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Chacón L, Barrantes K, Santamaría-Ulloa C, Solano M, Reyes L, Taylor L, Valiente C, Symonds EM, Achí R. A Somatic Coliphage Threshold Approach To Improve the Management of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Resource-Limited Regions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00616-20. [PMID: 32591380 PMCID: PMC7440787 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00616-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure the safety of water reuse projects and effluent discharge into surface waters. Multiple studies have demonstrated that municipal wastewater treatment with conventional activated sludge processes is inefficient for the removal of a wide spectrum of viruses in sewage. In this study, a well-accepted statistical approach was used to investigate the relationship between viral indicators and human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment in a resource-limited region. Influent and effluent samples from five urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Costa Rica were analyzed for somatic coliphage and human enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, norovirus genotypes I and II, and rotavirus. All WWTPs provide primary treatment followed by conventional activated sludge treatment prior to discharge into surface waters that are indirectly used for agricultural irrigation. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the detection of at least one of the five human enteric viruses and somatic coliphage. Multiple logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified a threshold of 3.0 × 103 (3.5 log10) somatic coliphage PFU per 100 ml, which corresponded to an increased likelihood of encountering enteric viruses above the limit of detection (>1.83 × 102 virus targets/100 ml). Additionally, quantitative microbial risk assessment was executed for farmers indirectly reusing WWTP effluent that met the proposed threshold. The resulting estimated median cumulative annual disease burden complied with World Health Organization recommendations. Future studies are needed to validate the proposed threshold for use in Costa Rica and other regions.IMPORTANCE Effective wastewater management is crucial to ensure safe direct and indirect water reuse; nevertheless, few countries have adopted the virus log reduction value management approach established by the World Health Organization. In this study, we investigated an alternative and/or complementary approach to the virus log reduction value framework for the indirect reuse of activated sludge-treated wastewater effluent. Specifically, we employed a well-accepted statistical approach to identify a statistically sound somatic coliphage threshold value which corresponded to an increased likelihood of human enteric virus detection. This study demonstrates an alternative approach to the virus log reduction value framework which can be applied to improve wastewater reuse practices and effluent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Chacón
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Kenia Barrantes
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Santamaría-Ulloa
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Melissa Solano
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Liliana Reyes
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Lizeth Taylor
- College of Microbiology (Facultad de Microbiología), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Carmen Valiente
- National Water Laboratory (Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas), Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Rosario Achí
- Health Sciences Research Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud [INISA]), Universidad de Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
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Investigation of the Complete Sequence of HAV1B Isolated in Ahvaz City, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.83965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yilmaz H, Karakullukcu A, Turan N, Cizmecigil UY, Yilmaz A, Ozkul AA, Aydin O, Gunduz A, Mete M, Zeyrek FY, Kirazoglu TT, Richt JA, Kocazeybek B. Genotypes of hepatitis a virus in Turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes IA and IIIA. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:561. [PMID: 28800730 PMCID: PMC5553755 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a food and water-borne virus causing clinical (mainly hepatitis) and subclinical disease in humans. It is important to characterize circulating strains of HAV in order to prevent HAV infections using efficacious vaccines. The aim of this study was the detection and characterization of the circulating strains of HAV in Turkey by performing serology, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Methods In this study, 355 HAV suspected cases were analysed by ELISA for the presence of antibodies to HAV. RNA was extracted from 54 HAV IgM positive human sera. None of the suspect cases were vaccinated against HAV and they never received blood transfusions. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV, were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results IgM type antibodies to HAV were detected in 54 patients. Twenty one of them were students. The age of IgM positive cases was between 3 and 60 years. IgM positivity differed in age groups and was higher in the age group 3 to 10 years. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority of HAV strains detected in this study belong to the “HAV 1B” cluster. In addition, the HAV sub-genotypes IA (KT874461.1) and IIIA (KT222963.1) were found in 2 children. These sub-genotypes were not previously reported in Turkey. The child who carried sub-genotype IIIA travelled to Afghanistan and presented with abdominal pain, icterus and vomitus. He was positive for anti-HAV IgM and IgG but negative for hepatitis B and C. Liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase were severely elevated. Bilirubin levels were also increased. White blood cells, neutrophils and hemoglobin were decreased while lymphocytes and monocytes were increased. Similar clinical signs and laboratory findings were reported for the child infected with sub-genotype IA but aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were not severely elevated. Conclusions The results indicate that molecular studies determining the HAV genotype variation in Turkey are timely and warranted. The majority of IgM positive cases in 3–10 year old patients indicate that childhood vaccination is important. Sub-genotype IB is the most prevalant genotype in Turkey. Surprisingly, sub-genotype IA and IIIA are also present in Turkey; future diagnostic efforts need to include diagnostic methods which can identify this emerging HAV genotypes. Our results also show that one important risk factor for contracting hepatitis A virus is international travel since genotype IIIA was detected in a child who had travelled to Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Karakullukcu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Y Cizmecigil
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse A Ozkul
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Izmir, Karsiyaka, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gunduz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Mete
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fadile Y Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Taner T Kirazoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Bekir Kocazeybek
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bozkurt H, D'Souza DH, Davidson PM. Thermal Inactivation of Foodborne Enteric Viruses and Their Viral Surrogates in Foods. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1597-617. [PMID: 26219377 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses, in particular human norovirus and hepatitis A virus, are the most common causes of food-associated infections and foodborne illness outbreaks around the world. Since it is currently not possible to cultivate human noroviruses and the wild-type strain of hepatitis A virus in vitro, the use of a variety of viral surrogates is essential to determine appropriate thermal processing conditions to reduce the risk associated with their contamination of food. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to (i) present pertinent characteristics of enteric foodborne viruses and their viral surrogates, (ii) discuss the viral surrogates currently used in thermal inactivation studies and their significance and value, (iii) summarize available data on thermal inactivation kinetics of enteric viruses, (iv) discuss factors affecting the efficacy of thermal treatment, (v) discuss suggested mechanisms of thermal inactivation, and (vi) provide insights on foodborne enteric viruses and viral surrogates for future studies and industrial applications. The overall goal of this review is to contribute to the development of appropriate thermal processing protocols to ensure safe food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Bozkurt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591, USA
| | - Doris H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591, USA
| | - P Michael Davidson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591, USA.
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Bose M, Bose S, Saikia A, Medhi S, Deka M. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infection in Northeast India. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1218-24. [PMID: 25881081 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to screen the molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Northeast India (NEI) who are ethnically distinct, tribal dominated and of lower socio-economic status with almost no information available from NEI on these aspects. Briefly, 3 ml blood was collected from 324 random liver disease cases with jaundice, receiving care at Central Hospital, N.F. Railway, Guwahati, Assam with informed consent. The patients detected with HAV-IgM positive status were included and were stratified as acute viral hepatitis (AVH) and fulminant hepatitis (FHF) based on clinical profile. Viral RNA was isolated and HAV-RNA was detected by Real-time PCR using primers for the VP3-VP1 region. HAV genotyping was studied by PCR-direct sequencing-phylogenetic analysis approach using the VP1/2A region of HAV isolates. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS13.0 software. A total of 69 cases were HAV infected with two HBV co-infected cases (n = 69 + 2 = 71), 62 cases and two co-infected cases were AVH and others were FHF cases. HAV infection was predominant in especially in the young and adult age group. HAV-RNA was detected in 28 cases, out of which 19 cases could be genotyped (12 AVH, 7 FHF); which showed the prevalence of genotype IIIA or IA only. Although HAV genotype IIIA was the major genotype in both the AVH (10/12, 83.33%) and FHF (5/7, 71.43%) group, but the difference in distribution of genotypes in AVH and FHF cases was statistically non-significant (P = 0.550). HAV genotype IIIA is associated with the majority of HAV infected cases and severity in NEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Bose
- Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
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Navas Navas MC, Báez Triana PA. Infección por el virus de la hepatitis A: epidemiología y diversidad genética. IATREIA 2015. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v28n2a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Gharbi-Khelifi H, Abid NBS, Beji A, Bhiri L, Harrath R, Sdiri K, Billaudel S, Ferre V, Aouni M. Seroprevalence and Molecular Characterisation of Human Hepatitis A virus in Serum Samples of Tunisian Patients with Clinical Symptoms of Viral Hepatitis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:29-35. [PMID: 23729999 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Hepatitis A virus antibodies in patients with clinical symptoms of viral hepatitis and molecular characterization of the detected isolates. The present study deals with the seroprevalence and the genetic diversity of HAV in 400 Tunisian patients presenting in dispensaries (160 patients) and in University Hospitals (240 patients) with hepatitis symptoms between 2006 and 2008. The patients with acute hepatitis were mainly from rural regions. However, the total number of patients was decreased over time. The collected samples were from patients with hepatitis symptoms occurring mainly during January-March (36.7, 26, and 35.5%) and September-December (39.4, 43.4, and 35.5%) during the three years of study, respectively. However, HAV infection was established for only 110 among 400 patients. The detected isolates were clustered within sub-genotype IA. The present study constituted another report of the continued surveillance of HAV infection in the region of Monastir and the molecular characterisation of the detected strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakima Gharbi-Khelifi
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Yoon YK, Yeon JE, Kim JH, Sim HS, Kim JY, Park DW, Sohn JW, Chun BC, Kim MJ. Comparative analysis of disease severity between genotypes IA and IIIA of hepatitis A virus. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1308-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Hussain Z, Husain SA, Almajhdi FN, Kar P. Immunological and molecular epidemiological characteristics of acute and fulminant viral hepatitis A. Virol J 2011; 8:254. [PMID: 21605420 PMCID: PMC3117845 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus is an infection of liver; it is hyperendemic in vast areas of the world including India. In most cases it causes an acute self limited illness but rarely fulminant. There is growing concern about change in pattern from asymptomatic childhood infection to an increased incidence of symptomatic disease in the adult population. OBJECTIVE In-depth analysis of immunological, viral quantification and genotype of acute and fulminant hepatitis A virus. METHODS Serum samples obtained from 1009 cases of suspected acute viral hepatitis was employed for different biochemical and serological examination. RNA was extracted from blood serum, reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified using nested PCR for viral quantification, sequencing and genotyping. Immunological cell count from freshly collected whole blood was carried out by fluorescence activated cell sorter. RESULTS Fulminant hepatitis A was mostly detected with other hepatic viruses. CD8+ T cells count increases in fulminant hepatitis to a significantly high level (P = 0.005) compared to normal healthy control. The immunological helper/suppressor (CD4+/CD8+) ratio of fulminant hepatitis was significantly lower compared to acute cases. The serologically positive patients were confirmed by RT-PCR and total of 72 (69.2%) were quantified and sequenced. The average quantitative viral load of fulminant cases was significantly higher (P < 0.05). There was similar genotypic distribution in both acute and fulminant category, with predominance of genotype IIIA (70%) compared to IA (30%). CONCLUSIONS Immunological factors in combination with viral load defines the severity of the fulminant hepatitis A. Phylogenetic analysis of acute and fulminant hepatitis A confirmed genotypes IIIA as predominant against IA with no preference of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- PCR Hepatitis Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Syed A Husain
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Premashis Kar
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Broman M, Jokinen S, Kuusi M, Lappalainen M, Roivainen M, Liitsola K, Davidkin I. Epidemiology of hepatitis A in Finland in 1990-2007. J Med Virol 2010; 82:934-41. [PMID: 20419806 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) for the period 1990-2007 and the molecular epidemiology for the period 1994-2007 in Finland were studied. The incidence of hepatitis A has been very low since 1990, at 0.3-3.6/100,000 inhabitants, excluding two outbreaks in 1994-1995 and 2002-2003, both of which were connected to intravenous drug use. Serum samples (3,217) collected in the period 1997-1998 were tested for hepatitis A antibodies to assess the percentage of seropositive Finns. More than 50% of Finns aged over 55 were seropositive for hepatitis A, while less than 5% of those aged under 40 were seropositive. In addition, patient samples (52,012) from the period 1990 to 2007 were assessed for antibodies against HAV. In these samples the proportion of acute HAV infections stayed at around 2% per year (excluding outbreaks), whereas the overall seropositivity for hepatitis A increased from some 30% to 45%, which was most likely due to increased vaccinations. For molecular epidemiology, samples from 1994 to 2007 were analyzed by RT-PCR and sequencing. The results showed that most of the strains (82%) of HAV were of genotype IA but with an increasing number of genotypes IB and IIIA appearing during the last years of the study. All the cases seemed to be travel related and there was no endemic strain circulating in Finland. The low seroprevalence, especially in younger age groups, makes the population vulnerable to infection, which can be compensated for by increasing the number of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Broman
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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Selander B, Bläckberg J, Widell A, Johansson PJH. No evidence of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis A virus from a mother to a premature infant. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98:1603-6. [PMID: 19558626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether or not an intrauterine transmission of hepatitis A virus (HAV) occurred from an infected mother to her premature infant delivered by caesarean section. METHODS The mother and her child were tested for HAV by serology and reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS An outbreak of HAV infection was seen among children and a 33-year-old day-care teacher, pregnant in third trimester, at a day-care centre in southern Sweden. Due to premature labour and diminished foetal movements a caesarean section was performed and a premature girl in gestational weeks 33 + 1 was born. During the 3-week postnatal hospitalization period the child presented no clinical symptoms of HAV infection and anti-HAV IgM antibodies remained undetectable at day 14 and 109 after birth. Furthermore HAV RNA remained undetectable by reverse transcription PCR in the child's blood at birth and in throat and faeces for the first 3 and 4 weeks of life respectively. HAV RNA in the mother's blood was detected at 6 days prior to and at 17 days after delivery. HAV RNA was undetectable in breast milk when tested on day 3 after delivery. CONCLUSION There was no evidence of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis A virus from a viraemic mother to her premature child delivered at gestational week 33 + 1 by caesarean section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Selander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Paediatrics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Recovery and sequence analysis of hepatitis a virus from springwater implicated in an outbreak of acute viral hepatitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6158-60. [PMID: 18708522 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02872-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of acute hepatitis A virus in North Carolina was linked to drinking water from a contaminated shallow spring by phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genomic sequences. Detection of HAV and fecal indicators in the water provided useful and timely information to assist with public health prevention and control measures.
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Hepatitis A virus mutant spectra under the selective pressure of monoclonal antibodies: codon usage constraints limit capsid variability. J Virol 2007; 82:1688-700. [PMID: 18057242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe structural constraints in the hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid have been suggested as the reason for the lack of emergence of new serotypes in spite of the occurrence of complex distributions of mutants or quasispecies. Analysis of the HAV mutant spectra under immune pressure by the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) K34C8 (immunodominant site) and H7C27 (glycophorin binding site) has revealed different evolutionary dynamics. Populations composed of complex ensembles of mutants with very low fitness or single dominant mutants with high fitness permit the acquisition of resistance to each of the MAbs, respectively. Deletion mutants were detected as components of the mutant spectra: up to 61 residues, with an average of 19, and up to 83 residues, with an average of 45, in VP3 and VP1 proteins, respectively. A clear negative selection of those replacements affecting the residues encoded by rare codons of the capsid surface has been detected through the present quasispecies analysis, confirming a certain beneficial role of such clusters. Since these clusters are located near or at the epitope regions, the need to maintain such clusters might prevent the emergence of new serotypes.
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Davidkin I, Zheleznova N, Jokinen S, Gorchakova O, Broman M, Mukomolov S. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A in St. Petersburg, Russia, 1997-2003. J Med Virol 2007; 79:657-62. [PMID: 17457910 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in the St. Petersburg and Karelia regions was studied during 1997-2003. Hepatitis A virus RNA was isolated from both clinical samples (stools or sera) and environmental samples (sewage water). RT-PCR was carried out using different primer pairs from the VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions, the variable parts of the HAV genome. PCR products were sequenced and 306 nucleotides from the VP1/2A and 332 nucleotides from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common during the follow-up period: >90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to that subtype. The HAV strains found in intravenous drug users belonged to subtypes IA and IIIA. Only one out of a total of 88 sequenced strains was of the IB subtype. The subtypes IB and IIIA were found only in 2001-2003, which suggests that new strains were introduced into the endemic situation. The results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods in studying changes in the circulating HAV strains and in tracing transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irja Davidkin
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Rodrigues L, Pista A, Oliveira A, Agua-Doce I, Manita C, Paixão MT. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in a group of Portuguese citizens living in Lisbon area. J Med Virol 2007; 79:483-7. [PMID: 17387747 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most important cause of acute infectious hepatitis worldwide. In Portugal, due to improvements in sanitation epidemic outbreaks of HAV infection have become less frequent. This report is the first, to our knowledge that characterized HAV in Portugal. For the detection and molecular characterization of HAV cases in a group of Portuguese individuals in the Lisbon area, 31 serum samples were tested: 8 from symptomatic children from an acute hepatitis A outbreak in a Roma (Gipsies) community (2004-2005), and 22 from patients with acute HAV from sporadic cases (2005-2006). A sample of CSF involved in a case of meningitis was also included. IgM anti-HAV detection and nested reverse transcription (RT-PCR), with primers located at the VP1-P2a region, was undertaken to detect HAV genome. In positive samples, molecular characterization was followed by phylogenetic analysis. All samples (n = 31) were positive for IgM anti-HAV. HAV RNA was found in 96.7% of cases. All isolates were classified as genotype I: 22 belonged to sub-genotype IA (73.3%), and 8 to sub-genotype IB (26.7%). All strains obtained from an acute HAV outbreak had sub-genotype IA, in which seven isolates (87.5%) had identical sequences. In HAV sporadic cases sub-genotypes IA and IB were identified, and this may reflect the co-circulation of these two sub-genotypes in Portugal. Molecular epidemiology of HAV infection in this group of Portuguese appears to be similar to other European countries. HAV phylogenetic studies can provide important information for the design of appropriate public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rodrigues
- Hepatitis Unit, Centre of Virology, National Institute of Health, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Stene-Johansen K, Tjon G, Schreier E, Bremer V, Bruisten S, Ngui SL, King M, Pinto RM, Aragonès L, Mazick A, Corbet S, Sundqvist L, Blystad H, Norder H, Skaug K. Molecular epidemiological studies show that hepatitis A virus is endemic among active homosexual men in Europe. J Med Virol 2007; 79:356-65. [PMID: 17311331 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Large outbreaks of hepatitis A have occurred in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the period 1997-2005 affecting homosexual men. A collaborative study was undertaken between these countries to determine if the strains involved in these hepatitis A outbreaks were related genetically. The N-terminal region of VP1 and the VP1/P2A region of the strains were sequenced and compared. The majority of the strains found among homosexual men from the different European countries formed a closely related cluster, named MSM1, belonging to genotype IA. Different HAV strains circulated among other risk groups in these countries during the same period, indicating that specific strains were circulating among homosexual men exclusively. Similar strains found among homosexual men from 1997 to 2005 indicate that these HAV strains have been circulating among homosexual men for a long time. The homosexual communities are probably too small within the individual countries to maintain HAV in their population over time, whereas the homosexual communities across Europe are probably sufficiently large to sustain continued circulation of homologous HAV strains for years resulting in an endemic situation among homosexual men.
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Cristina J, Costa-Mattioli M. Genetic variability and molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus. Virus Res 2007; 127:151-7. [PMID: 17328982 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), the causative agent of type A viral hepatitis, was first identified about three decades ago. Recent findings have shown that HAV possess several characteristics that make it unique among the family Picornaviridae, particularly in terms of its mechanisms of polyprotein processing and virion morphogenesis. HAV circulates in vivo as distributions of closely genetically related variants referred to as quasispecies. HAV exploits all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure its survival, including mutation and recombination. Only one serotype and six different genetic groups (three humans and three simian) have been described. HAV mutation rate is significantly lower as compared to other members of the family Picornaviridae. The mode of evolution appears, at least in part, to contribute to the presence of only one known serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Chitambar S, Joshi M, Lole K, Walimbe A, Vaidya S. Cocirculation of and coinfections with hepatitis A virus subgenotypes IIIA and IB in patients from Pune, western India. Hepatol Res 2007; 37:85-93. [PMID: 17300702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM During the 1990s, a changing pattern of epidemiology of hepatitis A was reported in different populations of India. The present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains over a period of 10 years. METHODS Stool/serum samples were collected from hepatitis A patients clinically presenting acute viral hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect HAV-RNA. HAV genomes were examined by sequencing PCR products of VP1/2A junction (168 bp) and RNA polymerase (116 bp) regions. RESULTS Subgenotype IIIA and IB were detected in 74.2% and 9.7% of specimens, respectively, while 16.1% of patients had mixed infections. Sewage samples also showed presence of both IIIA (9/10) and IB (1/10) subgenotypes. RNA polymerase region showed two clusters constituting 51.6% and 19.4% strains closer to Nor21 and HM175 strains, respectively, in clinical specimens. Three isolates appeared as discordant subgenotypes in VP1/2A and RNA polymerase regions. CONCLUSION The data revealed cocirculation of and coinfection with subgenotypes IIIA and IB, with predominance of IIIA and genetic heterogeneity of HAV strains in western India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Chitambar
- Rotavirus Department, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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20
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De Paula VS, Niel C, Teves SC, Villar LM, Virgolino H, Gaspar AMC. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in Brazilian Amazon. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1435-8. [PMID: 16911689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is highly endemic in the Amazon. However, few data are available regarding HAV genotypes circulating in this region of the world. The aim of the present study was to characterize genetically HAV isolates circulating in the Brazilian part of the Amazon. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 134 IgM anti-HAV positive patients (sporadic cases). Viral RNA was extracted and the virion protein (VP)1/2A junction region of the HAV genome was successfully amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for 81 samples (60.4%). Nucleotide sequences (210 bp) of the 81 isolates were determined. RESULTS All HAV samples were from genotype I, with 78 (96.3%) belonging to subgenotype IA and three (3.7%) to subgenotype IB. By phylogenetic analysis, it was shown that 72/78 of the subgenotype IA isolates formed a cluster separated from the other South American HAV isolates previously characterized. CONCLUSION The present study provides valuable new data on the genetic relatedness of HAV from the Amazon. Subgenotype IB circulates in the Brazilian Amazon but the predominant genotype is 1A, similar to what occurs in most South American countries.
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Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:63-79. [PMID: 16418523 PMCID: PMC1360271 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.63-79.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omana V Nainan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mailstop A33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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22
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Mackiewicz V, Roque-Afonso AM, Marchadier E, Nicand E, Fki-Berrajah L, Dussaix E. Rapid investigation of hepatitis A virus outbreak by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. J Med Virol 2005; 76:271-8. [PMID: 15834883 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks often implies nucleotide sequence analysis. As an alternative method for the identification of related strains, single strand conformation polymorphism method (SSCP) was compared to sequence analysis. Twenty-three strains from sporadic and outbreak cases were studied retrospectively. SSCP, sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on a 267 bp fragment of the VP1-2A variable region. The results of SSCP pattern comparison and sequence identity were highly correlated (r = 0.92, P < 0.001). If SSCP showed similar patterns, the VP1-2A fragments had a high and significant probability to have a sequence identity over 99.6%. Results were concordant for outbreak strains. The only discordant result concerned a cluster of three sporadic cases evidenced by phylogenetic analysis while SSCP showed similar patterns for only two of these three cases. A prospective SSCP analysis of a recent HAV outbreak confirmed the reliability of this technique. SSCP may thus provide a rapid and cost-effective tool for preliminary investigation of HAV outbreaks, before undertaking exhaustive nucleotide sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mackiewicz
- Centre National de Référence du Virus de l'Hépatite A, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Villejuif, France.
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23
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de Paula VS, Lu L, Niel C, Gaspar AMC, Robertson BH. Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus isolates from Brazil. J Med Virol 2004; 73:378-83. [PMID: 15170631 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A limited number of hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates from South America have been characterised at the genomic level. IgM anti-HAV positive serum samples collected from patients with hepatitis A living in the five geographical regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central, South, and Southeast) were used to obtain HAV isolates and determine their genetic relatedness. Of the 232 case isolates, sequence data were obtained from the VP1/2A junction region of the HAV genome. All isolates were classified in genotype I; 231 belonged to subgenotype IA, and one to subgenotype IB. HAV isolates from four States formed distinct clusters of highly related sequences. However, isolates from other states did not cluster and the sequences from those states were intermingled with sequences found in the other states. The amino acid sequences of all but two isolates showed a Leu --> Ile substitution at position 42 in the 2A protein. This substitution appeared to be a characteristic geographic fingerprint of HAV sequences within Brazil.
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Villar LM, Lampe E, Meyer A, Gaspar AMC. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus isolates in Rio de Janeiro: implications for the vaccination of school children. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:1779-87. [PMID: 15558184 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004001200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is shifting from high to intermediate endemicity in Brazil, resulting in increased numbers of susceptible individuals and a greater potential for the emergence of outbreaks. Universal vaccination against HAV has been recommended for children, but updated sero-epidemiological data are necessary to analyze the level of natural immunity and to identify candidates for preventive measures. In addition, more molecular studies are necessary to characterize the genotypes involved in HAV infections and outbreaks. Sera from 299 school children (5-15 years old) and 25 school staff members, collected during an outbreak of HAV at a rural public school in June 2000, were tested for IgM and total anti-HAV antibodies (ELISA). Viral RNA was amplified by RT-PCR from anti-HAV IgM-positive sera and from 19 fecal samples. Direct nucleotide sequencing of the VP1/2A region was carried out on 18 PCR-positive samples. Acute HAV infection was detected by anti-HAV IgM in 93/299 children and in 3/25 adult staff members. The prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies in IgM-negative children under 5 years of age was only 10.5%. HAV-RNA was detected in 46% IgM-positive serum samples and in 16% stool samples. Sequence analysis showed that half the isolates belonged to subgenotype IA and the other half to IB. On the basis of these data, mass vaccination against HAV is recommended without prevaccination screening, especially for children before they enter school, since nearly 90% of the children under 5 years were susceptible. Molecular characterization indicated the endemic circulation of specific HAV strains belonging to subgenotypes IA and IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Villar
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Lu L, Ching KZ, de Paula VS, Nakano T, Siegl G, Weitz M, Robertson BH. Characterization of the complete genomic sequence of genotype II hepatitis A virus (CF53/Berne isolate). J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2943-2952. [PMID: 15448357 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genomic sequence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) CF53/Berne strain was determined. Pairwise comparison with other complete HAV genomic sequences demonstrated that the CF53/Berne isolate is most closely related to the single genotype VII strain, SLF88. This close relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of different genomic regions, and was most pronounced within the capsid region. These data indicated that CF53/Berne and SLF88 isolates are related more closely to each other than are subtypes IA and IB. A histogram of the genetic differences between HAV strains revealed four separate peaks. The distance values for CF53/Berne and SLF88 isolates fell within the peak that contained strains of the same subtype, showing that they should be subtypes within a single genotype. The complete genomic data indicated that genotypes II and VII should be considered a single genotype, based upon the complete VP1 sequence, and it is proposed that the CF53/Berne isolate be classified as genotype IIA and strain SLF88 as genotype IIB. The CF53/Berne isolate is cell-adapted, and therefore its sequence was compared to that of two other strains adapted to cell culture, HM-175/7 grown in MK-5 and GBM grown in FRhK-4 cells. Mutations found at nucleotides 3889, 4087 and 4222 that were associated with HAV attenuation and cell adaptation in HM175/7 and GMB strains were not present in the CF53/Berne strain. Deletions found in the 5'UTR and P3A regions of the CF53/Berne isolate that are common to cell-adapted HAV isolates were identified, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Karen Z Ching
- Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Tatsunori Nakano
- Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Gunter Siegl
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Weitz
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Betty H Robertson
- Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS C12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Costa-Mattioli M, Napoli AD, Ferré V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 84:3191-3201. [PMID: 14645901 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular biology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) has increased exponentially since its identification. HAV exploits all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure survival, including mutation and genetic recombination. HAV has been characterized by the emergence of different genotypes, three human antigenic variants and only one major serotype. This paper reviews the genetic variability and molecular epidemiology of HAV. Its evolutionary mechanisms are described with particular emphasis on genetic recombination and HAV mutation rate. Genotypic classification methods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Anna Di Napoli
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Ferré
- Laboratorie de Virologie UPRES-EA1156, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nantes, Rue Quai Moncousu 9, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Sylviane Billaudel
- Laboratorie de Virologie UPRES-EA1156, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nantes, Rue Quai Moncousu 9, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Raul Perez-Bercoff
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Cristina
- Departamento de Técnicas Nucleares Aplicadas, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Sánchez G, Bosch A, Gómez-Mariano G, Domingo E, Pintó RM. Evidence for quasispecies distributions in the human hepatitis A virus genome. Virology 2003; 315:34-42. [PMID: 14592757 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence analysis of multiple molecular clones of the hepatitis A virus (HAV), generated by reverse transcription-PCR of two capsid-coding regions, revealed a degree of heterogeneity compatible with a quasispecies structure in three clinical samples. Passage of plaque-purified reference strain HAV pHM175 43c in FRhK-4 cells documented the generation of a mutant distribution of HAV genomes. The mutant spectra showed mutation frequencies in the range of 1 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-4) substitutions per nucleotide, with a dominance of transition over transversion mutations. While in the VP3-coding region, nonsynonymous mutations were predominant; in the VP1-coding region they were uncommon. Around 50% of the amino acid replacements involved residues located at or near antigenic sites. Most of the detected mutations occurred at or in the vicinity of rare codons, suggesting a dynamics of mutation-selection, predominantly at and around rare codons. The results indicate that despite antigenic conservation, HAV replicates as a complex distribution of mutants, a feature of viral quasispecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Sánchez
- Grup Virus Entèrics, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Chironna M, Grottola A, Lanave C, Villa E, Barbuti S, Quarto M. Genetic analysis of HAV strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis from Southern Italy. J Med Virol 2003; 70:343-9. [PMID: 12766995 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Southern Italy is an endemic area for HAV infection contributing to the majority of Italian hepatitis A cases. Using molecular analysis, HAV strains have been classified in distinct genotypes and subgenotypes. To characterize HAV wild-type strains circulating in Southern Italy, sequence analysis of VP3-VP1 and VP1/2A junction regions of HAV isolates recovered from 25 patients with acute hepatitis during 2000 and 2001 was carried out. HAV isolates showed a degree of identity, after pairwise comparison with one another, ranging from 91.9-100% in the VP3-VP1 junction region and 89.9-100% in the VP1/2A junction region. All strains belonged to genotype I, with 84% (21/25) of samples clustering in subgenotype IA and 16% (4/25) in subgenotype IB. Cocirculation of subgenotypes IA and IB was observed among isolates from 2000, whereas all strains from 2001 were subgenotype IA. In addition, the subgenotype IA strains formed different clusters, one of which was related closely to some Cuban strains, showing a percent similarity of 98.8% in the 168-base pair segment encompassing the VP1/2A junction and the same amino acid substitution. The latter finding suggests that this subgenotype variant circulates also in the Mediterranean area. The results of the phylogenetic analysis confirm the genetic heterogeneity among HAV strains in Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chironna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Hygiene Section, University of Bari, Italy.
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de Paula VS, Saback FL, Gaspar AMC, Niel C. Mixed infection of a child care provider with hepatitis A virus isolates from subgenotypes IA and IB revealed by heteroduplex mobility assay. J Virol Methods 2003; 107:223-8. [PMID: 12505637 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis based on a 168 base segment encompassing the putative VP1/2A junction of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) genome has enabled the classification of HAV isolates into seven genotypes (I-VII). Genotype I, which includes the vast majority of the human HAV isolates, has been divided further into subgenotypes IA and IB. An heteroduplex mobility assay was designed with amplification products from the VP1/2A junction region, and used as a genotyping method able to discriminate HAV isolates belonging to IA, IB and non-I genotypes. The method was used to successfully genotype 48 samples (16 IA and 32 IB). However, one HAV RNA positive serum sample (AUX-23), collected from a 15 year old female employed at a child care center located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, showed an unusual pattern. PCR products from sample AUX-23 gave rise to heteroduplex bands when mixed with IA products as well as with IB products, suggesting the presence of HAV isolates from both subgenotypes in the serum. PCR products from sample AUX-23 were then cloned and 20 clones were analyzed by heteroduplex mobility assay. Eleven were subgenotype IA and 9 were IB. Three clones of each subgenotype were then sequenced to confirm the results. These data constitute the first report of mixed infection of a single individual with different HAV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S de Paula
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Av. Brasil 4365, 21045-900, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
The number of synonymous mutations per synonymous site (K(s)), the number of nonsynonymous mutations per nonsynonymous site (K(a)), and the codon usage statistic (N(c)) were calculated for several hepatitis A virus (HAV) isolates. While K(s) was similar to those of poliovirus (PV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), K(a) was 1 order of magnitude lower. The N(c) parameter provides information on codon usage bias and decreases when bias increases. The N(c) value in HAV was about 38, while in PV and FMDV, it was about 53. The emergence of 22 rare codons in front of 8 in PV and 7 in FMDV was detected. Most of the conserved rare codons of the P1 region were strategically located at the carboxy borders of beta barrels and alpha helices, their potential function being the assurance of proper folding of the capsid proteins through a decrease in the translation speed. This strategic location was not observed for amino acids encoded by the conserved rare codons of the 3D region. The percentage of bases with low pairing number values was higher in the latter region, suggesting a role of the conserved rare codons in the maintenance of RNA structure. Many of the rare codons in HAV are among the most frequent in humans, unlike in PV or in FMDV. This fact may be explained by the lack of cellular shutoff in HAV. One hypothesis is that HAV has evolved in order to avoid competition with its host for cellular tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Sánchez
- Grup Virus Entèrics, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Costa-Mattioli M, Cristina J, Romero H, Perez-Bercof R, Casane D, Colina R, Garcia L, Vega I, Glikman G, Romanowsky V, Castello A, Nicand E, Gassin M, Billaudel S, Ferré V. Molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus: a new classification based on the complete VP1 protein. J Virol 2002; 76:9516-25. [PMID: 12186933 PMCID: PMC136434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9516-9525.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus in the genus Hepatovirus in the family Picornaviridae So far, analysis of the genetic variability of HAV has been based on two discrete regions, the VP1/2A junction and the VP1 N terminus. In this report, we determined the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the complete VP1 gene of 81 strains from France, Kosovo, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and compared them with the sequences of seven strains of HAV isolated elsewhere. Overall strain variation in the complete VP1 gene was found to be as high as 23.7% at the nucleotide level and 10.5% at the amino acid level. Different phylogenetic methods revealed that HAV sequences form five distinct and well-supported genetic lineages. Within these lineages, HAV sequences clustered by geographical origin only for European strains. The analysis of the complete VP1 gene allowed insight into the mode of evolution of HAV and revealed the emergence of a novel variant with a 15-amino-acid deletion located on the VP1 region where neutralization escape mutations were found. This could be the first antigenic variant of HAV so far identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Laboratorie de Virologie UPRES-EA1156, Institut de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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