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Hulaniuk ML, Mojsiejczuk L, Jauk F, Remondegui C, Mammana L, Bouzas MB, Zapiola I, Ferro MV, Ajalla C, Blejer J, Alter A, Acevedo ME, Rodríguez E, Fernández R, Bartoli S, Volonteri V, Kohan D, Elsner B, Bürgesser MV, Reynaud AL, Sánchez M, González C, García Rivello H, Corach D, Caputo M, Trinks J. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic analysis of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in two distant regions of Argentina: Association with the genetic ancestry of the population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104523. [PMID: 32890766 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of persistent infectious agents, such as HHV-8, correlates closely with the migration of modern humans out of East Africa which makes them useful to trace human migrations. However, there is scarce data about the evolutionary history of HHV-8 particularly in multiethnic Latin American populations. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to characterize the genetic diversity and the phylogeography of HHV-8 in two distant geographic regions of Argentina, and to establish potential associations with pathogenic conditions and the genetic ancestry of the population. STUDY DESIGN A total of 101 HIV-1 infected subjects, 93 Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) patients and 411 blood donors were recruited in the metropolitan (MET) and north-western regions of Argentina (NWA). HHV-8 DNA was detected by ORF-26 PCR in whole blood, saliva and FFPE tissues. Then, ORF-26 and ORF-K1 were analyzed for subtype assignment. Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, as well as autosomal ancestry markers were evaluated in samples in which subtypes could be assigned. Phylogeographic analysis was performed in the ORF-K1 sequences from this study combined with 388 GenBank sequences. RESULTS HHV-8 was detected in 50.7%, 59.2% and 8% of samples from HIV-1 infected subjects, KS patients and blood donors, respectively. ORF-K1 phylogenetic analyses showed that subtypes A (A1-A5), B1, C (C1-C3) and F were present in 46.9%, 6.25%, 43.75% and 3.1% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF-26 fragment revealed that 81.95% of strains were subtypes A/C followed by J, B2, R, and K. The prevalence of subtype J was more commonly observed among KS patients when compared to the other groups. Among KS patients, subtype A/C was more commonly detected in MET whereas subtype J was the most frequent in NWA. Subtypes A/C was significantly associated with Native American maternal haplogroups (p = 0.004), whereas subtype J was related to non-Native American haplogroups (p < 0.0001). Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Latin America were the most probable locations from where HHV-8 was introduced to Argentina. CONCLUSIONS These results give evidence of the geographic circulation of HHV-8 in Argentina, suggest the association of ORF-26 subtype J with KS development and provide new insights about its relationship with ancient and modern human migrations and identify the possible origins of this virus in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Hulaniuk
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina
| | - Laura Mojsiejczuk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Federico Jauk
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Remondegui
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Bouzas
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Zapiola
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Ferro
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Claudia Ajalla
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Adriana Alter
- Fundación Hemocentro Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Bartoli
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital "Pablo Soria", San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Victoria Volonteri
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dana Kohan
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Boris Elsner
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Laura Reynaud
- Laboratorio de Patología y Citopatología, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sánchez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos González
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán García Rivello
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Corach
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Caputo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Trinks
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Wang H, Zhang W, Gu H, Chen W, Zeng M, Ji C, Song R, Zhang G. Identification and characterization of two linear epitope motifs in hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184947. [PMID: 28957334 PMCID: PMC5619941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for hepatitis E, which represents a global public health problem. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are reported to be zoonotic, and animals are monitored for HEV infection in the interests of public hygiene and food safety. The development of novel diagnostic methods and vaccines for HEV in humans is thus important topics of research. Opening reading frame (ORF) 2 of HEV includes both linear and conformational epitopes and is regarded as the primary candidate for vaccines and diagnostic tests. We investigated the precise location of the HEV epitopes in the ORF2 protein. We prepared four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against genotype 4 ORF2 protein and identified two linear epitopes, G438IVIPHD444 and Y457DNQH461, corresponding to two of these mAbs using phage display biopanning technology. Both these epitopes were speculated to be universal to genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, and avian HEVs. We also used two 12-mer fragments of ORF2 protein including these two epitopes to develop a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect HEV in serum. This assay demonstrated good specificity but low sensitivity compared with the commercial method, indicating that these two epitopes could serve as potential candidate targets for diagnosis. Overall, these results further our understanding of the epitope distribution of HEV ORF2, and provide important information for the development of peptide-based immunodiagnostic tests to detect HEV in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (HW)
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Hospital of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglang Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanli Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chihai Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyue Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GZ); (HW)
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Pérez CL, Tous MI. Diversity of human herpesvirus 8 genotypes in patients with AIDS and non-AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma, Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma in Argentina. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2020-2028. [PMID: 28617968 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HHV-8 genotypes are distributed heterogeneously worldwide. The variable K1 gene and the conserved ORF26E region serve to genotype. The aim of the study was to characterize HHV-8 isolates from patients with AIDS, classical, and iatrogenic KS, primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman's disease and one organ donor from Argentina by analysis of ORFK1 and ORF26E regions. DNA was extracted from fresh or paraffin embedded biopsies, blood, and saliva samples and submitted to HHV-8 PCR. Phylogenetic analyses of ORFK1 showed that subtypes C (C1, C2, and C3), B1 and A (A1, A2, and A3) were present in 70.8%, 16.7%, and 12.5% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF26E fragment revealed that most strains (45.8%) were subtype A/C while the remaining fall into K, J, B2, R, and D subtypes. Linkage between ORFK1-ORF26E subtypes corresponded to reported relationships, except for one strain that clustered with B1 (K1 African) and D (ORF26E Asian-Pacific) subtypes. This research reveals predominance of subtype C, a broad spectrum of HHV-8 genotypes and reports the first isolation of the African B genotype in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Luján Pérez
- Tissue Culture Service Virology Department INEI-ANLIS "Dr C G Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica I Tous
- Tissue Culture Service Virology Department INEI-ANLIS "Dr C G Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hulaniuk ML, Torres O, Bartoli S, Fortuny L, Burgos Pratx L, Nuñez F, Salamone H, Corach D, Trinks J, Caputo M. Increased prevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) genome among blood donors from North-Western Argentina. J Med Virol 2016; 89:518-527. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Hulaniuk
- Basic Science and Experimental Medicine Institute (ICBME); University Institute of the Italian Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Oscar Torres
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; “Ramón Sardá” Maternity Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sonia Bartoli
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; “Pablo Soria” Hospital; San Salvador de Jujuy Jujuy Argentina
| | - Lisandro Fortuny
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leandro Burgos Pratx
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Félix Nuñez
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Horacio Salamone
- Transfusion Medicine Unit; Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Daniel Corach
- Universidad de Buenos Aires; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología; Inmunología y Biotecnología; Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Julieta Trinks
- Basic Science and Experimental Medicine Institute (ICBME); University Institute of the Italian Hospital; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariela Caputo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Departamento de Microbiología; Inmunología y Biotecnología; Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Buenos Aires Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Rohner E, Wyss N, Trelle S, Mbulaiteye SM, Egger M, Novak U, Zwahlen M, Bohlius J. HHV-8 seroprevalence: a global view. Syst Rev 2014; 3:11. [PMID: 24521144 PMCID: PMC3925012 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is the underlying infectious cause of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and other proliferative diseases; that is, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. In regions with high HHV-8 seroprevalence in the general population, KS accounts for a major burden of disease. Outside these endemic regions, HHV-8 prevalence is high in men who have sex with men (MSM) and in migrants from endemic regions. We aim to conduct a systematic literature review and meta-analysis in order 1) to define the global distribution of HHV-8 seroprevalence (primary objective) and 2) to identify risk factors for HHV-8 infection, with a focus on HIV status (secondary objective). METHODS/DESIGN We will include observational studies reporting data on seroprevalence of HHV-8 in children and/or adults from any region in the world. Case reports and case series as well as any studies with fewer than 50 participants will be excluded. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, and relevant conference proceedings without language restriction. Two reviewers will independently screen the identified studies and extract data on study characteristics and quality, study population, risk factors, and reported outcomes, using a standardized form. For the primary objective we will pool the data using a fully bayesian approach for meta-analysis, with random effects at the study level. For the secondary objective (association of HIV and HHV-8) we aim to pool odds ratios for the association of HIV and HHV-8 using a fully bayesian approach for meta-analysis, with random effects at the study level. Sub-group analyses and meta-regression analyses will be used to explore sources of heterogeneity, including factors such as geographical region, calendar years of recruitment, age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, different risk groups for sexually and parenterally transmitted infections (MSM, sex workers, hemophiliacs, intravenous drug users), comorbidities such as organ transplantation and malaria, test(s) used to measure HHV-8 infection, study design, and study quality. DISCUSSION Using the proposed systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to better define the global seroprevalence of HHV-8 and its associated risk factors. This will improve the current understanding of HHV-8 epidemiology, and could suggest measures to prevent HHV-8 infection and to reduce its associated cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Rohner
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Caterino-de-Araujo A, Magri MC, Manuel RCR. Patterns of antibodies against latent and lytic antigens of human herpesvirus 8 in an endemic population and patients with Kaposi's sarcoma in Mozambique. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1576-81. [PMID: 20648612 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of antibodies against latent and lytic antigens of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) were assessed using immunofluorescence assays of samples from 155 persons seropositive for HHV-8 seen at public health centers and 24 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) from Mozambique. Of the 155 persons without KS, 48 (31%) had antibodies against latent antigens only, 29 (18.7%) had antibodies against lytic antigens only, and 78 (50.3%) had antibodies against both types of antigen. The HHV-8 antibody titer tended to increase with age until age 40, after which it began to decrease. High titers of antibodies against latent and lytic antigens of HHV-8 were detected mostly in persons co-infected with HIV, and these increased titers could have a predictive value. All patients with KS except four patients who were seronegative for HHV-8 had elevated titers of HHV-8 antibodies, predominantly against latent antigens. The data suggest the potential for an increase in the development of KS in this endemic area for HHV-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus antibody response and viremia following highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort study. AIDS 2010; 24:2245-52. [PMID: 20543658 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833b7830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of HAART on Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) antibody response and viremia among HIV-positive MSM. DESIGN A follow-up study of 272 HIV-positive MSM (including 22 with Kaposi sarcoma) who first initiated HAART between January 1996 and July 2004 in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. METHODS For each individual, two serum samples, one at HAART initiation and another 24 months later, were tested for latent and lytic KSHV antibodies using immunofluorescence assays, and for KSHV viremia using PCR. Factors associated with changes in KSHV antibody titers and viremia were evaluated. RESULTS At HAART initiation, 69.1 and 75.0% of patients were seropositive to latent and lytic KSHV antibodies, respectively. Seropositivity was associated with the presence of Kaposi sarcoma, older age, lower CD8 cell count and higher CD4/CD8 ratio. Prevalence of KSHV viremia at HAART initiation was 6.4%, being significantly higher among patients with Kaposi sarcoma (35.0%), and those with HIV viral loads 100 000 copies/ml (11.7%) or higher. At 24-month follow-up, geometric mean titers (GMTs) among KSHV seropositive patients increased and antibody seroprevalence was higher. Having Kaposi sarcoma and/or CD4 cell counts less than 50 cells/microl at HAART initiation was associated both with higher probability for antibody titers to increase (including seroconversion) and larger increases in GMTs. Only one of 17 viremic patients at HAART initiation had viremia at 24-month follow-up. CONCLUSION HAART increases KSHV-specific humoral immune response and clearance of viremia among HIV-infected MSM, consistent with the dramatic protection offered by HAART against Kaposi sarcoma.
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Pérez CL, Tous MI, Zala N, Camino S. Human herpesvirus 8 in healthy blood donors, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:150-1. [PMID: 20031066 PMCID: PMC2874365 DOI: 10.3201/eid1601.090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Guanira JV, Casper C, Lama JR, Morrow R, Montano SM, Caballero P, Suárez L, Whittington WLH, Wald A, Sanchez J, Celum C. Prevalence and correlates of human herpesvirus 8 infection among Peruvian men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 49:557-62. [PMID: 18989224 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31818d5bf8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is common among men who have sex with men (MSM) in North America and Europe and is also found to be endemic in some regions of South America. Little is known about HHV-8 prevalence and its correlates among MSM in the Andean region. METHODS We assessed HHV-8 seroprevalence among 497 MSM recruited for the 2002 Peruvian HIV sentinel surveillance program using a combined HHV-8 enzyme immunoassay and immunofluorescence assay algorithm. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the association between selected covariates and HHV-8 seropositivity. RESULTS One hundred thirty-one (66.5%, 95% CI 63.1% to 69.9%) of 197 HIV-infected and 80 (26.7%, 95% CI 24.4% to 29.0%) of 300 HIV-uninfected MSM had serologic evidence of HHV-8 infection. Factors independently associated with HHV-8 infection were education<12 years (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.7), anal receptive sex with the last partner (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.3), self-reported sexually transmitted infection symptoms during the last year (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.0), coinfection with HIV (OR 4.2, 95% CI 2.8 to 6.4) and chronic hepatitis B (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.5 to 15.8). MSM with long-standing HIV infection were more likely to have serologic evidence of HHV-8 infection when compared with men with recently acquired HIV (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 9.1). CONCLUSIONS HHV-8 infection is common among both HIV-infected and HIV-negative MSM in Lima, Peru. HHV-8 seropositivity is correlated with anal receptive sex, self-reported sexually transmitted infection symptoms, and HIV infection among these MSM and thus seems to be sexually transmitted. HHV-8 infection seems to be acquired after HIV infection, suggesting that future studies should evaluate the mode of HHV-8 transmission and prevention strategies among HIV-uninfected MSM.
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