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Rossi NM, Dai J, Xie Y, Wangsa D, Heselmeyer-Haddad K, Lou H, Boland JF, Yeager M, Orozco R, Freites EA, Mirabello L, Gharzouzi E, Dean M. Extrachromosomal Amplification of Human Papillomavirus Episomes Is a Mechanism of Cervical Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1768-1781. [PMID: 36971511 PMCID: PMC10239328 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Multimers of the HPV genome are generated in cervical tumors replicating as extrachromosomal episomes, which is associated with deletion and rearrangement of the HPV genome and provides a mechanism for oncogenesis without integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Rossi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jieqiong Dai
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yi Xie
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Darawalee Wangsa
- Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerstin Heselmeyer-Haddad
- Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Lou
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F. Boland
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Enrique Alvirez Freites
- Hospital Central Universitario “Dr. Antonio M Pineda,” Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela, and Universidad Andino de Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Baedyananda F, Sasivimolrattana T, Chaiwongkot A, Varadarajan S, Bhattarakosol P. Role of HPV16 E1 in cervical carcinogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:955847. [PMID: 35967849 PMCID: PMC9368317 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.955847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. More than 90% of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccines developed only guard against a few HPV types and do not protect people who have already been infected. HPV is a small DNA virus that infects the basal layer of the stratified epithelium of the skin and mucosa through small breaks and replicates as the cells differentiate. The mucosal types of HPV can be classified into low-risk and high-risk groups, based on their association with cancer. Among HPV types in high-risk group, HPV type 16 (HPV-16) is the most common, causing 50% of all cancer cases. HPV infection can occur as transient or persistent infections, based on the ability of immune system to clear the virus. Persistent infection is characterized by the integration of HPV genome. HPV-16 exhibits a different integration pattern, with only 50% reported to be integrated at the carcinoma stage. Replication of the HPV genome depends on protein E1, an ATP-dependent helicase. E1 is essential for the amplification of the viral episome in infected cells. Previous studies have shown that E1 does not only act as a helicase protein but is also involved in recruiting and interacting with other host proteins. E1 has also been deemed to drive host cell proliferation. Recent studies have emphasized the emerging role of HPV E1 in cervical carcinogenesis. In this review, a possible mechanism by which E1 drives cell proliferation and oncogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Baedyananda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thanayod Sasivimolrattana
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shankar Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Applied Medical Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Parvapan Bhattarakosol, ;
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Wang L, Wang F, Fu S, Zhang C, Zhe X, Li H, Li D, Shao R, Pan Z. Analysis of genetic variation in human papillomavirus type 16 E1 and E2 in women with cervical infection in Xinjiang, China. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:268. [PMID: 34772425 PMCID: PMC8590209 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xinjiang is one of the regions with a high incidence of cervical cancer, and the genetic variation of human papillomavirus may increase its ability to infect the human body and enhance virus-mediated immune escape ability. METHODS Sanger sequencing of the HPV16 genome from 165 samples positive for HPV16 infection and phylogenetic analysis of the E1 and E2 genes revealed the gene polymorphism of HPV16 in Xinjiang. RESULTS The results showed that there were 109 samples with variations in HPV16 E1, 48 sites with nucleotide variations (19 missense variations and 29 synonymous variations), and 91 samples with variations in HPV16 E2, 25 sites with nucleotide variations (20 missense variations and five synonymous variations). CONCLUSIONS From the phylogenetic tree results, 149 samples were of the European variant and 16 samples were of the Asian variant. No African or North American/Asian variant types were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Zhe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Zemin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease and Education Ministry Key Laboratory, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Human Papillomaviruses-Associated Cancers: An Update of Current Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112234. [PMID: 34835040 PMCID: PMC8623401 DOI: 10.3390/v13112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are small, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses infecting human epithelial cells, are associated with various benign and malignant lesions of mucosa and skin. Intensive research on the oncogenic potential of HPVs started in the 1970s and spread across Europe, including Croatia, and worldwide. Nowadays, the causative role of a subset of oncogenic or high-risk (HR) HPV types, led by HPV-16 and HPV-18, of different anogenital and head and neck cancers is well accepted. Two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, are directly involved in the development of HPV-related malignancies by targeting synergistically various cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell polarity control networks as well as host immune response. This review is aimed at describing the key elements in HPV-related carcinogenesis and the advances in cancer prevention with reference to past and on-going research in Croatia.
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An amino acid duplication/insertion in the Bm126 gene of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus alters viral gene expression as shown by differential gene expression analysis. Arch Virol 2019; 164:831-838. [PMID: 30675648 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Open reading frame (ORF) 126 (Bm126) of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is not essential for viral replication, and two subtypes of this gene have been identified in China. The Bm126-SX subtype encodes a protein with a simple amino acid duplication/insertion relative to the Bm126-GD subtype; however, significant differences in the cytopathic effect and infectivity of viruses carrying these variant genes have been observed. To elucidate the cause of these differences, differential gene expression analysis was performed at the early stage of infection with viruses harbouring variants of Bm126. Differential expression was observed for 103, 209, and 313 host genes and 9, 44, and 67 viral genes in vGD126 samples relative to the control samples (vSX126) at 6, 12, and 24 h postinfection, respectively. These results indicated that the duplication/insertion in Bm126 altered the viral expression pattern. The differentially expressed host genes were found to be related to ribosome, spliceosome, and proteasome pathways, and several factors involved in signal transduction were also identified. The differential expression of these viral and host genes was confirmed by qPCR. This study indicates that the amino acid duplication/insertion in the Bm126 gene has a biological function related to the regulation of viral gene expression and serves as a basis for further characterization of Bm126 gene function.
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Baedyananda F, Chaiwongkot A, Bhattarakosol P. Elevated HPV16 E1 Expression Is Associated with Cervical Cancer Progression. Intervirology 2018; 60:171-180. [PMID: 29495005 DOI: 10.1159/000487048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary replication protein, HPV E1, has been shown to play a role in mitigating host defence and disrupting normal cell cycle processes, leading to the development of cancer. This study investigated the expression profile of HPV16 E1 in various stages of cervical cancer development and the factors that control E1 expression. METHODS One hundred and twenty-four HPV16-positive cervical samples ranging from normal to CIN 1, CIN 2/3, and SCC lesions were studied. E1 mRNA expression was determined by ddPCR. Methylation of promoters p97 and p670 was quantified by pyrosequencing, while PCR, qPCR, and sequencing were used to determine the physical state and variations of the HPV16 E1 genome. RESULTS Increased E1 mRNA expression related to disease progression (normal 0.18, CIN 1 0.41, CIN 2/3 0.65, and SCC 0.79) was demonstrated with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.661, p = 0.019). No association between physical state and E1 expression was found. Methylation of p97 and p670 promoters showed significant elevation in SCC compared to normal samples. Only 4.2% showed genomic variations of HPV16 E1 63-bp duplication. CONCLUSION E1 may play a role in cancer development. The detection of E1 mRNA and promoter methylation may be useful as cancer prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Baedyananda
- Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parvapan Bhattarakosol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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E1 detection as prognosticator in human papillomavirus-positive head and neck cancers. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:0. [PMID: 27040135 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HPV-related locally advanced head and neck cancers (LA-HNCs) show a good prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the HPV prevalence in LA-HNCs and compare the prognostic value of E1, E6 and L1 genomic viral fragments and p16, individually and in combination, in order to find the best prognosticator in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). PATIENTS AND METHODS HPV16 was searched in 255 LA-HNC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, 89 oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs), and 166 non-OPCs by DNA-PCR with 3 primer pairs. p16 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 235 patients. RESULTS The prevalence of positive samples decreased constantly from E6 to L1 and E1 in both OPCs and non-OPCs. Each LA-HNC patient highlighted variable positivity for each fragment. OPCs showed a higher prevalence of positive samples compared to non-OPCs.Positive coexistence of all the fragments was more common in OPCs (31.5%) than non-OPCs (4.2%), and E1 detection was always associated with E6 and L1. E1-positive OPCs showed improved OS (p = 0.012) and PFS (p = 0.036), while L1- or E6-positive ones did not. p16-positive patients were more prevalent in the OPC (29.8%) than the non-OPC group (7.3%) (p<0.0001) and its prognostic value was not superior to that of E1. However, the multivariate Cox analysis which included E1, L1, E6 status and p16 expression did not show a significant p value. CONCLUSIONS Though HPV16 positivity measured by DNA-PCR was higher for L1 and E6, they performed weakly as prognosticators; E1 might become a strong prognostic marker for OS and PFS in OPCs.
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Guo Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Sun J, Xie L, Kong F, Han L, Li F. Physical Status and Variant Analysis of Human Papillomavirus 16 in Women from Shanghai. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015; 81:61-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000381775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Human papillomavirus 16 non-European variants are preferentially associated with high-grade cervical lesions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100746. [PMID: 24983739 PMCID: PMC4077691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV16 accounts for 50–70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Characterization of HPV16 variants previously indicated that they differ in risks for viral persistence, progression to cervical precancer and malignant cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the association of severity of disease with HPV16 variants identified in specimens (n = 281) obtained from a Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy outpatient clinic in the University Hospital of Espírito Santo State, Southeastern Brazil, from April 2010 to November 2011. All cytologic and histologic diagnoses were determined prior to definitive treatment. The DNA was isolated using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and HPV was detected by amplification with PGMY09/11 primers and positive samples were genotyped by RFLP analyses and reverse line blot. The genomes of the HPV16 positive samples were sequenced, from which variant lineages were determined. Chi2 statistics was performed to test the association of HPV16 variants between case and control groups. The prevalence of HR-HPV types in <CIN1, CIN2 and CIN3+ were 33.7%, 84.4% and 91.6%, respectively. Thirty-eight of 49 (78%) HPV16 positive samples yielded HPV16 sequence information; of which, 32 complete genomes were sequenced and an additional 6 samples were partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis and patterns of variations identified 65.8% (n = 25) as HPV16 European (E) and 34.2% (n = 13) as non-European (NE) variants. Classification of disease into CIN3+ vs. <CIN3 indicated that NE types were associated with high-grade disease with an OR = 4.6 (1.07–20.2, p = 0.05). The association of HPV16 NE variants with an increased risk of CIN3+ is consistent with an HPV16 genetically determined enhanced oncogenicity. The prevalence of genetic variants of HPV16 is distributed across different geographical areas and with recent population admixture, only empiric data will provide information on the highest risk HPV16 variants within a given population.
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Tsakogiannis D, Kyriakopoulou Z, Darmis F, Ruether I, Dimitriou T, Orfanoudakis G, Panotopoulou E, Markoulatos P. Prevalence of HPV16 E1-1374^63nt variants in Greek women. J Med Virol 2014; 86:778-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Tsakogiannis
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - Z. Kyriakopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - F. Darmis
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - I.G.A. Ruether
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - T.G. Dimitriou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
| | - G. Orfanoudakis
- Oncoprotein Group; University of Strasbourg; CNRS FRE 3211, The Biotechnology School of Strasbourg, ESBS, University of Strasbourg; Illkirch France
| | - E. Panotopoulou
- Papanicolaou Research Centre of Oncology and Experimental Surgery; Anticancer Oncology Hospital of Athens “St Savvas”; Athens Greece
| | - P. Markoulatos
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Microbiology-Virology Laboratory; School of Health Sciences; University of Thessaly; Larissa Greece
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Differential expression of HPV16 L2 gene in cervical cancers harboring episomal HPV16 genomes: influence of synonymous and non-coding region variations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65647. [PMID: 23762404 PMCID: PMC3675152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that (i) synonymous variations within the coding regions, and (ii) variations within the non-coding regions of HPV, influence cervical cancer (CaCx) pathogenesis under the impact of intact HPV16 genomes. Whole genome sequence analysis of HPV16 isolates within 70 CaCx cases and 25 non-malignant samples revealed that synonymous variations were significantly higher within the E6 (p = 0.014), E5 (p = 0.001) and L2 (p = 0.0002) genes of HPV16 isolates within cases, compared to isolates within non-malignant samples. All of the 25 (100%) humanized codons identified within L2 ORF of the samples analyzed, were harbored by CaCx cases, while 8 out of 25 (32%) were harbored by HPV16 positive non-malignant samples (p = 3.87105E-07). L2 (mRNA and protein) expression was evident only among cases with episomal viral genomes and L2 mRNA expression correlated significantly with E2 gene copy numbers suggesting expression from all episomal genomes. Among such cases, Asian American (AA) isolates portrayed all of the humanized codons (100%; 4–6/sample) recorded within L2, which was significantly higher (p = 2.02E-7) compared to the European (E) isolates (22.8%; none or 1–2/sample). Additionally, majority of E variant isolates within cases (54/57; 94.7%) portrayed a variation (T4228C) within the short non-coding region (NCR2) between E5 and L2 genes, which portrays a weak promoter activity specific for L2 mRNA expression. This resulted in loss of 9 out of 14 miRNA binding sites (hsa-miR-548 family), despite the significant overexpression of miR548a-5p and miR548d-5p among such cases (28.64 and 36.25 folds, respectively), in comparison to HPV negative control samples. The findings exemplify the biological relevance of sequence variations in HPV16 genomes and highlight that episomal HPV16 in CaCx cases employ multiple mechanisms to sustain L2 expression, thereby justifying the potential role of L2 in such cancers, as opposed to those harboring viral integration.
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Sabol I, Matovina M, Si-Mohamed A, Grce M. Characterization and whole genome analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 e1-1374^63nt variants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41045. [PMID: 22911739 PMCID: PMC3404080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variation of the most common Human papillomavirus (HPV) type found in cervical cancer, the HPV16, has been extensively investigated in almost all viral genes. The E1 gene variation, however, has been rarely studied. The main objective of the present investigation was to analyze the variability of the E6 and E1 genes, focusing on the recently identified E1-1374^63nt variant. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Variation within the E6 of 786 HPV16 positive cervical samples was analyzed using high-resolution melting, while the E1-1374^63nt duplication was assayed by PCR. Both techniques were supplemented with sequencing. The E1-1374^63nt duplication was linked with the E-G350 and the E-C109/G350 variants. In comparison to the referent HPV16, the E1-1374^63nt E-G350 variant was significantly associated with lower grade cervical lesions (p = 0.029), while the E1-1374^63nt E-C109/G350 variant was equally distributed between high and low grade lesions. The E1-1374^63nt variants were phylogenetically closest to E-G350 variant lineage (A2 sub-lineage based on full genome classification). The major differences between E1-1374^63nt variants were within the LCR and the E6 region. On the other hand, changes within the E1 region were the major differences from the A2 sub-lineage, which has been historically but inconclusively associated with high grade cervical disease. Thus, the shared variations cannot explain the particular association of the E1-1374^63nt variant with lower grade cervical lesions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The E1 region has been thus far considered to be well conserved among all HPVs and therefore uninteresting for variability studies. However, this study shows that the variations within the E1 region could possibly affect cervical disease, since the E1-1374^63nt E-G350 variant is significantly associated with lower grade cervical lesions, in comparison to the A1 and A2 sub-lineage variants. Furthermore, it appears that the silent variation 109T>C of the E-C109/G350 variant might have a significant role in the viral life cycle and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Matovina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ali Si-Mohamed
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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