1
|
Choi JH, Chung YS, Kim KS, Lee WJ, Chung IY, Oh HB, Kang C. Development of real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of human bocavirus. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:249-53. [PMID: 18378492 PMCID: PMC7108235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that has been recently detected in patients with respiratory illness. Objectives We developed a sensitive, specific, and quantitative real-time PCR assay based on the TaqMan method for HBoV detection and quantification in respiratory specimens. Study design Three individual real-time PCR assays were designed to amplify HBoV NS1, NP-1, and VP1 genes. For clinical evaluation, 506 nasal aspirates obtained from patients with acute respiratory tract infections during December 2006 to May 2007 were tested. Results Each assay had a broad dynamic range (50 × 107 to 5 × 107 copies of plasmid DNA) and high inter- and intra-assay reproducibility. The detection limit of each assay was 10 genome copies per reaction, and no crossreactivity with other major respiratory viruses or bacteria was detected. Clinical evaluation revealed that 11 (2.1%) of 506 patients diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, or sinusitis had HBoV detected by all three assays, with viral loads ranging from 8.2 × 104 to 8.1 × 109 copies/ml of specimen. Conclusions The three assays for HBoV diagnosis and quantification are highly sensitive, specific real-time tools for the reliable epidemiological and pathogenetic study of HBoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Choi
- Division of Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 5 Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
López-Campos G, Coiras M, Sánchez-Merino JP, López-Huertas MR, Spiteri I, Martín-Sánchez F, Pérez-Breña P. Oligonucleotide microarray design for detection and serotyping of human respiratory adenoviruses by using a virtual amplicon retrieval software. J Virol Methods 2007; 145:127-36. [PMID: 17586060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of new molecular biology methods has improved infectious disease diagnosis, which is increasingly important to clinical management and public health. A wide variety of new methods which are more specific, sensitive and robust, such as combination of PCR and microarray technology, has gradually replaced the conventional assays usually used in routine diagnosis. Both methods have the advantage of speed and sensitivity but tend to be expensive and technically demanding. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more simple assays that could be available for all diagnostic laboratories. To this aim, a simple microarray assay for detection and typing of adenoviruses causing acute respiratory disease in humans was developed. The absence of effective therapeutic or alternative prophylactic treatment for this infection makes essential its rapid diagnosis to implement fast control measures. Moreover, the family Adenoviridae includes numerous serotype groups and constitutes an ideal model system to develop diagnostic methods for other human pathogens. For their precise identification, an amplicon retrieval software that simplifies and accelerates the processing of all sequences necessary to perform this type of experiments has also been developed. This new technology was applied for the simultaneous detection and serotyping of acute respiratory disease-causing adenoviruses in laboratory and clinical samples with efficiency and accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Campos
- Medical Bioinformatics Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo, km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee JA, Kim NH, Kim SJ, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Rapid identification of human adenovirus types 3 and 7 from respiratory specimens via multiplex type-specific PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5509-14. [PMID: 16272478 PMCID: PMC1287773 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5509-5514.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid diagnosis of human adenovirus (Ad) infection is crucial for the timely recognition of epidemics. Moreover, identification of the serotypes known to cause serious disease can be helpful in therapeutic intervention. A multiplex PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) and Ad7 directly from clinical specimens. For this assay, three primer pairs (primers were based on the conserved and hypervariable regions of the hexon) were designed in order to simultaneously amplify all adenoviral serotypes and discriminate between Ad3 and Ad7. In our preliminary analysis, this multiplex PCR assay generated amplicons of the consensus primers from all 106 adenoviral isolates of diverse serotypes and proved able to correctly identify Ad3 and Ad7. This assay was subsequently applied to the detection of Ad3 and Ad7 in respiratory specimens. Among the 127 nasal aspirates from which an adenovirus was grown, the sensitivity with which any serotype could be detected was 91% (115/127). Two of the 53 nasal aspirates which did not grow Ads yielded adenovirus-specific bands, which were confirmed by sequencing analysis. Among the 115 specimens which produced common adenoviral bands, the sensitivity with which Ad3 could be detected was 93% (26/28), and the sensitivity with which Ad7 could be detected was 100% (35/35). Five out of the 115 specimens were proved to harbor more than one type of Ad via sequencing analysis of the amplicons, suggesting mixed infection with at least two different serotypes. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR system can be utilized in the rapid identification of Ad3 and Ad7 directly from clinical specimens. Furthermore, this method constitutes a diagnostic strategy for the detection of coinfection by different Ad serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Metzger-Boddien C, Kehle J. Development and Evaluation of a Sensitive PCR-ELISA for Detection of Adenoviruses in Feces. Intervirology 2005; 48:297-300. [PMID: 15956797 DOI: 10.1159/000085098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most of the PCR-based assays for the detection of adenoviruses require gel electrophoresis for resolution, which is time- and work-consuming and interpretation difficulties often occur. Therefore our objective was to develop and evaluate a PCR-ELISA for broad detection of adenoviruses, that is easy to perform and leads to an increase of specificity in virus detection. METHODS A total of 64 fecal specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis, previously tested negative for other viruses than adenovirus and for bacterial pathogens, were tested for adenovirus in parallel with an Antigen-ELISA, virus isolation in cell culture, with a previously published hybridization-based PCR and our newly developed semi-nested PCR-ELISA. RESULTS The new PCR-ELISA turned out to be the best method with 26 samples positive for adenovirus. Of these, 22 became positive by Ag-ELISA, 19 by virus isolation in cell culture and only 14 by the previously published hybridization-based PCR. CONCLUSION The semi-nested PCR-ELISA is a sensitive, reliable and rapid method for the detection of enteric adenoviruses from fecal samples.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jalal H, Bibby DF, Tang JW, Bennett J, Kyriakou C, Peggs K, Cubitt D, Brink NS, Ward KN, Tedder RS. First reported outbreak of diarrhea due to adenovirus infection in a hematology unit for adults. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2575-80. [PMID: 15956366 PMCID: PMC1151909 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2575-2580.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of adenovirus infection from different types of health care settings, except a hematology unit, have been reported. This is the first report describing an outbreak of adenovirus infection causing diarrhea among adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Six of 21 patients from the outbreak cohort were affected with diarrhea. Electron microscopy, cell culture, and direct DNA sequencing of amplicons generated from stool and blood samples were used to investigate this outbreak. Electron microscopy and cell culture detected adenovirus in stools from symptomatic patients. DNA sequencing of amplicons generated from stool samples confirmed nosocomial transmission of infection from a single index case. The outbreak strain was also detected in plasma of four of these patients, suggesting systemic infection. The outbreak strain was identified as type 12. Standard infection control measures were effective to control this outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Jalal
- Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banik U, Adhikary AK, Suzuki E, Inada T, Okabe N. Multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of oculopathogenic adenoviruses by amplification of the fiber and hexon genes. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1064-8. [PMID: 15750061 PMCID: PMC1081273 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1064-1068.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye infections caused by adenovirus (Ad) often result in nosocomial infections and community epidemics with significant rates of morbidity. No antiviral agent effective against Ad is yet available for clinical use. Therefore, early diagnosis is still the mainstay for patient management and the prevention of epidemics. A multiplex PCR assay based on amplification of a combination of the fiber and hexon genes which can identify the six important oculopathogenic serotypes of Ads (Ad serotype 3[Ad3], Ad4, Ad7, Ad8, Ad19, and Ad37) in a single-tube amplification reaction was developed. Ad serotypes could be distinguished by the different amplicon sizes. The assay correctly identified prototype strains as well as isolates in clinical specimens. In comparison with a previously described PCR-restriction fragment polymorphism method, our assay gave unequivocal results for clinical specimens. Our multiplex PCR has the potential to serve as a rapid and cost-effective tool for the typing of important ocular Ads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Banik
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarantis H, Johnson G, Brown M, Petric M, Tellier R. Comprehensive detection and serotyping of human adenoviruses by PCR and sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3963-9. [PMID: 15364976 PMCID: PMC516336 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.3963-3969.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are common pathogens associated with many diseases, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular infections. Because they are now being increasingly recognized as agents of life-threatening disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients, robust and sensitive laboratory detection methods are needed for their rapid diagnosis. We describe here a PCR assay using a single primer pair, targeting a region of the hexon gene containing hypervariable region 7, that can detect all known human adenovirus serotypes and allows for serotype determination through the analysis of the nucleotide sequence. This comprehensive assay has proven effective for diagnosing adenoviruses at the serotype level in a broad range of patient specimens, including conjunctival, nasopharyngeal, stool, blood, and urine specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sarantis
- Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohtasham L, Auais A, Piedimonte G. Advances in viral respiratory infections: new experimental models. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY: DISEASE MODELS 2004; 1:303-309. [PMID: 32288769 PMCID: PMC7105057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The wide array of models available for the study of respiratory viral infections is extremely valuable for the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic options against these highly prevalent diseases. In addition, through these models we have gathered considerable insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these infections and the inflammatory and immune responses they elicit in the host. This article reviews new promising models introduced recently in this field. Alastair Stewart – University of Melbourne, Australia There has long been interest in the potential relationships between viral respiratory illness and chronic respiratory disease. However, until relatively recently there have been few attempts to develop animal models that address chronic influences of acute and chronic infections. Professor Piedimonte and colleagues provide a commentary on the impact of molecular biology on studies of viral infection and address the important issues that arise in selecting appropriate strains and species to model the course of infection, inflammation and long term sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lida Mohtasham
- Department of Pediatrics, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alexander Auais
- Department of Pediatrics, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine and Molecular/Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine and Molecular/Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vabret A, Gouarin S, Joannes M, Barranger C, Petitjean J, Corbet S, Brouard J, Lafay F, Duhamel JF, Guillois B, Freymuth F. Development of a PCR-and hybridization-based assay (PCR Adenovirus Consensus) for the detection and the species identification of adenoviruses in respiratory specimens. J Clin Virol 2004; 31:116-22. [PMID: 15364267 PMCID: PMC7129058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen detection assays and viral isolation techniques are routinely used to detect adenoviruses (Ad) associated with respiratory infections, and the value of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has recently been assessed. OBJECTIVES This paper describes a PCR-hybridization-immunoenzymatic assay (PCR Adenovirus consensus) used to detect Ad and identify Ad species in respiratory specimens. RESULTS On seven representative serotypes Ad 12, Ad 3, Ad 7, Ad 11, Ad 1, Ad 8, Ad 4, the mean genome equivalents per ml and the mean 50% infectious doses per ml were 10(6.3)and 10(4), respectively. Using 362 nasal aspirates from children, Ad were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) and culture in 97 cases (27%), by the PCR-Ad hexon method in 107 cases (29.5%) and by the PCR Adenovirus Consensus method in 113 cases (31.2%); 13 samples were found positive by both PCR and negative by the IF and culture methods; five samples were only positive according to the PCR Adenovirus Consensus) method. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value and predictive negative value of the PCR Adenovirus Consensus method were 97.9%, 93.2%, 84%, 99.1%, respectively. The method identified the species (sp) from 91 positive amplicons: 1 Ad sp A, 44 Ad sp B, 42 Ad sp C, 3 Ad sp E, and 1 Ad sp F; 85 isolates were identified by IF or the neutralisation in culture, and 86 by a PCR-RE digestion method. The PCR Adenovirus Consensus detected six positive samples that were negative according to the IF and culture methods, and it identified the precise species of nine IF-positive and culture-negative nasal aspirates. CONCLUSION The PCR Adenovirus Consensus technique is more efficient than the classical IF or culture techniques for the detection of Ad in respiratory samples. An internal control is included to validate the screening results, and specific probes are used to identify the Ad species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vabret
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Av. G. Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Stéphanie Gouarin
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Av. G. Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | | | | | - Joëlle Petitjean
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Av. G. Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Sandrine Corbet
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Av. G. Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Jacques Brouard
- Departments of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Caen and Flers Hospital, France
| | - Françoise Lafay
- Departments of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Caen and Flers Hospital, France
| | | | - Bernard Guillois
- Departments of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Caen and Flers Hospital, France
| | - François Freymuth
- Laboratory of Human and Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Av. G. Clemenceau, 14033 Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin B, Vora GJ, Thach D, Walter E, Metzgar D, Tibbetts C, Stenger DA. Use of oligonucleotide microarrays for rapid detection and serotyping of acute respiratory disease-associated adenoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3232-9. [PMID: 15243087 PMCID: PMC446281 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3232-3239.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cessation of the adenovirus vaccination program for military trainees has resulted in several recent acute respiratory disease (ARD) outbreaks. In the absence of vaccination, rapid detection methods are necessary for the timely implementation of measures to prevent adenovirus transmission within military training facilities. To this end, we have combined a fluorogenic real-time multiplex PCR assay with four sets of degenerate PCR primers that target the E1A, fiber, and hexon genes with a long oligonucleotide microarray capable of identifying the most common adenovirus serotypes associated with adult respiratory tract infections (serotypes 3, 4, 7, 16, and 21) and a representative member of adenovirus subgroup C (serotype 6) that is a common cause of childhood ARD and that often persists into adulthood. Analyses with prototype strains demonstrated unique hybridization patterns for representative members of adenovirus subgroups B(1), B(2), C, and E, thus allowing serotype determination. Microarray-based sensitivity assessments revealed lower detection limits (between 1 and 100 genomic copies) for adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad4) and Ad7 cell culture lysates, clinical nasal washes, and throat swabs and purified DNA from clinical samples. When adenovirus was detected from coded clinical samples, the results obtained by this approach demonstrated an excellent concordance with those obtained by the more established method of adenovirus identification as well as by cell culture with fluorescent-antibody staining. Finally, the utility of this method was further supported by its ability to detect adenoviral coinfections, contamination, and, potentially, recombination events. Taken together, the results demonstrate the usefulness of the simple and rapid diagnostic method developed for the unequivocal identification of ARD-associated adenoviral serotypes from laboratory or clinical samples that can be completed in 1.5 to 4.0 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baochuan Lin
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Code 6900, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Bldg. 30, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blasiole DA, Metzgar D, Daum LT, Ryan MAK, Wu J, Wills C, Le CT, Freed NE, Hansen CJ, Gray GC, Russell KL. Molecular analysis of adenovirus isolates from vaccinated and unvaccinated young adults. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1686-93. [PMID: 15071026 PMCID: PMC387592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1686-1693.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) and Ad7 were discovered among previously vaccinated individuals through febrile respiratory illness surveillance at military recruit camps. Genetic analysis was performed on these isolates and a sample of adenovirus isolates from unvaccinated patients. Antigenic regions of the adenovirus hexon gene from 21 vaccinated and 31 unvaccinated patients were sequenced and compared to homologous regions of Ad4 and Ad7 vaccine strains and of other representative hexon sequences archived in GenBank. The phylogenetic distribution of sequences from vaccinated individuals closely resembled those from unvaccinated individuals. The most common Ad7 strain was the Ad7d2 hexon genotype, and the most common Ad4 strain was a genotype nearly identical to the recently discovered Z-G 95-873 Ad4 variant. Near exclusive isolation of Ad4 since 1999 indicates that the Ad4 variant is currently responsible for the vast majority of adenovirus morbidity in military recruit camps. Different ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates in known antigenic regions compared to nonantigenic regions indicated positive selection for diversity in the antigenic regions and purifying selection in the nonantigenic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Blasiole
- Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92186-5122, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Syrmis MW, Whiley DM, Thomas M, Mackay IM, Williamson J, Siebert DJ, Nissen MD, Sloots TP. A sensitive, specific, and cost-effective multiplex reverse transcriptase-PCR assay for the detection of seven common respiratory viruses in respiratory samples. J Mol Diagn 2004; 6:125-31. [PMID: 15096568 PMCID: PMC1867476 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assays have been traditionally used for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viral infections. Multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (m-RT-PCR) is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method for detecting several DNA and RNA viruses in a single specimen. We developed a m-RT-PCR assay that utilizes multiple virus-specific primer pairs in a single reaction mix combined with an enzyme-linked amplicon hybridization assay (ELAHA) using virus-specific probes targeting unique gene sequences for each virus. Using this m-RT-PCR-ELAHA, we examined the presence of seven respiratory viruses in 598 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples from patients with suspected respiratory infection. The specificity of each assay was 100%. The sensitivity of the DFA was 79.7% and the combined DFA/culture amplified-DFA (CA-DFA) was 88.6% when compared to the m-RT-PCR-ELAHA. Of the 598 NPA specimens screened by m-RT-PCR-ELAHA, 3% were positive for adenovirus (ADV), 2% for influenza A (Flu A) virus, 0.3% for influenza B (Flu B) virus, 1% for parainfluenza type 1 virus (PIV1), 1% for parainfluenza type 2 virus (PIV2), 5.5% for parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3), and 21% for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The enhanced sensitivity, specificity, rapid result turnaround time and reduced expense of the m-RT-PCR-ELAHA compared to DFA and CA-DFA, suggests that this assay would be a significant improvement over traditional assays for the detection of respiratory viruses in a clinical laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W Syrmis
- Clinical Virology Research Unit, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Microarrays of DNA probes have at least three roles in clinical virology. These are: firstly, in diagnosis, to recognise the causative agent of an illness; secondly, for molecular typing for (i) patient management, (ii) epidemiological reasons (e.g. investigating routes of transmission), (iii) purposes related to vaccine use; and thirdly, in research, to investigate the interactions between the virus and the host cell. Microarrays intended for syndromic diagnostic purposes require genome specific probes to capture the unknown target viral sequences and thereby reveal the presence of that virus in a test sample. Microarrays intended for typing and patient management, e.g. monitoring antiviral drug resistant mutations require a set of probes representing the important sequence variants of one or more viral genes. Microarrays intended for research into virus–host interactions require probes representative of each individual gene or mRNA of either the virus or the host genome. Diagnostic microarrays are dependent for their utility and versatility on generic, multiplex or random polymerase chain reactions that will amplify any of several (unknown) viral target sequences from a patient sample. In this review, the existing and potential applications of microarrays in virology, and the problems that need to be overcome for future success, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Clewley
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The application of molecular techniques to diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00013542-200210000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Tefferi A, Wieben ED, Dewald GW, Whiteman DAH, Bernard ME, Spelsberg TC. Primer on medical genomics part II: Background principles and methods in molecular genetics. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77:785-808. [PMID: 12173714 DOI: 10.4065/77.8.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus of every human cell contains the full complement of the human genome, which consists of approximately 30,000 to 70,000 named and unnamed genes and many intergenic DNA sequences. The double-helical DNA molecule in a human cell, associated with special proteins, is highly compacted into 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and an additional pair of sex chromosomes. The entire cellular DNA consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs, of which only 1% is thought to encode a functional protein or a polypeptide. Genetic information is expressed and regulated through a complex system of DNA transcription, RNA processing, RNA translation, and posttranslational and cotranslational modification of proteins. Advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed accurate and rapid characterization of DNA sequences as well as identification and quantification of cellular RNA and protein. Global analytic methods and human genetic mapping are expected to accelerate the process of identification and localization of disease genes. In this second part of an educational series in medical genomics, selected principles and methods in molecular biology are recapped, with the intent to prepare the reader for forthcoming articles with a more direct focus on aspects of the subject matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Tefferi
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|