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Thanasia M, Milas GP, Kotsi E, Tsagris V, Pandita A. A Novel Case of Bocavirus Induced Myocarditis. Indian J Pediatr 2023:10.1007/s12098-023-04582-0. [PMID: 37097534 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Thanasia
- Department of Pediatrics, Penteli Children's Hospital, Ippokratous 8, Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | | | - Elisabeth Kotsi
- Department of Pediatrics, Penteli Children's Hospital, Ippokratous 8, Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Vasileios Tsagris
- Department of Pediatrics, Penteli Children's Hospital, Ippokratous 8, Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Aakash Pandita
- Department of Neonatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Hassan K, Kyriakakis C, Doubell A, Van Zyl G, Claassen M, Zaharie D, Herbst P. Prevalence of cardiotropic viruses in adults with clinically suspected myocarditis in South Africa. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2021-001942. [PMID: 35046125 PMCID: PMC8772452 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence and types of viral pathogens in the myocardium of patients presenting with clinically suspected myocarditis in South Africa. Method This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Consecutive adults presenting to a single tertiary centre in South Africa between August 2017 and January 2021 who fulfilled the European Society of Cardiology’s diagnostic criteria for clinically suspected myocarditis and who had undergone the appropriate investigations, including cardiac MRI (CMR) and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), were included. Results One hundred and two patients with clinically suspected myocarditis were enrolled. Acute myocarditis (AM) was confirmed by CMR or EMB in 82 (80.39%) patients. Viral genomes were detected by PCR in EMB specimens of 50 patients with AM. Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) was the most frequently detected virus, in 37 as monoinfection and 4 as coinfection. This was followed by Epstein-Barr virus (n=6), human herpesvirus 6 (n=2) and human bocavirus (n=1). PVB19 was also detected in 9 patients with no evidence of AM on CMR or EMB. Conclusion Viral myocarditis is the most common form of myocarditis in South Africa. Local viral prevalence appears to be similar those of the developed world. The clinical significance and pathogenic role of PVB19 remains questioned, and its local background prevalence will have to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hassan
- Division of Cardiology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Charles Kyriakakis
- Division of Cardiology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anton Doubell
- Division of Cardiology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Gert Van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Claassen
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Philip Herbst
- Division of Cardiology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Etiology of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years in Egypt: a high incidence of human bocavirus. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2021; 96:24. [PMID: 34351553 PMCID: PMC8342659 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is globally distributed and associated with respiratory and enteric infections. Limited data are available about the incidence of HBoV in Egyptian children. We aimed to investigate the association of HBoV genotypes in children with diarrheal disease and also to determine the possibility of HBoV co-infections with other human enteric pathogens. METHODS A total of 102 stool samples were collected from children under five years old with diarrhea. Samples were analyzed for the presence of HBoV by real-time PCR. HBoV positive samples were tested for adenovirus (AdV), rotavirus (RoV), parasitic helminths, and enteric protozoa. RESULTS HBoV was detected in 58% of examined cases. HBoV-3 was the most prevalent genotype observed (44%; 45 of 102), followed by HBoV-2/4 (33%; 34 of 102) and HBoV-1 (30%; 31 of 102). Although the incidence of HBoV was higher in males (66.6%; 34 of 51) than females (49%; 25 of 51), the analysis showed no significant difference for HBoV between genders. The average HBoV concentrations were 5.3 × 104 GC/g in males and 1.03 × 105 GC/g in females. Among the HBoV-positive samples, the single infection of HBoV was 52.5% (31/59), while the co-infections with multiple viruses were found in 1.7% (1/59) for HBoV and AdV, 33.9% (20/59) for HBoV and RoV, and 11.9% (7/59) for HBoV, and RoV and AdV. No co-infection with parasitic helminths or enteric protozoa was found. CONCLUSIONS The single infection of HBoV in some children suffering from acute gastroenteritis indicated that HBoV could be the main etiologic agent of the disease. The study highlights the high incidence of HBoVs genotypes with remarkable multiple co-infections in the pre-school children in Egypt.
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Al Bishawi A, Ben Abid F, Ibrahim W. Bocavirus Infection in a Young Pregnant Woman: A Case Report and Literature Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e928099. [PMID: 33436535 PMCID: PMC7811980 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.928099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus found primarily in children and was first identified in 2005. It usually causes mild upper- and lower-respiratory tract infections. HBoV infection seems to be rare during adulthood, probably due to high antibody titers resulting from childhood infection and seroconversion. The clinical significance, possible complications, and consequences of an adulthood infection are still unclear. Furthermore, the consequences of HBoV infection during pregnancy are seldom reported in the literature. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 22-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who presented with a 1-week history of fever and cough followed by progressive shortness of breath. She was treated initially as a case of severe pneumonia; however, her condition deteriorated rapidly, resulting in hypoxic respiratory failure that required intensive care support. The patient was found to have dilated cardiomyopathy on echocardiography, and her fetal ultrasound showed no fetal heart activity; subsequently, labor induction for stillbirth was performed. An extensive workup for an underlying cause was unrevealing apart from positive respiratory viral PCR assay for human bocavirus, performed twice. A provisional diagnosis of HBoV pneumonia complicated by dilated cardiomyopathy, stillbirth, and multiorgan failure was made. Fortunately, the patient had a good recovery and was discharged home in good clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS In addition to severe pneumonia, HBoV infection may result in other life-threatening complications. Although the infection is rare during adulthood, infection in a pregnant woman should be taken seriously and close monitoring of such patients is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al Bishawi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatma Ben Abid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wanis Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
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Rikhotso MC, Kabue JP, Ledwaba SE, Traoré AN, Potgieter N. Prevalence of Human Bocavirus in Africa and Other Developing Countries between 2005 and 2016: A Potential Emerging Viral Pathogen for Diarrhea. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:7875482. [PMID: 30275840 PMCID: PMC6157109 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7875482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2005 from individuals suffering gastroenteritis and respiratory tract infections. Numerous studies related to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HBoV have been conducted worldwide. This review reports on HBoV studies in individuals with acute gastroenteritis, with and without respiratory tract infections in Africa between 2005 and 2016. MATERIAL AND METHOD The search engines of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase database for published articles of HBoV were used to obtain data between 2005 and 2016. The search words included were as follows: studies performed in Africa or/other developing countries or/worldwide; studies for the detection of HBoV in patients with/without diarrhea and respiratory tract infection; studies using standardized laboratory techniques for detection. RESULTS The search yielded a total of 756 publications with 70 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies included children and individuals of all age groups. HBoV prevalence in Africa was 13% in individuals suffering gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION Reports suggest that HBoV infections are increasingly being recognized worldwide. Therefore, surveillance of individuals suffering from infections in Africa is required to monitor the prevalence of HBoV and help understand the role of HBoV in individuals suffering from gastroenteritis with/without respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpumelelo Casper Rikhotso
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Solanka Ellen Ledwaba
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Afsatou Ndama Traoré
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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Tang YW, Stratton CW. The Role of the Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in Respiratory Infections. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7120174 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human bocavirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses and occurs in all age groups. Because Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled unintendedly, it is currently accepted that the virus is a real pathogen associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections causing clinical symptoms ranging from a mild common cold to life-threatening respiratory diseases. In order to exclude a viremia, serological analysis should be included during laboratory diagnostics, as acute and chronic infections cannot be differentiated by detection of viral nucleic acids in respiratory specimen alone due to prolonged viral shedding. Besides its ability to persist, the virus appears to trigger chronic lung disease and increases clinical symptoms by causing fibrotic lung diseases. Due to the lack of an animal model, clinical trials remain the major method for studying the long-term effects of HBoV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Assessment of NS1 gene-specific real time quantitative TaqMan PCR for the detection of Human Bocavirus in respiratory samples. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 34:53-55. [PMID: 28457983 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human Bocaviruses (HBoV) were associated with respiratory diseases. Here, we assessed a TaqMan®-based PCR for the detection of all four HBoV subtype infections with a sensitivity up to 15 copies/reaction. To evaluate this assay on clinical samples, 178 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from pediatric cases were analyzed and HBoV genome was detected in 13 out of 178 patients with a viral load range between 1.6 × 103 and 9.4 × 107 copies/ml. These results indicated that this method could be used as an alternative technique for the diagnosis of HBoV infection.
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Schildgen O, Schildgen V. Respiratory infections of the human bocavirus. THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149820 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bocavirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses and occurs in all age groups. It is associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and causes clinical symptoms from the mild common cold to life threatening respiratory diseases. Besides its ability to persist the virus appears to trigger chronic lung disease and increase the clinical symptoms, while being a putative trigger for fibrotic lung diseases. Laboratory diagnostics should include serological diagnostics in order to rule out a viremia because due to prolonged viral shedding acute and chronic infections cannot be differentiated on the detection of viral nucleic acids in respiratory specimen alone. Although Koch’s postulates cannot be formally fulfilled due to the lack of an animal model and the chance for clinical trials with volunteers are limited due to the long term effects of HBoV infections, there is no doubt that the virus is a serious pathogen and requires attention. The aim of the chapter is to present an overview of our current knowledge on respiratory infections with the human bocavirus, and to provide basic and essential information on clinical features, molecular diagnostics, and epidemiologic challenges arising with this pathogen.
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Broccolo F, Falcone V, Esposito S, Toniolo A. Human bocaviruses: Possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:75-81. [PMID: 26441386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four species of human bocaviruses (HBoV) are currently included in the Bocavirus genus. There is satisfactory evidence demonstrating an association between HBoV1 and respiratory disease in children, and there is evidence that HBoV2 (and possibly the HBoV3 and HBoV4 species) are associated with gastroenteritis. In particular, HBoV1 has been associated with a prolonged period of persistence in the mucosa of the respiratory tract. Virus persistence does play a role in the high frequency of co-infections with proper pathogens of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The high detection rate of multiple respiratory viruses in up to 83% of respiratory specimens and the presence of asymptomatic HBoV1 infections complicate the elucidation of the pathogenic role of the agent. Overall, a large amount of data are available concerning HBoV1, whereas little information is available about other bocavirus species. High viral loads are often associated with symptoms, and viremia may be associated with systemic manifestations such as encephalopathy. The effects and mechanisms of latency, persistence, reactivation, and reinfection are poorly understood. Thus, particularly in co-infections, the pathogenic contribution of the detected bocavirus species cannot be accurately stated. This review summarizes the current knowledge of HBoV species and provides perspectives for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Department of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Abstract
A fatal case of human bocavirus 1 pulmonary infection in an 18-month-old prematurely born child is described. Despite conventional and oscillatory ventilatory support, intractable hyperinflation developed with bilateral pneumothorax and acute cardiac failure 3 days after the onset of respiratory symptoms.
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Fatal subacute myocarditis associated with human bocavirus 2 in a 13-month-old child. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:1006-8. [PMID: 24371238 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03013-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus has rarely been incriminated in fatal or life-threatening respiratory infections. We report a case of fatal disseminated infection with subacute lymphocytic myocarditis in a 13-month-old child. The human bocavirus 2 genome was detected by PCR analysis in nasal swab, plasma, urine, ascitic fluid, and mesenteric node, skeletal muscle, and lung tissue specimens.
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Popgeorgiev N, Temmam S, Raoult D, Desnues C. Describing the silent human virome with an emphasis on giant viruses. Intervirology 2013; 56:395-412. [PMID: 24157886 DOI: 10.1159/000354561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant obligate intracellular entities in our body. Until recently, they were only considered to be pathogens that caused a broad array of pathologies, ranging from mild disease to deaths in the most severe cases. However, recent advances in unbiased mass sequencing techniques as well as increasing epidemiological evidence have indicated that the human body is home to diverse viral species under non-pathological conditions. Despite these studies, the description of the presumably healthy viral flora, i.e. the normal human virome, is still in its infancy regarding viral composition and dynamics. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the human virome under non-pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Possible involvement of human bocavirus 1 in the death of a middle-aged immunosuppressed patient. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3461-3. [PMID: 23903541 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01157-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunosuppressed 61-year-old man went to the hospital with fever, nonproductive cough, and increasing shortness of breath. The subject died 8 days later of respiratory complications. PCR of respiratory samples as well as a blood sample revealed exceptionally high DNA levels of the emerging pathogen, human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a recently found pathogen associated with respiratory symptoms in young children. We describe the clinical progression of the case and discuss the potential role of HBoV1 in the outcome.
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Schildgen O. Human bocavirus: lessons learned to date. Pathogens 2013; 2:1-12. [PMID: 25436878 PMCID: PMC4235705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was identified as the second human parvovirus with pathogenic potential in 2005 in respiratory samples from children suffering from viral respiratory infections of unknown etiology. Since its first description, a large number of clinical studies have been performed that address the clinical significance of HBoV detection and the molecular biology of the virus. This review summarizes the most important steps taken in HBoV research to date and addresses open questions that need to be answered in the future to provide a better understanding of the role of a virus that is difficult to grow in cell culture and is suspected to be a pathogen, although it has not yet fulfilled Koch’s postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schildgen
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Krankenhaus Merheim, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke, Institut für Pathologie, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln (Cologne), Germany.
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Zhao H, Zhao L, Sun Y, Qian Y, Liu L, Jia L, Zhang Y, Dong H. Detection of a bocavirus circular genome in fecal specimens from children with acute diarrhea in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48980. [PMID: 23133667 PMCID: PMC3487788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if human bocavirus 2 (HBoV2) has a circular genome similar to the head-to-tail sequence of HBoV1 and the episomal form of HBoV3, 15 HBoV2 positive samples identified from 553 stool specimens from children with acute diarrhea were tested for a head-to-tail sequence using TaqMan-based real-time PCR. A circular genome with a head-to-tail sequence was identified in one (BJQ435) out of 15 samples tested by nested PCR. The complete circular genome of HBoV2-C1 (BJQ435) was 5307 nt in length and was flanked with a 520 nt-long terminal non-coding region (NCR). The secondary structure of HBoV2 -C1 had some differences compared to HBoV3-E1 (JN086998). Our study indicates that the HBoV genome exists in the form of a head-to-tail monomer and provides more information for understanding the HBoV replication mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liying Liu
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Jia
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - You Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Huijin Dong
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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