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Si Y, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Zhu X, Yang Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Cheng L, Wang K, Ye W, Lv X, Zhang X, Hou W, Zhao G, Lei Y, Zhang F, Ma H. RIPK3 promotes hantaviral replication by restricting JAK-STAT signaling without triggering necroptosis. Virol Sin 2023; 38:741-754. [PMID: 37633447 PMCID: PMC10590702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) is a rodent-borne virus that causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), resulting in a high mortality rate of 15%. Interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the anti-hantaviral immune response, and IFN pretreatment efficiently restricts HTNV infection by triggering the expression of a series of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (JAK-STAT) pathway. However, the tremendous amount of IFNs produced during late infection could not restrain HTNV replication, and the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), a crucial molecule that mediates necroptosis, was activated by HTNV and contributed to hantavirus evasion of IFN responses by inhibiting STAT1 phosphorylation. RNA-seq analysis revealed the upregulation of multiple cell death-related genes after HTNV infection, with RIPK3 identified as a key modulator of viral replication. RIPK3 ablation significantly enhanced ISGs expression and restrained HTNV replication, without affecting the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or the production of type I IFNs. Conversely, exogenously expressed RIPK3 compromised the host's antiviral response and facilitated HTNV replication. RIPK3-/- mice also maintained a robust ability to clear HTNV with enhanced innate immune responses. Mechanistically, we found that RIPK3 could bind STAT1 and inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation dependent on the protein kinase domain (PKD) of RIPK3 but not its kinase activity. Overall, these observations demonstrated a noncanonical function of RIPK3 during viral infection and have elucidated a novel host innate immunity evasion strategy utilized by HTNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Si
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ziqing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yongheng Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kerong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; The College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Xiong B, Song FX, Chen HL, Wang XJ, Jin ZX, Han TY, Li Y, Zhang DK. Discoidin domain receptor 1a (DDR1a) confers 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in LoVo cell via PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9805-9814. [PMID: 35416117 PMCID: PMC9161994 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a common chemotherapy drug for patients with advanced colorectal cancer; however, many patients develop resistance to 5-FU and suffer from treatment failure. Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is upregulated in multiple cancers and positively associated with chemoresistance. We explored the effect of DDR1a on the cytotoxicity induced by 5-FU in LoVo cells and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, DDR1a overexpression (DDR1ahigh) and knockdown in LoVo cell lines (shDDR1a) were constructed to detect cell viability and cytotoxicity induced by 5-FU. The results showed that cell viability of DDR1ahigh cells was higher in comparison with that of the control group. When 5-FU (5 µM) was administered, the percentage of apoptotic cells, cytochrome C release and caspase-3 activity was found to be higher in the shDDR1a group than that in the control group. Both of PI3K and MDM2 proteins level decreased in DDR1ahigh and shDDR1a, but the BAX/Bcl-2 level in the shDDR1a group increased compared to that in the control. Therefore, DDR1a might be a potential therapeutic target for 5-FU chemoresistance in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiong
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fei-Xue Song
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng-Xu Jin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ti-Yun Han
- Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Li
- School/Hospital of Stomatology Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - De-Kui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Li Z, Shen Y, Song Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Ma Y, Zhang F, Chen L. ER stress-related molecules induced by Hantaan virus infection in differentiated THP-1 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:41-50. [PMID: 32870480 PMCID: PMC7736395 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) can be induced by virus infection. In this part, we explored whether Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection could induce ER stress in differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells. It showed that the mRNA and protein levels of ER stress-related 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78, HSPA5) and mRNA levels of X box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), activating transcription factor 6(ATF6) and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) after HTNV infection, were significantly higher than that in uninfected control group. However, the mRNA levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94, HSPC4), and inositol-requiring enzyme1 (IRE1) were not significantly different between the infected group and the untreated group in 2 h after virus infection. It is unusual in activating GRP78 but not GRP94. Meanwhile, dTHP-1 cells infected with HTNV at 12 h did not show obvious apoptosis. These results indicated that the HTNV infection could induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) in dTHP-1 cells, without directly leading to cell apoptosis during 12 h after virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Xi'an Health School, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuting Shen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Chen QZ, Wang X, Luo F, Li N, Zhu N, Lu S, Zan YX, Zhong CJ, Wang MR, Hu HT, Zhang YZ, Xiong HR, Hou W. HTNV Sensitizes Host Toward TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis-A Pivotal Anti-hantaviral Role of TRAIL. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1072. [PMID: 32636833 PMCID: PMC7317014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and have led to public health threat in China. The pathogenesis of HFRS is complex and involves capillary leakage due to the infection of vascular endothelial cells. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that hantavirus can induce apoptosis in many cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Our studies showed that Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection could induce TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and sensitize host cells toward TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, TRAIL interference could inhibit apoptosis and enhance the production of HTNV as well as reduce IFN-β production, while exogenous TRAIL treatment showed reverse outcome: enhanced apoptosis and IFN-β production as well as a lower level of viral replication. We also observed that nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP) of HTNV could promote the transcriptions of TRAIL and its receptors. Thus, TRAIL was upregulated by HTNV infection and then exhibited significant antiviral activities in vitro, and it was further confirmed in the HTNV-infected suckling mice model that TRAIL treatment significantly reduced viral load, alleviated virus-induced tissue lesions, increased apoptotic cells, and decreased the mortality. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that TRAIL-dependent apoptosis and IFN-β production could suppress HTNV replication and TRAIL treatment might be a novel therapeutic target for HTNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Xing Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Solà-Riera C, García M, Ljunggren HG, Klingström J. Hantavirus inhibits apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential loss through up-regulation of the pro-survival factor BCL-2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008297. [PMID: 32032391 PMCID: PMC7032725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, zoonotic RNA viruses belonging to the order Bunyavirales, cause two severe acute diseases in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Hantavirus-infected patients show strong cytotoxic lymphocyte responses and hyperinflammation; however, infected cells remain mostly intact. Hantaviruses were recently shown to inhibit apoptosis in infected cells. By inhibiting granzyme B- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, hantaviruses specifically and efficiently inhibit cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated killing of infected cells. Hantaviruses also strongly inhibit apoptosis triggered intrinsically; i.e., initiated through intracellular activation pathways different from those used by cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, insights into the latter mechanisms are currently largely unknown. Here, we dissected the mechanism behind how hantavirus infection, represented by the HFRS-causing Hantaan virus and the HPS-causing Andes virus, results in resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Less active caspase-8 and caspase-9, and consequently less active caspase-3, was observed in infected compared to uninfected staurosporine-exposed cells. While staurosporine-exposed uninfected cells showed massive release of pro-apoptotic cytochrome C into the cytosol, this was not observed in infected cells. Further, hantaviruses prevented activation of BAX and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). In parallel, a significant increase in levels of the pro-survival factor BCL-2 was observed in hantavirus-infected cells. Importantly, direct inhibition of BCL-2 by the inhibitor ABT-737, as well as silencing of BCL-2 by siRNA, resulted in apoptosis in staurosporine-exposed hantavirus-infected cells. Overall, we here provide a tentative mechanism by which hantaviruses protect infected cells from intrinsic apoptosis at the mitochondrial level by inducing an increased expression of the pro-survival factor BCL-2, thereby preventing MOMPs and subsequent activation of caspases. The variety of mechanisms used by hantaviruses to ensure survival of infected cells likely contribute to the persistent infection in natural hosts and may play a role in immunopathogenesis of HFRS and HPS in humans. Hantaviruses cause two severe, often fatal, diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS; also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)). Two hallmarks of human hantavirus infection are robust immune cell activation and hyperinflammation. Despite these strong immune responses, hantavirus-infected cells do not succumb to cell death in patients. Recent studies have shown that hantaviruses hamper cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated killing, by inhibiting cytotoxic granule-dependent induction of apoptosis and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, as well as inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis. However, mechanisms behind hantavirus induced inhibition of intrinsic apoptosis have not been described. Here, we show that hantavirus infection leads to increased production of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, hampering the permeabilization of mitochondria and thereby blocking downstream signaling and activation of caspases. Treatment of infected cells with a BCL-2 inhibitor, as well as silencing of BCL-2 with siRNA, both reverted the anti-apoptotic effect. Taken together, this study reveals new insights into the interactions between hantaviruses and infected cells and demonstrates novel mechanisms by which hantaviruses inhibit apoptosis by hampering the permeabilization of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Solà-Riera
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina García
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Orthohantaviruses belonging to three phylogroups all inhibit apoptosis in infected target cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:834. [PMID: 30696898 PMCID: PMC6351540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses, previously known as hantaviruses, are zoonotic viruses that can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. The HPS-causing Andes virus (ANDV) and the HFRS-causing Hantaan virus (HTNV) have anti-apoptotic effects. To investigate if this represents a general feature of orthohantaviruses, we analysed the capacity of six different orthohantaviruses – belonging to three distinct phylogroups and representing both pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses – to inhibit apoptosis in infected cells. Primary human endothelial cells were infected with ANDV, HTNV, the HFRS-causing Puumala virus (PUUV) and Seoul virus, as well as the putative non-pathogenic Prospect Hill virus and Tula virus. Infected cells were then exposed to the apoptosis-inducing chemical staurosporine or to activated human NK cells exhibiting a high cytotoxic potential. Strikingly, all orthohantaviruses inhibited apoptosis in both settings. Moreover, we show that the nucleocapsid (N) protein from all examined orthohantaviruses are potential targets for caspase-3 and granzyme B. Recombinant N protein from ANDV, PUUV and the HFRS-causing Dobrava virus strongly inhibited granzyme B activity and also, to certain extent, caspase-3 activity. Taken together, this study demonstrates that six different orthohantaviruses inhibit apoptosis, suggesting this to be a general feature of orthohantaviruses likely serving as a mechanism of viral immune evasion.
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Meyer B, Groseth A. Apoptosis during arenavirus infection: mechanisms and evasion strategies. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:65-80. [PMID: 29081359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a greatly increased interest in the interactions of arenaviruses with the apoptotic machinery, and particularly the extent to which these interactions may be an important contributor to pathogenesis. Here we summarize the current state of our knowledge on this subject and address the potential for interplay with other immunological mechanisms known to be regulated by these viruses. We also compare and contrast what is known for arenavirus-induced apoptosis with observations from other segmented hemorrhagic fever viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Allison Groseth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Ermonval M, Baychelier F, Tordo N. What Do We Know about How Hantaviruses Interact with Their Different Hosts? Viruses 2016; 8:v8080223. [PMID: 27529272 PMCID: PMC4997585 DOI: 10.3390/v8080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, like other members of the Bunyaviridae family, are emerging viruses that are able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. Occasional transmission to humans is due to inhalation of contaminated aerosolized excreta from infected rodents. Hantaviruses are asymptomatic in their rodent or insectivore natural hosts with which they have co-evolved for millions of years. In contrast, hantaviruses cause different pathologies in humans with varying mortality rates, depending on the hantavirus species and its geographic origin. Cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been reported in Europe and Asia, while hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndromes (HCPS) are observed in the Americas. In some cases, diseases caused by Old World hantaviruses exhibit HCPS-like symptoms. Although the etiologic agents of HFRS were identified in the early 1980s, the way hantaviruses interact with their different hosts still remains elusive. What are the entry receptors? How do hantaviruses propagate in the organism and how do they cope with the immune system? This review summarizes recent data documenting interactions established by pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantaviruses with their natural or human hosts that could highlight their different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ermonval
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Florence Baychelier
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Noël Tordo
- Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are shaping today's infectious disease field more than ever. In this article, we introduce and review three emerging zoonotic viruses. Novel hantaviruses emerged in the Americas in the mid-1990s as the cause of severe respiratory infections, designated hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, with case fatality rates of around 40%. Nipah virus emerged a few years later, causing respiratory infections and encephalitis in Southeast Asia, with case fatality rates ranging from 40% to more than 90%. A new coronavirus emerged in 2012 on the Arabian Peninsula with a clinical syndrome of acute respiratory infections, later designated as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and an initial case fatality rate of more than 40%. Our current state of knowledge on the pathogenicity of these three severe, emerging viral infections is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana; , ,
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Braun M, Björkström NK, Gupta S, Sundström K, Ahlm C, Klingström J, Ljunggren HG. NK cell activation in human hantavirus infection explained by virus-induced IL-15/IL15Rα expression. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004521. [PMID: 25412359 PMCID: PMC4239055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical infection with hantaviruses cause two severe acute diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). These diseases are characterized by strong immune activation, increased vascular permeability, and up to 50% case-fatality rates. One prominent feature observed in clinical hantavirus infection is rapid expansion of natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood of affected individuals. We here describe an unusually high state of activation of such expanding NK cells in the acute phase of clinical Puumala hantavirus infection. Expanding NK cells expressed markedly increased levels of activating NK cell receptors and cytotoxic effector molecules. In search for possible mechanisms behind this NK cell activation, we observed virus-induced IL-15 and IL-15Rα on infected endothelial and epithelial cells. Hantavirus-infected cells were shown to strongly activate NK cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent way, and this response was blocked with anti-IL-15 antibodies. Surprisingly, the strength of the IL-15-dependent NK cell response was such that it led to killing of uninfected endothelial cells despite expression of normal levels of HLA class I. In contrast, hantavirus-infected cells were resistant to NK cell lysis, due to a combination of virus-induced increase in HLA class I expression levels and hantavirus-mediated inhibition of apoptosis induction. In summary, we here describe a possible mechanism explaining the massive NK cell activation and proliferation observed in HFRS patients caused by Puumala hantavirus infection. The results add further insights into mechanisms behind the immunopathogenesis of hantavirus infections in humans and identify new possible targets for intervention. Hantaviruses cause severe clinical infections with up to 50% case-fatality rates. The diseases represent an important global health problem as no vaccine or specific treatment is available. The most prominent hallmark in patients is strong immune activation, reflected as massive CD8 T and NK cell expansion, accompanied by severe vascular leakage. The mechanisms behind this massive immune activation are still not fully understood. Here, we first assessed the expression of several activation markers and receptors on NK cells derived from hantavirus-infected patients using flow cytometry. High NK cell activation was observed during the acute phase of clinical infection. To address possible underlying mechanisms explaining this NK cell activation, we established an in vitro hantavirus infection model using human primary endothelial cells, the natural in vivo targets of the virus. We demonstrate hantavirus-induced IL-15/IL-15Rα on infected endothelial cells, and show that this results in NK cell activation, similar to the profile found in hantavirus-infected patients. Interestingly, these activated NK cells were able to kill uninfected endothelial cells despite their normal expression of HLA class I. The present data add further insights into hantavirus-induced pathogenesis and suggest possible targets for future therapeutical interventions in these severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Braun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (HGL)
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Unit for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shawon Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (HGL)
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11
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Xie M, Dong Y, Zhou Y, Ren H, Ji Y, Lv S. Levels of HTNV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in PBMC from the patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Intern Emerg Med 2013; 8:503-8. [PMID: 21655928 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-011-0633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has not been fully clarified. Cell-mediated immunity appears to play a crucial role in the immune pathogenesis of HFRS. To explore the relationship between Hantaan (HTNV)-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes and the immune pathogenesis of HFRS, the levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ) secreted by HTNV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Levels of HTNV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in patients with HFRS were associated with different phases of HFRS. In fever phase, it was significantly elevated. The levels of HTNV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in PBMC of patients with HFRS were negatively correlated with the levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in plasma. The results show that the HTNV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte levels correlate with disease phases. Therefore, dynamic observation of these levels in patients with HFRS can help to judge the status of HFRS disease and to clarify the immune pathogenesis of HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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12
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Abstract
Capsid proteins are obligatory components of infectious virions. Their primary structural function is to protect viral genomes during entry and exit from host cells. Evidence suggests that these proteins can also modulate the activity and specificity of viral replication complexes. More recently, it has become apparent that they play critical roles at the virus–host interface. Here, we discuss how capsid proteins of RNA viruses interact with key host cell proteins and pathways to modulate cell physiology in order to benefit virus replication. Capsid–host cell interactions may also have implications for viral disease. Understanding how capsids regulate virus–host interactions may lead to the development of novel antiviral therapies based on targeting the activities of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Shangmei Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, 5–14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
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13
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Hantavirus-infection confers resistance to cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003272. [PMID: 23555267 PMCID: PMC3610645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome (HCPS; also called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)), both human diseases with high case-fatality rates. Endothelial cells are the main targets for hantaviruses. An intriguing observation in patients with HFRS and HCPS is that on one hand the virus infection leads to strong activation of CD8 T cells and NK cells, on the other hand no obvious destruction of infected endothelial cells is observed. Here, we provide an explanation for this dichotomy by showing that hantavirus-infected endothelial cells are protected from cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated induction of apoptosis. When dissecting potential mechanisms behind this phenomenon, we discovered that the hantavirus nucleocapsid protein inhibits the enzymatic activity of both granzyme B and caspase 3. This provides a tentative explanation for the hantavirus-mediated block of cytotoxic granule-mediated apoptosis-induction, and hence the protection of infected cells from cytotoxic lymphocytes. These findings may explain why infected endothelial cells in hantavirus-infected patients are not destroyed by the strong cytotoxic lymphocyte response. Rodent-born hantaviruses cause two severe emerging diseases with high case-fatality rates in humans; hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardio-pulmonary syndrome (HCPS; also called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)) in the Americas. A hallmark of HFRS/HCPS is increased vascular permeability. While endothelial cells are the main targets for hantaviruses, infection per se is not lytic. Patients suffering from HFRS and HCPS show remarkable strong cytotoxic lymphocyte responses including high numbers of activated NK cells and antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Hence, it has been suggested that cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated killing of hantavirus-infected endothelial cells might contribute to HFRS/HCPS-pathogenesis. Here, we show that hantaviruses protect infected endothelial cells from being killed by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Further, we also show that hantaviruses inhibit apoptosis in general. Hantaviruses are negative-stranded RNA viruses encoding four structural proteins. Interestingly, the nucleocapsid protein was shown to inhibit the enzymatic functions of both granzyme B and caspase 3, two enzymes crucial for cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated killing of virus-infected cells. Our study provides new insights into the interactions between hantaviruses, infected cells, and cytotoxic lymphocytes, and argues against a role for cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated killing of virus-infected endothelial cells in causing HFRS/HCPS.
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14
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Walter CT, Barr JN. Recent advances in the molecular and cellular biology of bunyaviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2467-2484. [PMID: 21865443 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Bunyaviridae of segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses includes over 350 members that infect a bewildering variety of animals and plants. Many of these bunyaviruses are the causative agents of serious disease in their respective hosts, and are classified as emerging viruses because of their increased incidence in new populations and geographical locations throughout the world. Emerging bunyaviruses, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tomato spotted wilt virus and Rift Valley fever virus, are currently attracting great interest due to migration of their arthropod vectors, a situation possibly linked to climate change. These and other examples of continued emergence suggest that bunyaviruses will probably continue to pose a sustained global threat to agricultural productivity, animal welfare and human health. The threat of emergence is particularly acute in light of the lack of effective preventative or therapeutic treatments for any of these viruses, making their study an important priority. This review presents recent advances in the understanding of the bunyavirus life cycle, including aspects of their molecular, cellular and structural biology. Whilst special emphasis is placed upon the emerging bunyaviruses, we also describe the extensive body of work involving model bunyaviruses, which have been the subject of major contributions to our overall understanding of this important group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl T Walter
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John N Barr
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
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15
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Klingström J, Ahlm C. Hantavirus protein interactions regulate cellular functions and signaling responses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:33-47. [PMID: 21171876 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rodent-borne pathogenic hantaviruses cause two severe and often lethal zoonotic diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Currently, no US FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines are available for HFRS/HCPS. Infections with hantaviruses are not lytic, and it is currently not known exactly why infections in humans cause disease. A better understanding of how hantaviruses interfere with normal cell functions and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses might provide clues to future development of specific treatment and/or vaccines against hantavirus infection. In this article, the current knowledge regarding immune responses observed in patients, hantavirus interference with cellular proteins and signaling pathways, and possible approaches in the development of therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Centre for Microbiological Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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16
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Karlberg H, Tan YJ, Mirazimi A. Induction of caspase activation and cleavage of the viral nucleocapsid protein in different cell types during Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3227-34. [PMID: 21123175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of apoptosis during infection has been observed for several viral pathogens. Programmed cell death and regulation of apoptosis in response to a viral infection are important factors for host or virus survival. It is not known whether Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection regulates the apoptosis process in vitro. This study for the first time suggests that CCHFV induces apoptosis, which may be dependent on caspase-3 activation. This study also shows that the coding sequence of the S segment of CCHFV contains a proteolytic cleavage site, DEVD, which is conserved in all CCHFV strains. By using different recombinant expression systems and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that this motif is subject to caspase cleavage. We also demonstrate that CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) is cleaved into a 30-kDa fragment at the same time as caspase activity is induced during infection. Using caspase inhibitors and cells lacking caspase-3, we clearly demonstrate that the cleavage of NP is caspase-3-dependent. We also show that the inhibition of apoptosis induced progeny viral titers of ∼80-90%. Thus, caspase-3-dependent cleavage of NP may represent a host defense mechanism against lytic CCHFV infection. Taken together, these data suggest that the most abundant protein of CCHFV, which has several essential functions such as protection of viral RNA and participation in various processes in the replication cycle, can be subjected to cleavage by host cell caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Karlberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
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17
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Switch to high-level virus replication and HLA class I upregulation in differentiating megakaryocytic cells after infection with pathogenic hantavirus. Virology 2010; 405:70-80. [PMID: 20673746 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV), the prototype member of the Hantavirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans. Hemorrhage is due to endothelial barrier damage and a sharp decrease in platelet counts. The mechanisms underlying HTNV-associated acute thrombocytopenia have not been elucidated so far. Platelets are produced by mature megakaryocytes that develop during megakaryopoiesis. In this study, we show that HTNV targets megakaryocytic cells whereas rather non-pathogenic hantaviruses did not infect this cell type. After induction of differentiation megakaryocytic cells switched from low-level to high-level HTNV production without reduction in cell survival or alteration in differentiation. However, increased HTNV replication resulted in strong upregulation of HLA class I molecules although HTNV escaped type I interferon (IFN)-associated innate responses. Taken together, HTNV efficiently replicates in differentiating megakaryocytic cells resulting in upregulation of HLA class I molecules, the target structures for cytotoxic T cells (CTLs).
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18
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Ontiveros SJ, Li Q, Jonsson CB. Modulation of apoptosis and immune signaling pathways by the Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein. Virology 2010; 401:165-78. [PMID: 20227103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we show a direct relationship between the Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid (N) protein and the modulation of apoptosis. We observed an increase in caspase-7 and -8, but not -9 in cells expressing HTNV N protein mutants lacking amino acids 270-330. Similar results were observed for the New World hantavirus, Andes virus. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) was sequestered in the cytoplasm after tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) stimulation in cells expressing HTNV N protein. Further, TNFR stimulated cells expressing HTNV N protein inhibited caspase activation. In contrast, cells expressing N protein truncations lacking the region from amino acids 270-330 were unable to inhibit nuclear import of NF-kappaB and the mutants also triggered caspase activity. These results suggest that the HTNV circumvents host antiviral signaling and apoptotic response mediated by the TNFR pathway through host interactions with the N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Ontiveros
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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19
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Zhu LY, Chi LJ, Wang X, Zhou H. Reduced circulating CD4+CD25+ cell populations in haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 156:88-96. [PMID: 19210520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunopathological mechanisms are speculated to underlie haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Hantaviruses. CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (T(regs)), a subset of CD4+ T cells, expressed high levels of CD25 and the forkhead box transcription factor P3 (FoxP3), plays an important role in the down-regulation of various immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that in patients with HFRS the immunopathology could be, at least in part, the result of an inefficient control of pathogenic effector T cells by T(regs). The number of T(regs) was determined by flow cytometry according to their characteristic CD4+CD25(high) membrane phenotype. The functional characterization of T(regs) was analysed by suppression of proliferation and secretion of cytokines by co-cultured effector CD4+CD25(-) T cells. FoxP3 mRNA level was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed that CD4+CD25(high) cells of patients with HFRS showed a conventional phenotype. Furthermore, acute-stage patients with HFRS exhibited significantly reduced numbers of peripheral T(regs) compared with healthy donors, and marked improvement was observed in convalescent-phase patients. The frequency of T(regs) was correlated positively with platelet count, and was correlated negatively with blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and serum aspartate aminotransferase. On the other hand, T(regs) from both healthy individuals and patients with HFRS exhibited equal FoxP3 expression of mRNA, and their ability to suppress the proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD4+ effector T cells was unimpaired in HFRS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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20
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Rowe RK, Suszko JW, Pekosz A. Roles for the recycling endosome, Rab8, and Rab11 in hantavirus release from epithelial cells. Virology 2008; 382:239-49. [PMID: 18951604 PMCID: PMC2648827 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hantavirus structural proteins are believed to localize to intracellular membranes often identified as Golgi membranes, in virus-infected cells. After virus budding into the Golgi luminal space, virus-containing vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane via trafficking pathways that are not well defined. Using the New World hantavirus, Andes virus, we have investigated the role of various Rab proteins in the release of hantavirus particles from infected cells. Rabs 8 and 11 were found to colocalize with Andes virus proteins in virus infected cells and when expressed from cDNA, implicating the recycling endosome as an organelle important for hantavirus infection. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of Rab11a alone or Rab11a and Rab11b together resulted in a decrease in infectious virus particle secretion from infected cells. Downregulation of Rab8a did not alter infectious virus release but reduction of both isoforms did. These data implicate the recycling endosome and the Rab proteins associated with vesicular transport to or from this intracellular organelle as an important pathway for hantavirus trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Rowe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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21
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Liu Z, Zhao Q, Han Q, Gao M, Zhang N. Serum thrombospondin-1 is altered in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1799-803. [PMID: 18712840 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a severe acute viral disease with pathological changes of impaired capillary and small vessels and thrombocytopenia. In this study, serum thrombospondin (TSP)-1 concentration in patients with HFRS was determined to explore its possible role in the pathogenesis of HFRS. The concentration of TSP-1 was measured using a competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Significantly decreased levels of serum TSP-1 were observed in HFRS patients at febrile and hypotensive phases compared with those in the controls. The serum levels of TSP-1 in HFRS patients with more severe clinical types was reduced more profoundly than those in patients with milder clinical types at febrile and hypotensive phases, although the differences in TSP-1 were not significant. It was indicated that insufficient production or increased consumption of TSP-1, or both of these, may contribute to the impairment of capillary and small vessels and the development of hypotension at the early stage of HFRS, and the decreased degree may be associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, Shaanxi, China.
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22
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Plyusnina A, Laakkonen J, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, Plyusnin A. New Genetic Lineage of Tula Hantavirus in Microtus arvalis obscurus in Eastern Kazakhstan. Open Virol J 2008; 2:32-6. [PMID: 19440462 PMCID: PMC2678817 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900802010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic sequences of Tula (TULV) hantavirus were recovered from tissue samples of European common voles Microtus arvalis (subspecies obscurus) captured in Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Phylogenetic analysis of the S genomic segment of Kazakh TULV strains showed that they form distinct, well supported genetic lineage and share a more ancient common ancestor with two Russian lineages of TULV. The deduced sequence of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of Kazakh TULV strains carried specific amino acid signature: T274Q276T281. The Microtus arvalis group includes several sibling species and/or subspecies in Eurasia, indicating recent and ongoing evolutionary radiation. Our data on TULV lineages in Central Asia, the region not studied for hantaviruses earlier, highlight the diversity of both Microtus host and the virus and also their co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Plyusnina
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Easterbrook JD, Zink MC, Klein SL. Regulatory T cells enhance persistence of the zoonotic pathogen Seoul virus in its reservoir host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15502-7. [PMID: 17878294 PMCID: PMC2000529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707453104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that maintain a persistent infection in their reservoir hosts, yet the mechanisms mediating persistence remain unknown. Regulatory T cell responses cause persistent infection by suppressing proinflammatory and effector T cell activity; hantaviruses may exploit these responses to cause persistence. To test this hypothesis, male Norway rats were inoculated with Seoul virus and regulatory T cells were monitored during infection. Increased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)Forkhead box P3(+) T cells and expression of Forkhead box P3 and TGF-beta were observed in the lungs of male rats during persistent Seoul virus infection. To determine whether regulatory T cells modulate Seoul virus persistence, regulatory T cells were inactivated in male rats by using an anti-rat CD25 monoclonal antibody (NDS-63). Inactivation of regulatory T cells reduced the amount of Seoul virus RNA present in the lungs and the proportion of animals shedding viral RNA in saliva. Because regulatory T cells suppress proinflammatory-induced pathogenesis, pathologic observations in the lungs were evaluated during infection. Subclinical acute multifocal areas of hemorrhage and edema were noted in the lungs during infection; inactivation of regulatory T cells reduced the amount of pathologic foci. Expression of TNF was suppressed during the persistent phase of infection; inactivation of regulatory T cells eliminated the suppression of TNF. Taken together, these data suggest that regulatory T cells mediate Seoul virus persistence, possibly through elevated transcription and synthesis of TGF-beta and suppression of TNF. These data provide evidence of regulatory T cell involvement in the persistence of a zoonotic pathogen in its natural reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Easterbrook
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Wahl-Jensen V, Chapman J, Asher L, Fisher R, Zimmerman M, Larsen T, Hooper JW. Temporal analysis of Andes virus and Sin Nombre virus infections of Syrian hamsters. J Virol 2007; 81:7449-62. [PMID: 17475651 PMCID: PMC1933362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00238-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) are rodent-borne hantaviruses that cause a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). There are no vaccines or specific drugs to prevent or treat HPS, and the pathogenesis is not understood. Syrian hamsters infected with ANDV, but not SNV, develop a highly lethal disease that closely resembles HPS in humans. Here, we performed a temporal pathogenesis study comparing ANDV and SNV infections in hamsters. SNV was nonpathogenic and viremia was not detected despite the fact that all animals were infected. ANDV was uniformly lethal with a mean time to death of 11 days. The first pathology detected was lymphocyte apoptosis starting on day 4. Animals were viremic and viral antigen was first observed in multiple organs by days 6 and 8, respectively. Levels of infectious virus in the blood increased 4 to 5 logs between days 6 and 8. Pulmonary edema was first detected ultrastructurally on day 6. Ultrastructural analysis of lung tissues revealed the presence of large inclusion bodies and substantial numbers of vacuoles within infected endothelial cells. Paraendothelial gaps were not observed, suggesting that fluid leakage was transcellular and directly attributable to infecting virus. Taken together, these data imply that HPS treatment strategies aimed at preventing virus replication and dissemination will have the greatest probability of success if administered before the viremic phase; however, because vascular leakage is associated with infected endothelial cells, a therapeutic strategy targeting viral replication might be effective even at later times (e.g., after disease onset).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Deseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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25
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Klingström J, Hardestam J, Stoltz M, Zuber B, Lundkvist A, Linder S, Ahlm C. Loss of cell membrane integrity in puumala hantavirus-infected patients correlates with levels of epithelial cell apoptosis and perforin. J Virol 2006; 80:8279-82. [PMID: 16873286 PMCID: PMC1563790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00742-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are two diseases caused by hantaviruses. Capillary leakage is a hallmark of hantavirus infection. Pathogenic hantaviruses are not cytotoxic, but elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicative of cellular damage, are observed in patients. We report increased levels of serum perforin, granzyme B, and the epithelial cell apoptosis marker caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 during Puumala hantavirus infection. Significant correlation was observed between the levels of LDH and perforin and the levels of LDH and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, suggesting that tissue damage is due to an immune reaction and that epithelial apoptosis contributed significantly to the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Klingström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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26
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Boyd A, Fazakerley JK, Bridgen A. Pathogenesis of Dugbe virus infection in wild-type and interferon-deficient mice. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2005-2009. [PMID: 16760403 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 129 mice, infection with the nairovirus Dugbe virus (DUGV) was lethal following intracerebral but not intraperitoneal inoculation. Following both routes of inoculation, immunostaining of tissue sections demonstrated virus-positive cells in the brain, indicating that DUGV is neuroinvasive in mice. Many brain areas were affected and neurones were the main cell type infected. Infected cells showed punctate accumulations of viral nucleoprotein in the cytoplasm, indicative of virus replication sites. Immunostaining for activated caspase 3 demonstrated no evidence of apoptosis. The type I interferon (IFN) system plays a significant role in defence against DUGV, as 129 IFN-alpha/beta R(-/-) mice died rapidly following both intraperitoneal and intracerebral inoculations. Studies were undertaken to determine whether the IFN-inducible proteins, protein kinase R (PKR) and MxA, were important for protection; neither PKR nor constitutively expressed human MxA played significant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Boyd
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
| | - Anne Bridgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
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27
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Liu JM, Zhu Y, Xu ZW, Ouyang WM, Wang JP, Liu XS, Cao YX, Li Q, Fang L, Zhuang R, Yang AG, Jin BQ. Dynamic changes of apoptosis-inducing ligands and Th1/Th2 like subpopulations in Hantaan virus-induced hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Clin Immunol 2006; 119:245-51. [PMID: 16616877 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the apoptosis-inducing ligands, TNF-alpha, FasL and TRAIL on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the levels of their soluble form (TNF-alpha, sFasL and sTRAIL) in plasma from 40 hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients as well as 26 healthy blood donors were determined by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis and sandwich ELISA, respectively. The status of Th1, Th2, Tc1 and Tc2 subsets in PBMC was evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining and FCM. Compared to controls, the expression of membrane bound FasL and TRAIL was up-regulated on surface of PBMC isolated from the HFRS patients, particularly on CD8+ T lymphocytes. The levels of TNF-alpha, sFasL and sTRAIL in plasma from the HFRS patients in the acute phase increase 4.7-fold, 6.0-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively, over those from the healthy donors. The percentage of Th1, Tc1 and Tc2 subsets in PBMC from the patients also increased significantly compared with those from healthy donors. These results indicate that dynamic changes occurred in both the membrane bound and soluble forms of apoptosis-inducing ligands (FasL, TRAIL and TNF-alpha) and proportions of Th1 and CTL in HFRS patients increased. Both factors may play an important role in the etiology of Hantaan virus infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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