the initial RSV infection and physician diagnosed PBW provides further evidence of the importance of the IL-10 response during RSV bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Schuurhof
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbak 12 GBO, P.O.BOX 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bueno SM, González PA, Riedel CA, Carreño LJ, Vásquez AE, Kalergis AM. Local cytokine response upon respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immunol Lett 2010; 136:122-9. [PMID: 21195729 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalization and respiratory distress and has been recognized for several decades as a major health and economic burden worldwide. This virus has developed several virulence mechanisms to impair the establishment of a protective immune response to re-infection. Accordingly, inefficient immunological memory is usually generated after exposure to this pathogen. Furthermore, it has been shown that RSV can actively promote the induction of an inadequate cellular immune response at the site of infection that causes exacerbated inflammation in the respiratory tract. Such an inflammatory response is both inefficient for clearing the virus and can be responsible for detrimental symptoms, such as asthma and wheezing. Recent data suggest that RSV possesses molecular mechanisms to induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that modulate the immune response and impair viral clearance by reducing IFN-γ production. Here, we discuss recent research leading to the identification of RSV virulence factors that are responsible of promoting a pro-inflammatory environment at the airways and their implications on pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi J, Callaway Z, Kim HB, Fujisawa T, Kim CK. The role of TNF-alpha in eosinophilic inflammation associated with RSV bronchiolitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:474-9. [PMID: 20088864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha correlates with eosinophilic inflammation that occurs during a lower respiratory tract infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. Sixty children with RSV bronchiolitis (RSV group) and 20 healthy children with no respiratory symptoms (Control group) were enrolled. We measured the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) Th2 cytokine (IL-5), proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-8), eosinophil-active cytokine [granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFN-gamma], and eosinophil-active chemokine (eotaxin, regulated on activation normal T cell excreted and secreted) levels for both groups. We also measured serum eosinophil-degranulation product (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin; EDN, eosinophil cationic protein; ECP) levels from RSV group. TNF-alpha, IL-8, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and eotaxin levels were significantly higher in the RSV group compared with the Control group. TNF-alpha correlated with GM-CSF (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001), IFN-gamma (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001), eotaxin (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001), and IL-8 (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). TNF-alpha may have an important role in eosinophilic inflammation of airways in children with RSV bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jungi Choi
- Department of Pediatrics and Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jose P, Avdiushko MG, Akira S, Kaplan AM, Cohen DA. Inhibition of interleukin-10 signaling in lung dendritic cells by toll-like receptor 4 ligands. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:1-28. [PMID: 19191102 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802389727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic microenvironment in lung is immunosuppressive and interleukin-10 (IL-10) helps maintain this microenvironment. Despite constitutive production of IL-10 in normal lung, macrophages (MØs) and dentritic cells (DCs) remain capable of responding to microorganisms, suggesting that these innate immune cells have a mechanism to override the immunosuppressive effects of IL-10. Prior studies by the authors revealed that Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands inhibit IL-10 receptor signaling in alveolar macrophages (AMØs), thereby obviating the immunosuppressive activity of IL-10. This report compares the immunologic phenotypes of AMØs and lung DCs and their ability to respond to IL-10 following exposure to microbial stimuli. IL-10 was constitutively produced by normal lung epithelium and exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo increased the expression of IL-10 during the first 24 hours. AMØs constitutively produced IL-10 mRNA, whereas both AMØs and LDCs constitutively expressed IL-12 mRNA. AMØs and LDCs, as well as bone marrow-derived MØs and DCs, had reduced capacity to activate STAT3 in response to IL-10 if pretreated with LPS. Inhibition was not associated with decreased expression of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and was dependent on the MyD88 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate a common underlying regulatory mechanism in both DCs and MØs by which microbial stimuli can override the immunosuppressive effect of constitutive IL-10 production in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Jose
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bueno SM, González PA, Pacheco R, Leiva ED, Cautivo KM, Tobar HE, Mora JE, Prado CE, Zúñiga JP, Jiménez J, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Host immunity during RSV pathogenesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1320-9. [PMID: 18687294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalization as well as a major health and economic burden worldwide. Unfortunately, RSV infection provides only limited immune protection to reinfection, mostly due to inadequate immunological memory, which leads to an exacerbated inflammatory response in the respiratory tract promoting airway damage during virus clearance. This exacerbated and inefficient immune-inflammatory response triggered by RSV, has often been attributed to the induction of a Th2-biased immunity specific for some of the RSV antigens. These features of RSV infection suggest that the virus might possess molecular mechanisms to enhance allergic-type immunity in the host in order to prevent clearance by cytotoxic T cells and ensure survival and dissemination to other hosts. In this review, we discuss recent findings that contribute to explain the components of the innate and adaptive immune response that are involved in RSV-mediated disease exacerbation. Further, the virulence mechanisms used by RSV to avoid activation of protective immune responses are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xepapadaki P, Papadopoulos NG. Viral infections and allergies. Immunobiology 2007; 212:453-9. [PMID: 17544830 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections have been implicated in the origin of, protection from and exacerbation of allergy-related symptoms in a variety of ways. Viral infections are closely linked to infantile wheezing. Severe bronchiolitis in early infancy may predispose to chronic childhood asthma as well as allergic sensitization; alternatively it could represent a marker of susceptible individuals. In contrast, repeated mild infections in early life may have a protective role in the development of asthma or atopy by driving the immune system towards Th1 responses. However, evidence on this hypothesis is not consistent as far as respiratory viruses are concerned. Several factors, including the presence of an atopic environment, timing of exposure and severity of the infection, interactively contribute to the allergy-infection relationship. In the present report, recent data on the role of viral infections in the development and progression of allergy and asthma are reviewed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Bronchiolitis and asthma are common wheezing illnesses of childhood. Respiratory syncytial virus is the main causative agent of Bronchiolitis. Rhinovirus is the most common trigger of exacerbations of asthma, but also has been detected increasingly in doing children with Bronchiolitis. Reportedly, childhood asthma develops in 40% of children with a history of Bronchiolitis. No convincing link has been reported between Bronchiolitis and development of atopy, although atopy generally is regarded as the main risk factor for chronic asthma. This article focuses on the association between bronchiolitis and the development of asthma. The authors address the question how respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections in young children, together with genetics and immunologic immaturity, may contribute to the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Erin EM, Neighbour H, Tan AJ, Min Kon O, Durham SR, Hansel TT. Nasal testing for novel anti-inflammatory agents. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 35:981-5. [PMID: 16120078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|