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Trifonova I, Korsun N, Madzharova I, Velikov P, Alexsiev I, Grigorova L, Voleva S, Yordanova R, Ivanov I, Tcherveniakova T, Christova I. Prevalence and clinical impact of mono- and co-infections with endemic coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU-1 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29258. [PMID: 38623185 PMCID: PMC11016702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoVs) are found worldwide and usually result in mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. They can lead to more severe illnesses such as croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in vulnerable populations. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, information on HCoV prevalence and incidence and clinical impact of co-infections of HCoV with SARS-CoV-2 was lacking. Objectives Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of infections caused by eHCoVs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. Methods From January 2021 to December 2022, nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. The clinical data and laboratory parameters of patients infected with respiratory viruses were analysed. Results Of the 1375 patients screened, 24 (1.7 %) were positive for HCoVs, and 197 (14.3 %) were positive for eight other seasonal respiratory viruses. Five (0.7 %) of 740 patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 were co-infected with eHCoVs. Co-infected patients had a mean C-reactive protein level of 198.5 ± 2.12 mg/mL and a mean oxygen saturation of 82 ± 2.8 mmHg, while those in patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses were 61.8 mg/mL and 92.8 ± 4.6 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.05). Pneumonia was diagnosed in 63.3 % of patients with HCoV infection and 6 % of patients positive for other seasonal respiratory viruses (p < 0.05). Patients with SARS-CoV-2 mono-infection stayed in hospital for an average of 5.8 ± 3.7 days, whereas the average hospital stay of patients with eHCoV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection was 9 ± 1.4 days (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings indicate the low prevalence of eHCoVs and low co-infection rate between eHCoVs and SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria. Despite their low incidence, such mixed infections can cause severe signs that require oxygen therapy and longer hospital stays, underlining the need for targeted testing of severe COVID-19 cases to identify potential co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Trifonova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - N. Korsun
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Madzharova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P. Velikov
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Alexsiev
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L. Grigorova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S. Voleva
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - R. Yordanova
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Ivanov
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. Tcherveniakova
- Infectious Disease Hospital “Prof. Ivan Kirov”, Department for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Christova
- National Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, Bulgaria
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Farrag MA, Aziz IM, Alsaleh AN, Almajhdi FN. Human bocavirus in Saudi Arabia: Molecular epidemiology and Co-infections among children with acute respiratory tract infections during 2014-2016. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28350. [PMID: 38560213 PMCID: PMC10981067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections due to a variety of viruses continue to threaten the human population worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Among the responsible viruses, Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a novel discovered virus, causes respiratory tract and gastroenteritis disorders in young children. In Saudi Arabia, data regarding virus molecular epidemiology and evolution and its implication in respiratory tract infection are scarce. In the current study, genetic diversity and circulation pattern of HBoV-1 among hospitalized children due to acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) during two consecutive years were charted. We found that 3.44% (2014/2015) and 11.25% (2015/2016) of children hospitalized due to ARTI were infected by HBoV-1. We have shown that HBoV was detected year-round without a marked seasonal peak. HBoV-1 also was co-detected with one or multiple other respiratory viruses. The multisequence analysis showed high sequence identity (∼99%) (few point mutation sites) between strains of each genotype and high sequence variation (∼79%) between HBoV-1 and the other 3 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of the study's isolates in the HBoV-1 subclade. Our data reveal that genetically conserved HBoV-1 was circulating among admitted children during the course of the study. Further epidemiological and molecular characterization of multiple HBoV-1 strains for different years and from all regions of Saudi Arabia are required to understand and monitor the virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma N. Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ogbuanu IU, Otieno K, Varo R, Sow SO, Ojulong J, Duduyemi B, Kowuor D, Cain CJ, Rogena EA, Onyango D, Akelo V, Tippett Barr BA, terKuile F, Kotloff KL, Tapia MD, Keita AM, Juma J, Assefa N, Assegid N, Acham Y, Madrid L, Scott JAG, Arifeen SE, Gurley ES, Mahtab S, Dangor Z, Wadula J, Dutoit J, Madhi SA, Mandomando I, Torres-Fernandez D, Kincardett M, Mabunda R, Mutevedzi P, Madewell ZJ, Blau DM, Whitney CG, Samuels AM, Bassat Q. Burden of child mortality from malaria in high endemic areas: Results from the CHAMPS network using minimally invasive tissue sampling. J Infect 2024; 88:106107. [PMID: 38290664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a leading cause of childhood mortality worldwide. However, accurate estimates of malaria prevalence and causality among patients who die at the country level are lacking due to the limited specificity of diagnostic tools used to attribute etiologies. Accurate estimates are crucial for prioritizing interventions and resources aimed at reducing malaria-related mortality. METHODS Seven Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) Network sites collected comprehensive data on stillbirths and children <5 years, using minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS). A DeCoDe (Determination of Cause of Death) panel employed standardized protocols for assigning underlying, intermediate, and immediate causes of death, integrating sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory (including extensive microbiology, histopathology, and malaria testing), and verbal autopsy data. Analyses were conducted to ascertain the strength of evidence for cause of death (CoD), describe factors associated with malaria-related deaths, estimate malaria-specific mortality, and assess the proportion of preventable deaths. FINDINGS Between December 3, 2016, and December 31, 2022, 2673 deaths underwent MITS and had a CoD attributed from four CHAMPS sites with at least 1 malaria-attributed death. No malaria-attributable deaths were documented among 891 stillbirths or 924 neonatal deaths, therefore this analysis concentrates on the remaining 858 deaths among children aged 1-59 months. Malaria was in the causal chain for 42.9% (126/294) of deaths from Sierra Leone, 31.4% (96/306) in Kenya, 18.2% (36/198) in Mozambique, 6.7% (4/60) in Mali, and 0.3% (1/292) in South Africa. Compared to non-malaria related deaths, malaria-related deaths skewed towards older infants and children (p < 0.001), with 71.0% among ages 12-59 months. Malaria was the sole infecting pathogen in 184 (70.2%) of malaria-attributed deaths, whereas bacterial and viral co-infections were identified in the causal pathway in 24·0% and 12.2% of cases, respectively. Malnutrition was found at a similar level in the causal pathway of both malaria (26.7%) and non-malaria (30.7%, p = 0.256) deaths. Less than two-thirds (164/262; 62.6%) of malaria deaths had received antimalarials prior to death. Nearly all (98·9%) malaria-related deaths were deemed preventable. INTERPRETATION Malaria remains a significant cause of childhood mortality in the CHAMPS malaria-endemic sites. The high bacterial co-infection prevalence among malaria deaths underscores the potential benefits of antibiotics for severe malaria patients. Compared to non-malaria deaths, many of malaria-attributed deaths are preventable through accessible malaria control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kephas Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal - Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Babatunde Duduyemi
- University of Sierra Leone Teaching Hospital Complex, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Emily A Rogena
- School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | | | - Victor Akelo
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention--Kenya, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Feiko terKuile
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adama Mamby Keita
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jane Juma
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nega Assefa
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nardos Assegid
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yenework Acham
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lola Madrid
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emily S Gurley
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sana Mahtab
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeannette Wadula
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeanie Dutoit
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- ISGlobal - Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique; Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério de Saúde, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - David Torres-Fernandez
- ISGlobal - Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Milton Kincardett
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rita Mabunda
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Portia Mutevedzi
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary J Madewell
- Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dianna M Blau
- Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Samuels
- Global Health Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal - Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça [CISM], Maputo, Mozambique; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Ferrara G, Iovane V, Moje N, Improda E, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Cattle exposure to bubaline herpesvirus (BuHV-1) in Southern Italy: A hidden threat for IBR eradication? Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106116. [PMID: 38271923 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence that both bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) and bubaline herpesvirus (BuHV-1) can overcome the species barrier represented by their respective hosts, cattle and buffalo. Although several studies have focused on the impact of BoHV-1 on buffalo, little is known about the impact of BuHV-1 on cattle. In this work, we evaluated the seroprevalence of BuHV-1 in the cattle population in an area where intensive buffalo farming is highly developed (Campania region, Italy). BuHV-1 seroprevalence of cattle sampled in this study was estimated to be 21.4% using a specific commercial ELISA for the detection of antibodies against glycoprotein E of the virus. Risk factor assessment by univariate analysis revealed a correlation between housing type and higher prevalence. Similarly, cattle housed with buffalo and adult animals had a higher likelihood of being seropositive. BoHV-1 vaccination did not prove to be a protective factor against BuHV-1 exposure. The role of age, grazing, and co-living with buffalo in influencing BuHV-1 exposure was also confirmed by multivariate analysis. All BuHV-1 positive animals were also tested with cross-serum neutralization aimed at evaluating the specific antibody titers against BoHV-1 and BuHV-1. We, therefore, assessed the potential cross-reaction between BoHV-1 and BuHV-1, the co-infection rate, and the agreement of the assays used. This study described the presence of BuHV-1 in the cattle population of the Campania region (Italy) and indicated the requirement to take BuHV-1 into consideration for any measures and control and/or eradication plans to be applied against BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Nebyou Moje
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Sabastin M, Mone K, Manivel A, Cherayi Padinakarai A, Krishnasamy K. Epidemic profile of common respiratory viruses in association SARS CoV-2 among SARI and ARI-two year study. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:156. [PMID: 38252354 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19/SARS CoV-2 continue to pose a threat to human health and placed millions of livelihoods at risk. Surveillance for the other circulating seasonal viruses during this pandemic is necessary to understand the manifestations of the CoV-2 pandemic and their incidence. METHODS A detailed study survey was performed on subjects with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai from April 2020 to March 2022. A total of 1480 patients presenting with either SARI (41.8%) or ARI (58.1%) were screened for SARS CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. The SARS CoV-2 real-time PCR was carried out using ICMR-approved kits and other respiratory viruses were detected using the commercially available real-time kit. RESULTS Out of the 620 SARI patients, 198 (31.9%) were positive for SARS CoV-2 RNA. Out of the 860 ARI patients, 352 (40.9%) were positive for SARS CoV-2 RNA. Among the 550 patients positive for SARS CoV-2, 7 (1.2%) were positive coexistent with other respiratory viruses. Among the 930 patients with negative SARS CoV-2, 222 (23.8%) were positive for other common respiratory viruses (p = 0.001). Influenza viruses (36.9%) predominated followed by RSV (31.9%) and Parainfluenza virus (13.5%). CONCLUSION This study suggests that viral coinfections are significantly higher among SARS CoV-2 negative individuals (23.8 vs. 1.2%). It is possibly due to viral interference and the competitive advantage of SARS CoV-2 in modulating the host immunity. Continuous surveillance is necessary for understanding the viral co-infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Sabastin
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthiga Mone
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - ArunKumar Manivel
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kaveri Krishnasamy
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Spescha A, Zwyssig M, Hess Hermida M, Moix A, Bruno P, Enkerli J, Campos-Herrera R, Grabenweger G, Maurhofer M. When Competitors Join Forces: Consortia of Entomopathogenic Microorganisms Increase Killing Speed and Mortality in Leaf- and Root-Feeding Insect Hosts. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:1947-1960. [PMID: 36849610 PMCID: PMC10497674 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combining different biocontrol agents (BCA) is an approach to increase efficacy and reliability of biological control. If several BCA are applied together, they have to be compatible and ideally work together. We studied the interaction of a previously selected BCA consortium of entomopathogenic pseudomonads (Pseudomonas chlororaphis), nematodes (Steinernema feltiae associated with Xenorhabdus bovienii), and fungi (Metarhizium brunneum). We monitored the infection course in a leaf- (Pieris brassicae) and a root-feeding (Diabrotica balteata) pest insect after simultaneous application of the three BCA as well as their interactions inside the larvae in a laboratory setting. The triple combination caused the highest mortality and increased killing speed compared to single applications against both pests. Improved efficacy against P. brassicae was mainly caused by the pseudomonad-nematode combination, whereas the nematode-fungus combination accelerated killing of D. balteata. Co-monitoring of the three BCA and the nematode-associated Xenorhabdus symbionts revealed that the four organisms are able to co-infect the same larva. However, with advancing decay of the cadaver there is increasing competition and cadaver colonization is clearly dominated by the pseudomonads, which are known for their high competitivity in the plant rhizosphere. Altogether, the combination of the three BCA increased killing efficacy against a Coleopteran and a Lepidopteran pest which indicates that this consortium could be applied successfully against a variety of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spescha
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Zwyssig
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Hess Hermida
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Group Extension Arable Crops, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Moix
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Bruno
- Division of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürg Enkerli
- Research Group Molecular Ecology, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Monika Maurhofer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Groth M, Skrzydlewska E, Czupryna P, Biernacki M, Moniuszko-Malinowska A. Lipid mediators of cerebrospinal fluid in response to TBE and bacterial co-infections. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 207:272-278. [PMID: 37499889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are caused by monoinfection or co-infection with different pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Tick-borne diseases are usually accompanied by oxidative stress which promotes the modifications of the host's lipid metabolism. The aim of the study was to compare total antioxidant status and the level of lipid mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid in response to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and bacterial co-infections that cause diseases such as that is Lyme borreliosis (LB) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). In our study cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 15 patients with TBE and 6 patients with TBE co-infection with LB and/or HGA at admission and after treatment. Control group consisted of 14 patients in whom meningitis was excluded. Total antioxidant status, levels of lipid peroxidation products, endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (determined by liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) were compared between the groups. It was found that in TBE patients, total antioxidant status was decreased and accompanied by increased levels of lipid peroxidation products (4-HNE, MDA, isoprostanes and neuroprostanes), major endocannabinoids (AEA and 2AG), and eicosanoids (both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory), which generally declined after treatment. On the other hand, in co-infections, significant changes in the levels of some lipid mediators were observed even after the treatment. TBE alone or along with bacterial co-infections promote redox balance disturbances in the cerebrospinal fluid leading to oxidative stress and increased metabolism of phospholipids in the brain tissue reflected in the level of lipid peroxidation products and lipid mediators. Changes in the level of lipid mediators in patients with co-infections after treatment suggest further intensification of metabolic disturbances rather than their resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Groth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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Peñas-Utrilla D, Pérez-Lago L, Molero-Salinas A, Estévez A, Sanz A, Herranz M, Martínez-Laperche C, Andrés-Zayas C, Veintimilla C, Catalán P, Alonso R, Muñoz P, García de Viedma D. Systematic genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections throughout the pandemic and segregation of the strains involved. Genome Med 2023; 15:57. [PMID: 37488638 PMCID: PMC10367318 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 recombinants involving the divergent Delta and Omicron lineages have been described, and one of them, "Kraken" (XBB.1.5), has recently been a matter of concern. Recombination requires the coexistence of two SARS-CoV-2 strains in the same individual. Only a limited number of studies have focused on the identification of co-infections and are restricted to co-infections involving the Delta/Omicron lineages. METHODS We performed a systematic identification of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections throughout the pandemic (7609 different patients sequenced), not biassed towards the involvement of highly divergent lineages. Through a comprehensive set of validations based on the distribution of allelic frequencies, phylogenetic consistency, re-sequencing, host genetic analysis and contextual epidemiological analysis, these co-infections were robustly assigned. RESULTS Fourteen (0.18%) co-infections with ≥ 8 heterozygous calls (8-85 HZs) were identified. Co-infections were identified throughout the pandemic and involved an equal proportion of strains from different lineages/sublineages (including pre-Alpha variants, Delta and Omicron) or strains from the same lineage. Co-infected cases were mainly unvaccinated, with mild or asymptomatic clinical presentation, and most were at risk of overexposure associated with the healthcare environment. Strain segregation enabled integration of sequences to clarify nosocomial outbreaks where analysis had been impaired due to co-infection. CONCLUSIONS Co-infection cases were identified throughout the pandemic, not just in the time periods when highly divergent lineages were co-circulating. Co-infections involving different lineages or strains from the same lineage were occurring in the same proportion. Most cases were mild, did not require medical assistance and were not vaccinated, and a large proportion were associated with the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peñas-Utrilla
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego, S/N, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28801, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Lago
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Molero-Salinas
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Estévez
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amadeo Sanz
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herranz
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Martínez-Laperche
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Oncohematología, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés-Zayas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Genomics Unit, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Veintimilla
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Alonso
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, Madrid, 28007, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Hazelrig CM, Gettings JR, Cleveland CA, Varela-Stokes A, Majewska AA, Hubbard K, Burton KW, Yabsley MJ. Spatial and risk factor analyses of vector-borne pathogens among shelter dogs in the Eastern United States. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:197. [PMID: 37301970 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne infections pose significant health risks to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the United States may be infected with and serve as sentinel hosts for several zoonotic vector-borne pathogens. In this study, we analyzed the geographical distribution, risk factors, and co-infections associated with infection with Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria immitis in shelter dogs in the Eastern United States. METHODS From 2016 to 2020, blood samples from 3750 shelter dogs from 19 states were examined with IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® Plus tests to determine the seroprevalence of infection with tick-borne pathogens and infection with D. immitis. We assessed the impact of factors including age, sex, intact status, breed group, and location on infection using logistic regression. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of D. immitis was 11.2% (n = 419/3750), the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. was 2.4% (n = 90/3750), the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. was 8.0% (n = 299/3750), and the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi was 8.9% (n = 332/3750). Regional variation in seroprevalence was noted: D. immitis (17.4%, n = 355/2036) and Ehrlichia spp. (10.7%, n = 217/2036) were highest in the Southeast while seroprevalence for B. burgdorferi (19.3%, n = 143/740) and Anaplasma spp. (5.7%, n = 42/740) were highest in the Northeast. Overall, 4.8% (n = 179/3750) of dogs had co-infections, the most common of which were D. immitis/Ehrlichia spp. (1.6%, n = 59/3750), B. burgdorferi/Anaplasma spp. (1.5%, n = 55/3750), and B. burgdorferi/Ehrlichia spp. (1.2%, n = 46/3750). Risk factors significantly influenced infection across the evaluated pathogens were location and breed group. All evaluated risk factors were significant for the seroprevalence of D. immitis antigens. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a regionally variable risk of infection with vector-borne pathogens in shelter dogs throughout the Eastern United States, likely due to varying distributions of vectors. However, as many vectors are undergoing range expansions or other changes in distribution associated with climate and landscape change, continued vector-borne pathogen surveillance is important for maintaining reliable risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M Hazelrig
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jenna R Gettings
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrea Varela-Stokes
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Ania A Majewska
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kris Hubbard
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
- West Asheville Family Vet, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - K Wade Burton
- IDEXX Laboratories, One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Sandelin LL, Askling HH. Tick-borne co-infections in Europe: Clinical conundrums. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 53:101157. [PMID: 37359148 PMCID: PMC10285647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Labbé Sandelin
- Regional Chief Executive's Staff and Department of Communicable Diseases and Disease Control, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Helena H Askling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Academic Specialist Centre, Stockholm County Health Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Paszkiewicz O, Yoshiiri K, Wang K, Kowalska E. Can photocatalysis help in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic? Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 2023; 40:100769. [PMID: 36846296 PMCID: PMC9942773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mould fungi are serious threats to humans and animals (allergen) and might be the main cause of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. The common methods of disinfection are not highly effective against fungi due to the high resistance of fungal spores. Recently, photocatalysis has attracted significant attention towards antimicrobial action. Outstanding properties of titania photocatalysts have already been used in many areas, e.g., for building materials, air conditioner filters, and air purifiers. Here, the efficiency of photocatalytic methods to remove fungi and bacteria (risk factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 co-infection) is presented. Based on the relevant literature and own experience, there is no doubt that photocatalysis might help in the fight against microorganisms, and thus prevent the severity of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kenta Yoshiiri
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W5, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kunlei Wang
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), Hokkaido University, N21, W10, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W5, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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12
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Oba P, Wieland B, Mwiine FN, Erume J, Dione MM. Co-infections of respiratory pathogens and gastrointestinal parasites in smallholder pig production systems in Uganda. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:953-62. [PMID: 36810670 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify factors for infections of pigs with key respiratory pathogens: porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on management practices associated with infections. Ninety (90) farms and 259 pigs were sampled. Sera were screened against 4 pathogens using commercial ELISA tests. The Baerman's method was used to identify parasite species in faecal samples. Logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for infections. Results showed individual animal seroprevalence of PCV2 was 6.9% (95% CI 3.7-11.1), PRRSv 13.8% (95% CI 8.8-19.6), M. hyo 6.4% (95% CI 3.5-10.5), and App 30.4% (95% CI 24.8-36.5). The prevalence of Ascaris spp. was 12.7% (95% CI 8.6-16.8), Strongyles spp was 16.2% (95% CI 11.7-20.7), and Eimeria spp. was 56.4% (95% CI 50.3-62.4). Pigs infested with Ascaris spp. were more likely to test positive to PCV2, odds ratio (OR) 1.86 (CI 1.31-2.60; p = 0.0002). For M. hyo, infection with Strongyles spp. was a risk factor (OR 12.9, p < 0.001). Pigs that had Strongyles and Ascaris spp. Infections (ORs 3.5 and 3.4, p < 0.001 respectively) were likely to have co-infections. The model showed that use of cement, elevated floor, and limiting contacts with outside pigs were protective while using mud and helminth infestations increased risks of co-infections. This study provided evidence that improved housing and biosecurity are critical in reducing pathogen incidence in herds.
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13
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Boutahar M, Er-Rami M, Belaouni M. Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. among cooks in the region of Fez-Meknes (Morocco). Helminthologia 2023; 60:36-43. [PMID: 38659650 PMCID: PMC11042115 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cooks have an important role in the dissemination and transmission of enteropathogenic microorganisms, including intestinal parasites such as Blastocystis sp. responsible for blastocystosis. Blastocystis is a unicellular, anaerobic, eukaryotic protist that colonizes the intestinal tract of many hosts. It is the most common parasite found in human stool. It can be the cause of acute digestive disorders which could lead to chronic syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of this protozoan in cooks in the Fez-Meknes region. This is a retrospective descriptive analytical study carried out in the Parasitology-Mycology laboratory of the Moulay Ismail Military Hospital in Meknes. Out of a total of 200 parasitological examinations of cooks' stools, 88 (44 %) cases were positive for intestinal parasites. Blastocystis sp. is the most frequently encountered protozoan in our study. It represents 39.78 % of those infected. It is associated in 48.57 % of cases with another intestinal parasite. Dientamoeba fragilis (D. fragilis) is the most found in 31.43 % of co-infections, respectively followed by Entamoeba coli (E. coli) (8.57 %), Endolimax nana (E. nana) (5.71 %) and Pseudolimax boutschlii (P. boutschlii) (2.86 %). Our results showed a high prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in the kitchen staff population. These workers must be considered as reservoirs of this microorganism, and therefore a source of infection in those around them. Consequently, preventive measures are necessary, including raising awareness among this population in order to effectively fight against the infestation by this protozoan in particular and other parasites in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Boutahar
- Human Pathology, Biomedicine and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology of Fez, Morocco
| | - M. Er-Rami
- Human Pathology, Biomedicine and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Fez, Morocco
| | - M. Belaouni
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Moulay Ismaïl Military Hospital, Meknes, Morocco
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14
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Choudhary D, Kenwar D, Sharma A, Bhalla A, Singh S, Singh MP, Kumar V, Sharma A. Risk factors for mortality in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19: a single centre experience and case-control study. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:241. [PMID: 35799110 PMCID: PMC9260968 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 infection is considered to cause high mortality in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Old age, comorbidities and acute kidney injury are known risk factors for increased mortality in KTR. Nevertheless, mortality rates have varied across different regions. Differences in age, comorbidities and varying standards of care across geographies may explain some variations. However, it is still unclear whether post-transplant duration, induction therapy, antirejection therapy and co-infections contribute to increased mortality in KTR with COVID-19. The present study assessed risk factors in a large cohort from India. METHODS A matched case-control study was performed to analyze risk factors for death in KTR (N = 218) diagnosed with COVID-19 between April 2020 to July 2021 at the study centre. Cases were KTR who died (non-survivors, N = 30), whereas those who survived were taken as controls (survivors, N = 188). RESULTS A high death-to-case ratio of 13.8% was observed amongst study group KTR infected with COVID-19. There was a high incidence (12.4%) of co-infections, with cytomegalovirus being the most common co-infection among non-survivors. Diarrhea, co-infection, high oxygen requirement, and need for mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with mortality on regression analyses. Antirejection therapy, lymphopenia and requirement for renal replacement therapy were associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The mortality was much higher in KTR who required mechanical ventilation and had co-infections. Mortality did not vary with the type of transplant, post-transplant duration and usage of depletion induction therapy. An aggressive approach has to be taken for an early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devprakash Choudhary
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Deepesh Kenwar
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sarbpreet Singh
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Mini P Singh
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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15
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Salman Y, Shaeen SK, Khan HA, Islam Z, Essar MY. The effect of child malnourishment on measles spread amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 78:103798. [PMID: 35600180 PMCID: PMC9113768 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Child malnourishment is a long-lasting concern that Afghanistan has been facing for many years now. This major factor amongst countless others like growing socioeconomic disparity, ineffective healthcare due to lack of funding and political instability has caused increase in nutritional instability through Afghanistan. This has increased the likelihood of numerous malnourished children contracting deadly infectious diseases like measles. Despite receiving nutritional aid, vaccines (reduce measles spread) and funding from international organizations much of these efforts have fell short due to the political instability and lack of sustained support. Emergence of COVID-19 has further intensified the already existing challenges faced by vulnerable Afghan children. The pandemic has impeded with the eradication of measles and vaccine coverage as much of the funding and attention has shifted to containing COVID-19 spread posing a greater threat for malnourished children. The combined effect of both infections has exacerbated and increased mortality in malnourished children as rate of measle spread increases. Afghan healthcare systems are now struggling more as much of their efforts are ineffectual due to lack of facilities and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumna Salman
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Sean Kaisser Shaeen
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Hira Anas Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
| | - Zarmina Islam
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan
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Shafiekhani M, Shekari Z, Boorboor A, Zare Z, Arabsheybani S, Azadeh N. Bacterial and fungal co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 in solid organ recipients: a retrospective study. Virol J 2022; 19:35. [PMID: 35246169 PMCID: PMC8894563 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2, a novel corona virus, has caused clusters of fatal pneumonia worldwide. Immune compromised patients are among the high risk groups with poor prognosis of the disease. The presence of bacterial or fungal co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with increased mortality. Methods The electronic data of the liver and kidney recipients, hospitalized in COVID-19 intensive care unit in an 8-month period in 2020 were retrospectively assessed. The documented bacterial or fungal infections alongside with outcome and risk factors were recorded and analyzed by binary logistic regression model and multivariate analyses. Results Sixty-Six liver and kidney recipients with positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were included this study. Twenty one percent of the patients had at least one episode of co-infection during their COVID-19 course. Bacterial and fungal co-infections contributed to a significantly higher mortality. Urine and sputum were the most common sites of pathogen isolation (45.45% and 36.36%; respectively). The majority of infections were caused by vancomycin- resistant Enterococci (30%). Escherichia coli stood in the next position with 23.3%. Prior hospitalization and high doses of corticosteroids were associated with co-infections (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02; respectively.) Conclusions Bacterial and fungal co-infections with COVID-19 are more prevalent in solid organ recipients compared to the general population. Prior hospitalizations and use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents lead to emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens in this susceptible patient population. Early detection and treatment of co-infections as well as antibiotic stewardship is recommended in solid organ recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shafiekhani
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shekari
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Boorboor
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zare
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Arabsheybani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Azadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Răileanu C, Tauchmann O, Silaghi C. Sympatric occurrence of Ixodes ricinus with Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis concinna and the associated tick-borne pathogens near the German Baltic coast. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 35193661 PMCID: PMC8862291 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ixodid ticks from the Northern Hemisphere have registered a northward expansion in recent years, and Dermacentor reticulatus is such an example in Europe, its expansion being considered a result of climate change alongside other factors. The aim of this study was to identify the composition of questing tick species and the associated pathogens at different sites near the German Baltic coast. Methods Questing ticks were collected monthly at four sites (May–November, 2020), mainly grasslands, and in October and November 2020 at a fifth site. Molecular screening of ticks for pathogens included RT-qPCR for the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), qPCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, PCR for Babesia species and Rickettsia species, and nested PCR for Borrelia species. Results Altogether 1174 questing ticks were collected: 760 Ixodes ricinus, 326 D. reticulatus and 88 Haemaphysalis concinna. The highest activity peak of I. ricinus and D. reticulatus was in May, in June for H. concinna while a second peak was observed only for I. ricinus and D. reticulatus in September and October, respectively. All samples tested negative for TBEV. For A. phagocytophilum, 1.5% of I. ricinus adults tested positive while the minimum infection rate (MIR) in nymphs was 1.3%. This pathogen was found in 0.6% of D. reticulatus. Babesia spp. were detected in I. ricinus (18.2% adults, 2.1% MIR in nymphs) and H. concinna (13.3% adults, 9.7% MIR in nymphs). Borrelia spp. were present only in I. ricinus (49.1% adults, 11.9% MIR in nymphs), while Rickettsia spp. were detected in I. ricinus (14% adults, 8.9% MIR in nymphs) and D. reticulatus (82%). Co-detection of pathogens was observed in 26.6% and 54.8% of positive I. ricinus adults and nymph pools, respectively, while one D. reticulatus tested positive for A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. The most common co-infection in I. ricinus adults was Babesia microti and Borrelia afzelii (12.3% of positive ticks). Conclusions The results of this study confirm the northern expansion of D. reticulatus and H. concinna in Germany. The detailed data of the infection levels at each location could be useful in assessing the risk of pathogen acquisition following a tick bite. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05173-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Răileanu
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Oliver Tauchmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Domstraße 11, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Jeza VT, Mutuku F, Kaduka L, Mwandawiro C, Masaku J, Okoyo C, Kanyi H, Kamau J, Ng'ang'a Z, Kihara JH. Schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis, and malaria co-infections among women of reproductive age in rural communities of Kwale County, coastal Kenya. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:136. [PMID: 35045848 PMCID: PMC8772099 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosoma haematobium, soil transmitted helminthes (STH), and malaria lead to a double burden in pregnancy that eventually leads to poor immunity, increased susceptibility to other infections, and poor pregnancy outcomes. Many studies have been carried out on pre-school and school aged children but very little has been done among the at risk adult population including women of reproductive age (WRA). Our current study sought to establish the risk factors and burden of co-infection with S. haematobium, STH, and Plasmodium sp. among WRA in Kwale County, Coastal Kenya. Methods A total of 534 WRA between the ages of 15–50 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study from four villages; Bilashaka and Mwaluphamba in Matuga sub-County, and Mwachinga and Dumbule in Kinango sub-County. Socio-demographic information was collected using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. Parasitological examination was done using urine filtration method for Schistosoma haematobium, Kato Katz for STH (Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura), and standard slide microscopy for Plasmodium sp. Statistical analyses were carried out using STATA version 15.1. Results The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.6–5.4) while that for malaria was 4.9% (95% CI: 2.0–11.7). The prevalence of STH was 5.6% (95% CI: 2.8–11.3) with overall prevalence of 5.3% (95% CI: 2.5–10.9) for hookworm and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2–1.9) for T. trichiura. The occurrence of co-infection was low and was recorded between S. haematobium and P. falciparum (0.6%), followed by S. haematobium and STH (0.4%). Among pregnant women, 2.6% had co-infection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum. Only 1.3% had co-infection with S. haematobium and hookworm or T. trichiura. Among non-pregnant women, co-infection with S. haematobium and P. falciparum was 0.2%. Similarly, co-infection with S. haematobium and hookworm or T. trichiura was 0.2%. Bed net ownership and usage among pregnant women was 87.8 and 96.6%, respectively. 66.3% of the women reported using improved water sources for drinking while 78.1% reported using improved sanitation facilities. Conclusion The use of improved WASH activities might have contributed to the low prevalence of STHs and S. haematobium infections. Further, bed net ownership and usage might have resulted in the low prevalence of Plasmodium sp. infections observed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12526-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tunje Jeza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Francis Mutuku
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Lydia Kaduka
- Center for Publich Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles Mwandawiro
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janet Masaku
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Okoyo
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry Kanyi
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joyce Kamau
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Ng'ang'a
- Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Jimmy Hussein Kihara
- Eastern and Southern Africa Center for International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Bertinazzi M, Gheit T, Polesel J, McKay-Chopin S, Cutrone C, Sari M, Sbaraglia M, Tos APD, Nicolai P, Tommasino M, Boscolo-Rizzo P. Clinical implications of alpha, beta, and gamma HPV infection in juvenile onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:285-292. [PMID: 34453571 PMCID: PMC8738360 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of different HPV genera-alpha, beta and gamma-in Juvenile onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (JoRRP) and examine the association of type and genus-specific viral features with the clinical outcome of disease. METHODS This retrospective observational study included consecutive patients with JoRRP who were treated in a referral centre between October 2000 and October 2020. All patients underwent cold excision and laser vaporisation of papillomatous lesions. Samples were analysed for the presence of 120 viral genotypes (22 alpha-HPV, 46 beta-HPV, 52 gamma-HPV) using a highly sensitive multiplex genotyping assay. RESULTS Twenty patients with JoRRP, aged 0.3-11 years, were included, with a median follow-up of 13.5 years. All samples were HPV DNA positive: 20 (100%) for alpha-HPV DNA; 7 (35%) for beta-HPV DNA; 0 for gamma-HPV DNA. Three groups were defined according to the number of infections: seven cases (35%) with HPV mono-infection; ten cases (50%) with HPV double-infection; three cases (15%) with ≥ 3 HPV infections. At diagnosis, patients with ≥ 3 HPV infections reported higher median Derkay's score than those with mono-infection (21 vs 14, P = 0.018). Number of HPV infections was also associated with clinical outcomes, with an average of 0.5 surgical procedures/year in patients with mono-infection, 1.2 for double-infection, 2.6 for ≥ 3 infections (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Despite the small sample size, these preliminary data support an association between the number of different alpha and beta HPV co-infections and the clinical severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bertinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research On Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro Di Riferimento Oncologico Di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Cutrone
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Sari
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Nicolai
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Gomez-Chamorro A, Hodžić A, King KC, Cabezas-Cruz A. Ecological and evolutionary perspectives on tick-borne pathogen co-infections. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021; 1:100049. [PMID: 35284886 PMCID: PMC8906131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogen co-infections are common in nature. Co-infecting pathogens interact with each other and the tick microbiome, which influences individual pathogen fitness, and ultimately shapes virulence, infectivity, and transmission. In this review, we discuss how tick-borne pathogens are an ideal framework to study the evolutionary dynamics of co-infections. We highlight the importance of inter-species and intra-species interactions in vector-borne pathogen ecology and evolution. We also propose experimental evolution in tick cell lines as a method to directly test the impact of co-infections on pathogen evolution. Experimental evolution can simulate in real-time the long periods of time involved in within-vector pathogen interactions in nature, a major practical obstacle to cracking the influence of co-infections on pathogen evolution and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez-Chamorro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire D’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire D’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
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21
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Rizk NM, Abd-Elmaksoud S, Farid TM, Abohashish MMA, Al-Herrawy AZ, Hamza IA. Etiology of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years in Egypt: a high incidence of human bocavirus. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2021; 96:24. [PMID: 34351553 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is globally distributed and associated with respiratory and enteric infections. Limited data are available about the incidence of HBoV in Egyptian children. We aimed to investigate the association of HBoV genotypes in children with diarrheal disease and also to determine the possibility of HBoV co-infections with other human enteric pathogens. METHODS A total of 102 stool samples were collected from children under five years old with diarrhea. Samples were analyzed for the presence of HBoV by real-time PCR. HBoV positive samples were tested for adenovirus (AdV), rotavirus (RoV), parasitic helminths, and enteric protozoa. RESULTS HBoV was detected in 58% of examined cases. HBoV-3 was the most prevalent genotype observed (44%; 45 of 102), followed by HBoV-2/4 (33%; 34 of 102) and HBoV-1 (30%; 31 of 102). Although the incidence of HBoV was higher in males (66.6%; 34 of 51) than females (49%; 25 of 51), the analysis showed no significant difference for HBoV between genders. The average HBoV concentrations were 5.3 × 104 GC/g in males and 1.03 × 105 GC/g in females. Among the HBoV-positive samples, the single infection of HBoV was 52.5% (31/59), while the co-infections with multiple viruses were found in 1.7% (1/59) for HBoV and AdV, 33.9% (20/59) for HBoV and RoV, and 11.9% (7/59) for HBoV, and RoV and AdV. No co-infection with parasitic helminths or enteric protozoa was found. CONCLUSIONS The single infection of HBoV in some children suffering from acute gastroenteritis indicated that HBoV could be the main etiologic agent of the disease. The study highlights the high incidence of HBoVs genotypes with remarkable multiple co-infections in the pre-school children in Egypt.
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Karataş M, Yaşar-Duman M, Tünger A, Çilli F, Aydemir Ş, Özenci V. Secondary bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance in COVID-19: comparative evaluation of pre-pandemic and pandemic-era, a retrospective single center study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:51. [PMID: 34353332 PMCID: PMC8340813 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of bacterial pathogens in COVID-19 patients and to compare the results with control groups from the pre-pandemic and pandemic era. METHODS Microbiological database records of all the COVID-19 diagnosed patients in the Ege University Hospital between March 15, 2020, and June 15, 2020, evaluated retrospectively. Patients who acquired secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) and bacterial co-infections were analyzed. Etiology and AMR data of the bacterial infections were collected. Results were also compared to control groups from pre-pandemic and pandemic era data. RESULTS In total, 4859 positive culture results from 3532 patients were analyzed. Fifty-two (3.59%) patients had 78 SBIs and 38 (2.62%) patients had 45 bacterial co-infections among 1447 COVID-19 patients. 22/85 (25.88%) patients died who had bacterial infections. The respiratory culture-positive sample rate was 39.02% among all culture-positive samples in the COVID-19 group. There was a significant decrease in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (8.94%) compared to samples from the pre-pandemic (20.76%) and pandemic era (20.74%) (p = 0.001 for both comparisons). Interestingly, Acinetobacter baumannii was the main pathogen in the respiratory infections of COVID-19 patients (9.76%) and the rate was significantly higher than pre-pandemic (3.49%, p < 0.002) and pandemic era control groups (3.11%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Due to the low frequency of SBIs reported during the ongoing pandemic, a more careful and targeted antimicrobial prescription should be taken. While patients with COVID-19 had lower levels of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melike Yaşar-Duman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Tünger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Feriha Çilli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şöhret Aydemir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Volkan Özenci
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology F 72, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Endsley JJ, Huante MB, Naqvi KF, Gelman BB, Endsley MA. Advancing our understanding of HIV co-infections and neurological disease using the humanized mouse. Retrovirology 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 34134725 PMCID: PMC8206883 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice have become an important workhorse model for HIV research. Advances that enabled development of a human immune system in immune deficient mouse strains have aided new basic research in HIV pathogenesis and immune dysfunction. The small animal features facilitate development of clinical interventions that are difficult to study in clinical cohorts, and avoid the high cost and regulatory burdens of using non-human primates. The model also overcomes the host restriction of HIV for human immune cells which limits discovery and translational research related to important co-infections of people living with HIV. In this review we emphasize recent advances in modeling bacterial and viral co-infections in the setting of HIV in humanized mice, especially neurological disease, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV co-infections. Applications of current and future co-infection models to address important clinical and research questions are further discussed. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Görkem A, Sav H, Kaan Ö, Eren E. Coronavirus disease and candidemia infection: A case report. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101155. [PMID: 34146997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recognised for a considerable time-period, that viral respiratory infections predispose patients to bacterial infections, and that these co-infections have a worse outcome than either infection on its own. However, it is still unclear what exact roles co-infections and/or superinfections play in patients with COVID-19 infection. MAIN BODY This was an extensive review of the current literature regarding co-infections and superinfections in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The definitions used were those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), which defines coinfection as one occurring concurrently with the initial infection, while superinfections are those infections that follow on a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant, or have become resistant, to the antibiotics used earlier. Some researchers have envisioned three potential scenarios of bacterial/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection; namely, secondary SARS-CoV-2 infection following bacterial infection or colonisation, combined viral/bacterial pneumonia, or secondary bacterial superinfection following SARS-CoV-2. There are a myriad of published articles ranging from letters to the editor to systematic reviews and meta-analyses describing varying ranges of co-infection and/or superinfection in patients with COVID-19. The concomitant infections described included other respiratory viruses, bacteria, including mycobacteria, fungi, as well as other, more unusual, pathogens. However, as will be seen in this review, there is often not a clear distinction made in the literature as to what the authors are referring to, whether true concomitant/co-infections or superinfections. In addition, possible mechanisms of the interactions between viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and other infections, particularly bacterial infections are discussed further. Lastly, the impact of these co-infections and superinfections in the severity of COVID-19 infections and their outcome is also described. CONCLUSION The current review describes varying rates of co-infections and/or superinfections in patients with COVID-19 infections, although often a clear distinction between the two is not clear in the literature. When they occur, these infections appear to be associated with both severity of COVID-19 as well as poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Singh V, Upadhyay P, Reddy J, Granger J. SARS-CoV-2 respiratory co-infections: Incidence of viral and bacterial co-pathogens. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 105:617-620. [PMID: 33640570 PMCID: PMC7905386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in an unprecedented challenge to our healthcare system. Secondary and concurrent bacterial and viral co-infections are well documented for other viral respiratory pathogens; however knowledge regarding co-infections in COVID-19 remains limited. In the present study, concurrent testing of 50 419 individual samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and other bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens was performed between March and August 2020. Overall, a lower rate of viral co-infection was observed in the SARS-CoV-2-positive population when compared to the population testing negative for the virus. Significant levels of Staphylococcus aureus and Epstein-Barr virus co-infections were detected in the SARS-CoV-2-positive population. This is one of the largest surveys looking into the co-infection patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States. Data from this study will enhance our understanding of the current pandemic and will assist clinicians in making better patient care decisions, especially with respect to antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, HealthTrackRX, Denton, TX 76207, USA.
| | - Pallavi Upadhyay
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, HealthTrackRX, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - Jairus Reddy
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, HealthTrackRX, Denton, TX 76207, USA
| | - John Granger
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, HealthTrackRX, Denton, TX 76207, USA
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Garcia-Vidal C, Sanjuan G, Moreno-García E, Puerta-Alcalde P, Garcia-Pouton N, Chumbita M, Fernandez-Pittol M, Pitart C, Inciarte A, Bodro M, Morata L, Ambrosioni J, Grafia I, Meira F, Macaya I, Cardozo C, Casals C, Tellez A, Castro P, Marco F, García F, Mensa J, Martínez JA, Soriano A. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:83-88. [PMID: 32745596 PMCID: PMC7836762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the burden, epidemiology and outcomes of co-infections and superinfections occurring in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS We performed an observational cohort study of all consecutive patients admitted for ≥48 hours to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona for COVID-19 (28 February to 22 April 2020) who were discharged or dead. We describe demographic, epidemiologic, laboratory and microbiologic results, as well as outcome data retrieved from electronic health records. RESULTS Of a total of 989 consecutive patients with COVID-19, 72 (7.2%) had 88 other microbiologically confirmed infections: 74 were bacterial, seven fungal and seven viral. Community-acquired co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis was uncommon (31/989, 3.1%) and mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 51 hospital-acquired bacterial superinfections, mostly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, were diagnosed in 43 patients (4.7%), with a mean (SD) time from hospital admission to superinfection diagnosis of 10.6 (6.6) days. Overall mortality was 9.8% (97/989). Patients with community-acquired co-infections and hospital-acquired superinfections had worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Co-infection at COVID-19 diagnosis is uncommon. Few patients developed superinfections during hospitalization. These findings are different compared to those of other viral pandemics. As it relates to hospitalized patients with COVID-19, such findings could prove essential in defining the role of empiric antimicrobial therapy or stewardship strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garcia-Vidal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Sanjuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Moreno-García
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Puerta-Alcalde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Garcia-Pouton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Chumbita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Fernandez-Pittol
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, ISGLOBAL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pitart
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, ISGLOBAL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexy Inciarte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bodro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Morata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ambrosioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Grafia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Meira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Macaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Cardozo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Climent Casals
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, ISGLOBAL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Tellez
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Castro
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Marco
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, ISGLOBAL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Mensa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Martínez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Yibeltal T, Abitew DB, Melese AB, Mulu Y. Determinants of HIV-malaria co-infection among people living with HIV on anti-retroviral therapy in Northeast Ethiopia: unmatched case control study. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:94. [PMID: 33292761 PMCID: PMC7702680 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV and malaria are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world including Ethiopia. Globally, HIV-malaria co-infection causes approximately 3 million deaths per year. However, both these infections are preventable if measures are taken on determinant factors. The objective of the study was therefore to assess factors associated with HIV-malaria co-infection among HIV-positive people who lived in Shewarobit district, northeast Ethiopia. METHODS Unmatched case-control study was conducted among people living with HIV (PLWHA) in Shewarobit district from February 28, 2018, to April 30, 2018. The sample size was determined taking the assumption of 95% CI, 85% power, 3:1 control to case ratio, the proportion of PLWHA-malaria coinfection of 22.7%, OR 2.73, and 10% non-response rate. The final sample size was 262 (66 cases and 196 controls). Cases were adults on anti-retroviral therapy and diagnosed positive for malaria by microscopy while controls were adults on anti-retroviral therapy and diagnosed negative for malaria by microscopy in the previous 6 months before the survey. RESULT The median age of cases and controls in years was 35 (IQR = 19) and 38 (IQR = 19) respectively. Variables that had a significant association with HIV-malaria co-infection were non-in-door residual spraying (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.91; 95% CI 4.03, 15.13), poor perception on the health risk of HIV-malaria co-infections (AOR = 4.11; 95% CI 1.28, 10.17), non-use of insecticidal treated bed nets (AOR = 6.21; 95%CI 2.74, 14.11), non-use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.11, 5.28), and not received health education on the risk of HIV-malaria interaction (AOR = 4.11; 95% CI 1.24, 4.84). CONCLUSION Provision of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, sleeping under an insecticidal treated bed net, and indoor residual spraying help to reduce HIV-malaria co-infection-associated morbidity/mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenaw Yibeltal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Birhanu Abitew
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Birara Melese
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Mulu
- Department of Health System and Health Economics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Cutler SJ, Vayssier-Taussat M, Estrada-Peña A, Potkonjak A, Mihalca AD, Zeller H. Tick-borne diseases and co-infection: Current considerations. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101607. [PMID: 33220628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, a multitude of pathogens have been reported to be tick-borne. Given this, it is unsurprising that these might co-exist within the same tick, however our understanding of the interactions of these agents both within the tick and vertebrate host remains poorly defined. Despite the rich diversity of ticks, relatively few regularly feed on humans, 12 belonging to argasid and 20 ixodid species, and literature on co-infection is only available for a few of these species. The interplay of various pathogen combinations upon the vertebrate host and tick vector represents a current knowledge gap. The impact of co-infection in humans further extends into diagnostic challenges arising when multiple pathogens are encountered and we have little current data upon which to make therapeutic recommendations for those with multiple infections. Despite these short-comings, there is now increasing recognition of co-infections and current research efforts are providing valuable insights into dynamics of pathogen interactions whether they facilitate or antagonise each other. Much of this existing data is focussed upon simultaneous infection, however the consequences of sequential infection also need to be addressed. To this end, it is timely to review current understanding and highlight those areas still to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J Cutler
- School of Health, Sport & Bioscience, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK.
| | | | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aleksandar Potkonjak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Hervé Zeller
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
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Abouelkhair MA. Non-SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences identified in clinical samples from COVID-19 infected patients: Evidence for co-infections. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10246. [PMID: 33194423 PMCID: PMC7643552 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/ 2019-nCoV) infection was initially reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Early in 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a new name for the 2019-nCoV-caused disease: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and declared COVID-19 to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Cellular co-infection is a critical determinant of viral fitness and infection outcomes and plays a crucial role in shaping the host immune response to infections. METHODS In this study, 68 public next-generation sequencing data from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were retrieved from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive database using SRA-Toolkit. Data screening was performed using an alignment-free method based on k-mer mapping and extension, fastv. Taxonomic classification was performed using Kraken 2 on all reads containing one or more virus sequences other than SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 was identified in all except three patients. Influenza type A (H7N9) virus, human immunodeficiency virus, rhabdovirus, human metapneumovirus, Human adenovirus, Human herpesvirus 1, coronavirus NL63, parvovirus, simian virus 40, and hepatitis virus genomes sequences were detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Besides, a very diverse group of bacterial populations were observed in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abouelkhair
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Clemente L, Pasut M, Carlet R, Ruscio M, Fontana F. Dientamoeba fragilis in the North-East of Italy: Prevalence study and treatment. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102227. [PMID: 33137500 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoan, an inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, with a worldwide distribution. The reported prevalence of D. fragilis varies worldwide in different populations between 0.3% and 82.9%, and its role as a pathogen is still unclear. The parasite has been identified in the faeces of asymptomatic patients and with different acute and chronic symptoms, like abdominal pain, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea and vomiting. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of D. fragilis in the North-East of Italy, and the clinical improvement of symptoms after recommended treatment with paromomycin or metronidazole. Furthermore, a literature review of D. fragilis prevalence studies in Italy was carried out to show the Italian situation. Of 575 enrolled people, 85 (14.8%) were positive for D. fragilis. The most prevalent symptoms were abdominal pain 28.2%, anal itching 27.1%, watery diarrhoea 18.8%, meteorism 16.5% and nausea/lack of appetite 14.1%. The high rate of anal itching was unexpected, because it wasn't a common symptom. 32 patients were co-infected with B. hominis (37.7%) and three with G. lamblia (3.5%). Our study showed paromomycin had a high efficacy for treatment of D. fragilis infections 100.0% (45/45), while caution must be used when using metronidazole 53.3% (24/40). We recommend paromomycin for empirical treatment, given its great effectiveness in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Clemente
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Pasut
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Romina Carlet
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ruscio
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Fontana
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Trieste, Italy
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Loevinsohn G, Hardick J, Sinywimaanzi P, Fenstermacher KZJ, Shaw-Saliba K, Monze M, Gaydos CA, Rothman RE, Pekosz A, Thuma PE, Sutcliffe CG. Respiratory pathogen diversity and co-infections in rural Zambia. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:291-298. [PMID: 33127501 PMCID: PMC7817328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The role of respiratory co-infections in modulating disease severity remains understudied in southern Africa, particularly in rural areas. This study was performed to characterize the spectrum of respiratory pathogens in rural southern Zambia and the prognostic impact of co-infections. Methods: Respiratory specimens collected from inpatient and outpatient participants in a viral surveillance program in 2018–2019 were tested for selected viruses and a typical bacteria using the Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay and FilmArray Respiratory Panel EZ. Participants were followed for 3–5 weeks to assess their clinical course. Multivariable regression was used to examine the role of co-infections in influencing disease severity. Results: A respiratory pathogen was detected in 63.2% of samples from 671 participants who presented with influenza-like illness. Common pathogens identified included influenza virus (18.2% of samples), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (11.8%), rhinovirus (26.4%), and coronavirus (6.0%). Overall, 6.4% of participants were co-infected with multiple respiratory pathogens. Compared to mono-infections, co-infections were found not to be associated with severe clinical illness either overall (relative risk (RR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39–1.32) or specifically with influenza virus (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.14–4.46) or RSV infections (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.17–1.11). Conclusions: Respiratory infections in rural southern Zambia were associated with a wide range of viruses. Respiratory co-infections in this population were not associated with clinical severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Loevinsohn
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mwaka Monze
- Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Macha Research Trust, Macha, Zambia; Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Al-Hosary A, Răileanu C, Tauchmann O, Fischer S, Nijhof AM, Silaghi C. Epidemiology and genotyping of Anaplasma marginale and co-infection with piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae in cattle and buffaloes from Egypt. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:495. [PMID: 32993778 PMCID: PMC7526245 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular bacterium and the main cause of bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In Egypt, data regarding the prevalence of A. marginale in ruminant hosts and of the circulating genotypes is lacking. This study therefore aimed to (i) investigate the presence, epidemiology and genotypes of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt, (ii) to evaluate suitable diagnostic tools and (iii) to identify co-infections of A. marginale with other selected tick-borne pathogens. Methods Blood samples were collected from 394 animals (309 cattle and 85 buffaloes) from three different areas in Egypt. For the detection of A. marginale infection, several tests were compared for their sensitivity and specificity: blood smear analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), PCR, real-time PCR and reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Co-infections with A. marginale, piroplasms and other Anaplasmataceae were surveyed by RLB while A. marginale genotypes were identified by amplifying and sequencing the partial msp1α gene. Results Anaplasma marginale DNA was amplified by qPCR in 68.3% of cattle and 29.4% of buffaloes. RLB showed infection with A. marginale in 50.2% of cattle and 42.5% of buffaloes. Blood smear analysis detected this agent in 16.2% of cattle and 2.4% of buffaloes. ELISA showed specific antibodies against A. marginale in 54.9% of cattle. Anaplasma marginale was associated, in cattle and buffaloes, with several tick-borne pathogens (Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia occultans and Anaplasma platys). A significant difference of A. marginale infection level was noticed in cattle, where animals between 3–5-years-old had a higher prevalence (79.2%) compared to those older than 5 years (36.4%) and younger than 3 years (59.7%) and one year (64.5%), respectively (P = 0.002281). Microsatellite analysis identified 15 different genotypes. Conclusions The epidemiological findings revealed high prevalence of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes in all the investigated areas. The circulation of diverse genotypes was observed, most of these A. marginale genotypes being specific for Egypt. The qPCR assay was confirmed to be the most sensitive tool for detection of A. marginale in cattle and buffaloes even in the carrier state, highlighting the importance of using suitable diagnostic tests. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Al-Hosary
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.,Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Sudufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cristian Răileanu
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Sudufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Oliver Tauchmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Sudufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Sudufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Sudufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Domstrasse 11, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Wee LE, Ko KKK, Ho WQ, Kwek GTC, Tan TT, Wijaya L. Community-acquired viral respiratory infections amongst hospitalized inpatients during a COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore: co-infection and clinical outcomes. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104436. [PMID: 32447256 PMCID: PMC7235565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS During the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, co-circulation of other common respiratory viruses can potentially result in co-infections; however, reported rates of co-infections for SARS-CoV-2 vary. We sought to evaluate the prevalence and etiology of all community acquired viral respiratory infections requiring hospitalization during an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, with a focus on co-infection rates and clinical outcomes. METHODS Over a 10-week period, all admissions to our institution, the largest tertiary hospital in Singapore, were screened for respiratory symptoms, and COVID-19 as well as a panel of common respiratory viral pathogens were systematically tested for. Information was collated on clinical outcomes, including requirement for mechanical ventilation and in hospital mortality. RESULTS One-fifth (19.3%, 736/3807) of hospitalized inpatients with respiratory symptoms had a PCR-proven viral respiratory infection; of which 58.5% (431/736) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 42.2% (311/736) tested positive for other common respiratory viruses. The rate of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 was 1.4% (6/431); all patients with co-infection had mild disease and stayed in communal settings. The in-hospital mortality rate and proportion of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive ventilation was low, at around 1% of patients; these rates were lower than patients with other community-acquired respiratory viruses admitted over the same period (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Even amidst an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, common respiratory viruses still accounted for a substantial proportion of hospitalizations. Coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 were rare, with no observed increase in morbidity or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang En Wee
- Singhealth Infectious Diseases Residency, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Kwan Ki Karrie Ko
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Molecular Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wan Qi Ho
- Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Thuan Tong Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Limin Wijaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Varpit F, Gummow B. A Serological Survey of Selected Papua New Guinea Blood Donors for Hepatitis B and Related Co-Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5030108. [PMID: 32610519 PMCID: PMC7558662 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious problem and earlier studies in Papua New Guinea have reported a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection. These studies were undertaken using insensitive tests and before an expanded immunization program. The current HBV status is therefore uncertain. A retrospective study to investigate the HBV status was carried out using blood donor data at Nonga General Hospital, East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea, from January 2003 to December 2018. Additional data for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, syphilis and hepatitis C virus were also collected. Data were analysed using NCSS statistical software. The mean hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) sero-prevalence was 21% for the period of study and showed a downward trend over the period of the study, which may reflect the effect of the extended immunization program. HBsAg prevalence in male donors (23%) was significantly higher than females (16%). Donors living in Pomio district had a significantly lower proportion of sero-positive HBsAg donors (7%) than Gazelle (22%), Kokopo (22%) and Rabaul (20%), which was attributed to this district's geographical isolation. Ethnically, Pomios donors (8%) had significantly lower HBsAg prevalence than the Taulils, (29%), Bainings (21%) and Tolais (21%). Fifteen to nineteen year olds (23%) were the predominant age group affected, and vertical or perinatal transmission was probably the primary transmission route. Our findings call for greater awareness on the part of public policy makers and should be considered when planning future public health campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Varpit
- Nonga General Hospital Laboratory, Kokopo 613, ENBP, Papua New Guinea;
- Discipline of Medical Laboratory Science, Division of Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, PO O Box 5623, Boroko 111, NCD, Papua New Guinea
| | - Bruce Gummow
- Medical and Veterinary Sciences, College of Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +675-724-945-29
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Semá Baltazar C, Boothe M, Kellogg T, Ricardo P, Sathane I, Fazito E, Raymond HF, Temmerman M, Luchters S. Prevalence and risk factors associated with HIV/hepatitis B and HIV/hepatitis C co-infections among people who inject drugs in Mozambique. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:851. [PMID: 32493347 PMCID: PMC7271460 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scare information about HIV co-infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Mozambique. This information is critical to ensure the treatment necessary to decrease the progression of liver disease and the transmission of both HIV and hepatitis. We assess the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV co-infections as well as associated risk factors among PWID. METHODS The first Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey was conducted in 2013-2014 among persons who self-reported to have ever injected drugs. Using respondent-driven sampling, PWID aged 18 years and older were recruited in two cross-sectional samples in Maputo and Nampula/Nacala, two large urban centers of Mozambique. Rapid screening of HIV, HBV (HBsAg) and HCV was performed on site. Data from participants in both cities were pooled to conduct RDS-weighted bivariate analyses with HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections as separate outcomes. Unweighted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess correlates of co-infection. RESULTS Among 492 eligible PWID, 93.3% were male and median age was 32 years [IQR: 27-36]. HIV, HBV and HCV prevalence were respectively 44.9% (95% CI:37.6-52.3), 32.8% (95% CI:26.3-39.5) and 38.3 (95% CI:30.6-45.9). Co-infections of HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV/HCV were identified in 13.1% (95% CI:7.2-18.9), 29.5% (95% CI:22.2-36.8) and 9.2% (95% CI:3.7-14.7) of PWID, respectively. Older age, history of needle/syringe sharing and history of injection with used needle/syringe was associated with HIV/HBV co-infection. Living in Maputo city, have older age, history of needle/syringe sharing and history of injection with used needle/syringe was associated with HIV/HCV co-infection. CONCLUSION There is a high burden of HBV and HCV among HIV-infected PWID in Mozambique. Our results highlight the need for targeted harm reduction interventions that include needle exchange programs and integrated services for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV, HBV and HCV to address these epidemics among PWID. Efforts should be made to strengthen ART coverage in the population as an important treatment strategy for both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Semá Baltazar
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Mozambique.
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Makini Boothe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Isabel Sathane
- National Program to Control STIs and HIV/AIDS, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Erika Fazito
- International Center Aids Program (ICAP), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Henry F Raymond
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Marleen Temmerman
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of OBGYN, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Gorgoglione B, Bailey C, Ferguson JA. Proliferative kidney disease in Alaskan salmonids with evidence that pathogenic myxozoans may be emerging north. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:797-807. [PMID: 32479830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids, a chronic immunopathology caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is exacerbated by increased water temperatures. PKD causes economic concerns to trout farmers and contributes to the decline of wild salmonid populations in North America and Europe. The parasite occurs as far north as Norway and Iceland in Europe and was confirmed from California to southern British Columbia in the American continent. In mid-September 2011 adult chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were sampled from Kantishna River, a tributary to Yukon River in Alaska. Clinical PKD was diagnosed based on the macroscopic appearance of mottled kidneys that were uniformly swollen and by the detection of tumultuous histozoic extrasporogonic and coelozoic sporogonic stages of T. bryosalmonae in renal tissue by histopathology. Archived samples provided the molecular confirmation and local strain identification, representing the first confirmed case of PKD in wild adult chum salmon, also co-infected with Parvicapsula minibicornis that represents another novel myxozoan detection in Alaska. Our investigation was extended to another case from August/September 1997, with mortality following furunculosis and ectoparasite co-infections, in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) pre-smolts net-pen reared in English Bay Lakes, Alaska. Immunohistochemistry on archived histological preparations confirmed T. bryosalmonae sporogonic and extrasporogonic stages, indicating a severe to resolving PKD, with concomitant Chloromyxum spp. infection. Those cases provide the first documentation that this parasite is present in Alaska and causes PKD in wild and cultured salmonids in the region. The known geographic range of T. bryosalmonae can be extended to ~267 km south of the Arctic Circle, representing the northernmost detection in America. Given the vast size of Alaska and small resident population, it is likely that T. bryosalmonae remained undetected, but more recently became evident due to the clinical manifestation of PKD, possibly linked to increasing water temperatures reported at the sample locations.
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Neto JM, Mellinger S, Halupka L, Marzal A, Zehtindjiev P, Westerdahl H. Seasonal dynamics of haemosporidian (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) parasites in house sparrows Passer domesticus at four European sites: comparison between lineages and the importance of screening methods. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:523-532. [PMID: 32422301 PMCID: PMC7306154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemosporidae prevalence and diversity in house sparrows decreased with increasing latitude. The nested PCR method underestimates co-infections and biases results. Seasonal dynamics varied between sites, lineages, species and genera. Seasonality of single lineages (P_SGS1) also varied between sites. Unexpectedly, seasonality was greatest at the southernmost site.
Infectious diseases often vary seasonally in a predictable manner, and seasonality may be responsible for geographical differences in prevalence. In temperate regions, vector-borne parasites such as malaria are expected to evolve lower virulence and a time-varying strategy to invest more in transmission when vectors are available. A previous model of seasonal variation of avian malaria described a double peak in prevalence of Plasmodium parasites in multiple hosts resulting from spring relapses and transmission to susceptible individuals in summer. However, this model was rejected by a study describing different patterns of seasonal variation of two Plasmodium spp. at the same site, with the double peak only apparent when these species were combined. Here, we assessed the seasonal variation in prevalence of haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon) in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) sampled across 1 year at four temperate European sites spanning a latitudinal range of 17°. We showed that parasite prevalence and diversity decreased with increasing latitude, but the parasite communities differed between sites, with only one Plasmodium lineage (P_SGS1) occurring at all sites. Moreover, the nested PCR method commonly used to detect and identify haemosporidian parasites strongly underestimated co-infections of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium, significantly biasing the pattern of seasonal variation, so additional molecular methods were used. Finally, we showed that: (i) seasonal variation in prevalence of haemosporidian parasites varied between study sites and parasite lineages/species/genera, describing further cases where the double peak model is not met; (ii) the seasonal dynamics of single lineages (P_SGS1) varied between sites; and (iii) unexpectedly, seasonality was greatest at the southernmost site, a pattern that was mostly driven by lineage H_PADOM05. Limitations of the genotyping methods and consequences of pooling (parasite lineages, sites and years) in studies of haemosporidian parasites are discussed and recommendations proposed, since these actions may obscure the patterns of prevalence and limit ecological inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Manuel Neto
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Samantha Mellinger
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lucyna Halupka
- Ornithological Station, Wrocław University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alfonso Marzal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pavel Zehtindjiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Mitra S, Nayak MK, Majumdar A, Sinha A, Chatterjee S, Deb A, Chawla-Sarkar M, Dutta S. Development and evaluation of a multiplex conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of common viral pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115061. [PMID: 32585545 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Timely identification of etiological agents of enteric infections is necessary to reduce the burden of infantile diarrheal mortality. Nucleic acid amplification-based detection methods offer a quick, reliable way for diagnosis of microbes in clinical specimens. This study was undertaken to evaluate an easy-to-use, cost-effective multiplex conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay developed at the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases virology laboratory to identify 4 common enteric viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus) in stool samples from patients who were being evaluated for acute diarrhea. On comparison with a commercially available real-time PCR method, significant agreement in sensitivity and specificity was observed. Though the turnaround time for RT-PCR was 6-8 h compared to 5-6 h for real-time PCR, the real-time PCR has high test cost (approximately 28 USD/2000 INR) for Fast-Track Diagnostics kit-based quantitative RT-PCR versus 6 USD or 400 INR for conventional multiplex RT-PCR/sample. Thus, the conventional RT-PCR method is expected to be adaptable at local hospitals and health cares in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvrotoa Mitra
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | | | - Agniva Majumdar
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Avisek Sinha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Soumyadipta Chatterjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Alok Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India.
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Regional Virus Research and Diagnostic Lab (VRDL), ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, WB, India
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Coultous RM, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:148. [PMID: 32199454 PMCID: PMC7085162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. Morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. Individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids. Methods A prospective clinical evaluation of equines presenting for a free veterinary examination was performed in hyperendemic villages in The Gambia. Age, body condition score and body weight were estimated by validated methods, and haematocrit and total protein concentration measured. Animals fulfilling 2 out of 5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema) for a diagnosis of trypanosomiasis received trypanocidal treatment with follow-up at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma spp. primers and results were compared to the subject’s clinical and clinicopathological features. A mixed effects generalised linear model was generated to evaluate the association of infection status with degree of pyrexia and anaemia. Results Morbidity was high within examined (n = 641) and selected (n = 247) study populations. PCR status was not associated with a defined disease phenotype; there was intra- and inter-species variability. Donkeys were more frequently Trypanosoma spp.-positive (P < 0.001) and febrile (P < 0.001) than horses, but infected horses were more anaemic (P < 0.001), and in poorer body condition (P < 0.001) than donkeys. Sex was correlated to disease phenotype: males were more anaemic (P = 0.03) and febrile (P < 0.001). Haemoparasite co-infections were more common than a single infection. Conclusions There was evidence of diversity in trypanosomiasis clinical signs plus variable disease phenotypes within equid subpopulations that warrant further investigation. The complex co-infection profile of field cases requires greater consideration to optimise disease management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Robert M Coultous
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G M Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Sciences and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Podgórska K, Stadejek T. Do porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) have an impact on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia in pigs? Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108613. [PMID: 32122579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections with porcine parvoviruses 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are widespread in pig population. PCV2 is involved in a number of disease syndromes collectively called PCV2-associated diseases (PCVD). It is well elucidated, that PPV1 may act as a triggering factor of PCVD through supporting PCV2 replication. Less is known about the PPV2-PPV7 impact on PCV2 viremia, but several authors suggested an association between these viruses. In order to provide a better understanding of PCV2 and PPVs co-infections, 519 serum samples from eight Polish swine farms were tested by real-time PCR to assess the possible impact of PPV1-PPV7 on PCV2 viremia. Among all 519 serum samples, 30.6 % were positive for PCV2 and PPVs detection rates ranged from 2.9 % (PPV1) to 26.6 % (PPV2). Within 159 serum samples categorized as PCV2-positive, the prevalence rates of PPVs ranged from 7.5 % (PPV1) to 37.1 % (PPV6). The level of PCV2 viremia was significantly higher only in serum samples positive for PPV1 and PPV7 compared to samples negative for these PPVs. Moreover, the correlation between Ct values for PPV7 and PCV2 was observed. Thus, our results suggested that apart from PPV1, also PPV7 stimulate the replication of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ghafar A, Cabezas-Cruz A, Galon C, Obregon D, Gasser RB, Moutailler S, Jabbar A. Bovine ticks harbour a diverse array of microorganisms in Pakistan. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:1. [PMID: 31900233 PMCID: PMC6942265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TTBP) are a major constraint to livestock production in Pakistan; despite a high prevalence of TTBPs, knowledge on the capacity of Pakistani ticks to carry pathogens and endosymbionts is limited. Furthermore, mixed infections with multiple microorganisms further complicate and limit the detection potential of traditional diagnostic methods. The present study investigated the tick-borne microorganisms in bovine ticks in Pakistan, employing a high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR based technique. METHODS Ticks were collected from clinically healthy cattle (n = 116) and water buffaloes (n = 88) from 30 villages across six districts located in five agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Pakistan from September to November 2017. The microfluidic real-time PCR was used to test the genomic DNA of individual ticks for the presence of 27 bacterial and eight parasitic microorganisms. Phylogenetic methods were used to assess the genetic relationship of DNA sequences determined herein. RESULTS PCR detected DNA of at least one microorganism in each of 221 ticks tested (94.4%, 221/234). DNA-based detection inferred that single pathogens/endosymbionts were the most common (43.4%, 96/221) followed by double (38.9%, 86/221), triple (14.5%, 32/221), quadruple (2.3%, 5/221) and quintuple (0.9%, 2/221) mixed infections. Piroplasms (Babesia/Theileria spp.) were the most prevalent (31.6%, 74/234), followed by Ehrlichia spp. (20%, 47/234) and Anaplasma marginale (7.7%, 18/234). Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. ovis, A. centrale, Babesia ovis, Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., R. massiliae, Bartonella spp. and Hepatozoon spp. were also detected. Endosymbionts such as Francisella-like (91.5%, 214/234) and Coxiella-like (1.3%, 3/234) organisms were also detected in ticks. The highest diversity of microorganisms was detected in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks (test-positive for 14/14 microorganisms), followed by Rhipicephalus microplus (4/14), Hy. hussaini (3/14) and Rh. annulatus (2/14). Ticks collected from cattle carried significantly more frequently piroplasms (41.2%, 54/131; P < 0.05) than those from buffaloes (19.4%, 20/103). However, the overall prevalence of microorganisms did not vary significantly among ticks from the two host species as well as across different AEZs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate a wide range of tick-borne microorganisms in bovine ticks using a high-throughput diagnostic method from different AEZs in Pakistan. These findings will aid in establishing the distribution patterns and the control of tick-borne pathogens of bovines in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ghafar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Clemence Galon
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dasiel Obregon
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
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Ocias LF, Wilhelmsson P, Sjöwall J, Henningsson AJ, Nordberg M, Jørgensen CS, Krogfelt KA, Forsberg P, Lindgren PE. Emerging tick-borne pathogens in the Nordic countries: A clinical and laboratory follow-up study of high-risk tick-bitten individuals. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101303. [PMID: 31631052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the presence of several microorganisms, other than Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) and TBE virus, in Ixodes ricinus ticks from the Nordic countries, data is lacking on their pathogenic potential in humans. In this study, we wanted to investigate the aetiology and clinical manifestations of tick-transmitted infections in individuals seeking medical care following a tick-bite. The sampling frame was participants of a large-scale, prospective, multi-centre, follow-up study of tick-bitten volunteers recruited in Sweden, Finland and Norway in the years 2007-2015. Participants who sought medical care during the three-month follow-up period and from whom blood samples were collected during this healthcare visit (n = 92) were tested, using PCR, for exposure to spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia spp. Moreover, 86 of these individuals had two serum samples, collected three months apart, tested serologically for six tick-borne microorganisms. The selected organisms - Bbsl, SFG rickettsiae, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, TBE virus, Babesia microti and Bartonella henselae - have all been detected in field-collected ticks from the Nordic countries. Medical records were reviewed and questionnaires were completed to determine clinical manifestations. We found Lyme borreliosis to be the most common tick-transmitted infection as seen in 46 (54%) of the 86 participants with available medical records. Among the 86 participants with paired sera, serological or molecular evidence of recent exposure to other microorganisms than Bbsl could be demonstrated in eight (9%). Five participants (6%) exhibited serological evidence of recent concomitant exposure to more than one tick-borne microorganism. Clinical presentations were mild with one exception (TBE). In conclusion, our data suggest a low risk of infection with tick-borne microorganisms, other than Bbsl, in immunocompetent tick-bitten persons from the examined regions, a low occurrence of co-infection and mostly mild or no overt clinical signs of infection in immunocompetent persons exposed to the studied agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Frans Ocias
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Wilhelmsson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Sjukhusgatan, 55305 Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University Hospital, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Jonsson Henningsson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Sjukhusgatan, 55305 Jönköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linköping University Hospital, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marika Nordberg
- The Åland Group for Borrelia Research, Åland Central Hospital, Doktorsvägen 2, 22110 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pia Forsberg
- Division of Infectious Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Lindgren
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, County Hospital Ryhov, Sjukhusgatan, 55305 Jönköping, Sweden
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Mohammadi M, Armin S, Yazdanpour Z. Human bocavirus infections and co-infections with respiratory syncytial virus and Rotavirus in children with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:45-51. [PMID: 31522356 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and seasonal distributions of HBoV detections among Iranian children presenting with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and to compare infections among children with concomitant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rotavirus (RV) infections. A cross-sectional study at Mofid Children's Hospital in Tehran, Iran, enrolled children < 3 years old presenting with either acute respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms during the period of 2017-2018. Respiratory or stool specimens collected from each group were initially tested by RT-PCR assays for RSV and RV, respectively, and all specimens were tested for HBoV by PCR assay. Clinical and demographic data were collected and statistically compared. Five hundred respiratory and stool specimens each were tested and 67 (13.4%) and 72 (14.4%) were PCR positive for HBoV, respectively. Of 128 (25.6%) respiratory specimens positive for RSV, 65% were also positive for HBoV (p = 0.019); of 169 (33.8%) stool specimens positive for RV, 62.5% were also positive for HBoV (p = 0.023). Peak circulation of all viruses was during late winter and early spring months (Jan-Mar) in gastrointestinal infections and during winter (Feb-Jan) in respiratory infections. HBoV is commonly detected among Iranian children presenting with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and is often present as co-infections with RSV and RV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Shahnaz Armin
- Pediatric Infections Research Center (PIRC), Mofd Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
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Di Blasio A, Traversa A, Giacometti F, Chiesa F, Piva S, Decastelli L, Dondo A, Gallina S, Zoppi S. Isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected opportunistic agents from aborted bovine and caprine fetuses. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:257. [PMID: 31340816 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious abortion in ruminants is a problem in animal husbandry worldwide. It is important to obtain a diagnosis, to make sure that proper control measures can be instituted, but most abortion cases remain without an etiologic diagnosis. This report describes the presence of Arcobacter species and several neglected opportunistic abortifacient agents in ruminant abortion cases showing or not co-infections among at least one of the major recognized protozoal, fungal, bacterial and viral abortifacient agents. Results A total of 67 fetuses (55 cattle and 12 goats) and just one placenta (cattle) were considered. Among the most common abortive agents, Neospora caninum (19,4%), followed by Chlamydophila abortus (4,5%), Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a (2,98%), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 1b (2,98%), Bovine herpesvirus 4 (2,98%), and Aspergillus spp. (2,98%) were detected. The isolated neglected opportunistic bacteria include Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus suis, Trueperella pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica, Bacillus cereus and Nocardia spp. Other bacterial species, not associated with abortion by literature, but described as causes of diseases occurring sporadically both in humans and animals, were also detected. Three Arcobacter strains, namely two A. skirrowii and one A. cryaerophilus, were isolated from 3 bovine aborted fetuses, and A. butzleri was isolated from the placenta. Conclusions A not negligible isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected abortifacient agents has to be mentioned, with prevalences that seem to be emerging and replacing or co-placing the major infectious players in bovine and caprine reproductive failure due to abortion disease, even if further studies investigating the aetiological power and transmission routes are needed in order to define the role of these microrganisms in ruminant abortion.
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Lin C, Chen H, He P, Li Y, Ke C, Jiao X. Etiology and characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in an influenza epidemic period. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:153-158. [PMID: 31174691 PMCID: PMC7172155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospital patients is often ambiguous due to the limited pathogen detection. Lack of a microbiological diagnosis impairs precision treatment in CAP. METHODS Specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract of 195 CAP patients, viruses were measured by the Single-plex real-time PCR assay and the conventional culture method was exploited for bacteria. RESULTS Among the 195 patients, there were 46 (23.59%) pure bacterial infections, 20 (10.26%) yeast infections, 32 (16.41%) pure viral infections, 8 (4.10%) viral-yeast co-infections, and 17 (8.72%) viral-bacterial co-infections. The two most abundant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas the most common virus was influenza A. CONCLUSIONS Non-influenza respiratory microorganisms frequently co-circulated during the epidemic peaks of influenza, which easily being ignored in CAP therapy. In patients with bacterial and viral co-infections, identifying the etiologic agent is crucial for patient's therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Huanzhu Chen
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514031, China.
| | - Ping He
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Yazhen Li
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Changwen Ke
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Jiao
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
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Klitgaard K, Kjær LJ, Isbrand A, Hansen MF, Bødker R. Multiple infections in questing nymphs and adult female Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in a recreational forest in Denmark. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1060-5. [PMID: 31176664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During its lifecycle, the generalist Ixodes ricinus takes up three blood meals from a wide selection of vertebrate hosts, some of which are reservoirs for multiple vector-associated pathogens. Since I. ricinus also readily bites humans, pets, and livestock, these hosts are at risk of becoming infected with more than one tick-borne pathogen. Multiple tick-borne infections are a public health concern, since they may increase diversity and duration of symptoms and complicate differential diagnosis and therapy. We used an existing Fluidigm real-time PCR chip to identify the minimum risk of exposure to infected/co-infected ticks in Denmark. We screened 509 nymphs and 504 adult female I. ricinus ticks for 17 different vector-associated pathogenic agents. The questing ticks were collected by flagging during the same season in two consecutive years in Grib forest in the capital region of Copenhagen. Overall, 19.1% of the nymphs and 52.2% of the adult female ticks harbored at least one zoonotic pathogen. The main agents were Borrelia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica, while Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Babesia venatorum both were present in less than 1% of the ticks. In 3.5% of the nymphs and 12.3% of adults we found more than one tick-borne pathogen. Of these, 15% were potentially triple or quadruple infections. Whereas mixed infections with Borrelia were equally distributed among both life stages, the adult ticks hosted 84.5% of the co-infections with different species of tick-borne pathogens, chiefly involving Borrelia species in combination with either R. helvetica or A. phagocytophilum. Statistical analyses indicated non-random co-occurrence of Borrelia spielmanii/Borrelia garinii in both life stages and B. garinii/Borrelia afzelii and B. garinii/Borrelia valaisiana in the nymphs. Although the overall prevalence of ticks hosting more than one infection only constituted 7.9% at the particular site investigated in this study, our results still underline that co-infections should be considered in diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne diseases in northern Europe.
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Beteck RM, Seldon R, Jordaan A, Warner DF, Hoppe HC, Laming D, Khanye SD. New Quinolone-Based Thiosemicarbazones Showing Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091740. [PMID: 31060249 PMCID: PMC6540015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of malaria and tuberculosis, although not thoroughly investigated, has been noted. With the increasing prevalence of tuberculosis in the African region, wherein malaria is endemic, it is intuitive to suggest that the probability of co-infection with these diseases is likely to increase. To avoid the issue of drug-drug interactions when managing co-infections, it is imperative to investigate new molecules with dual activities against the causal agents of these diseases. To this effect, a small library of quinolone-thiosemicarbazones was synthesised and evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agents of malaria and tuberculosis, respectively. The compounds were also evaluated against HeLa cells for overt cytotoxicity. Most compounds in this series exhibited activities against both organisms, with compound 10, emerging as the hit; with an MIC90 of 2 µM against H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis and an IC50 of 1 µM against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. This study highlights quinolone-thiosemicarabazones as a class of compounds that can be exploited further in search of novel, safe agents with potent activities against both the causal agents of malaria and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Ronnett Seldon
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3-D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Audrey Jordaan
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Gorgoglione B, Taylor NGH, Holland JW, Feist SW, Secombes CJ. Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:375-390. [PMID: 30797951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and sequential infections often occur in wild and farming environments. Despite growing awareness, co-infection studies are still very limited, mainly to a few well-established human models. European salmonids are susceptible to both Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), an endemic emergent disease caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), an OIE notifiable listed disease caused by the Piscine Novirhabdovirus. No information is available as to how their immune system reacts when interacting with heterogeneous infections. A chronic (PKD) + acute (VHS) sequential co-infection model was established to assess if the responses elicited in co-infected fish are modulated, when compared to fish with single infections. Macro- and microscopic lesions were assessed after the challenge, and infection status confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis, enabling the identification of singly-infected and co-infected fish. A typical histophlogosis associated with histozoic extrasporogonic T. bryosalmonae was detected together with acute inflammation, haemorrhaging and necrosis due to the viral infection. The host immune response was measured in terms of key marker genes expression in kidney tissues. During T. bryosalmonae/VHSV-Ia co-infection, modulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptide genes was strongly influenced by the viral infection, with a protracted inflammatory status, perhaps representing a negative side effect in these fish. Earlier activation of the cellular and humoral responses was detected in co-infected fish, with a more pronounced upregulation of Th1 and antiviral marker genes. These results reveal that some brown trout immune responses are enhanced or prolonged during PKD/VHS co-infection, relative to single infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK.
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Lejal E, Moutailler S, Šimo L, Vayssier-Taussat M, Pollet T. Tick-borne pathogen detection in midgut and salivary glands of adult Ixodes ricinus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:152. [PMID: 30940200 PMCID: PMC6444572 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick midgut and salivary glands represent the primary organs for pathogen acquisition and transmission, respectively. Specifically, the midgut is the first organ to have contact with pathogens during the blood meal uptake, while salivary glands along with their secretions play a crucial role in pathogen transmission to the host. Currently there is little data about pathogen composition and prevalence in Ixodes ricinus midgut and salivary glands. The present study investigated the presence of 32 pathogen species in the midgut and salivary glands of unfed I. ricinus males and females using high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR. Such an approach is important for enriching the knowledge about pathogen distribution in distinct tick organs which should lead to a better understanding I. ricinus-borne disease epidemiology. RESULTS Borrelia lusitaniae, Borrelia spielmanii and Borrelia garinii, were detected in both midgut and salivary glands suggesting that the migration of these pathogens between these two organs might not be triggered by the blood meal. In contrast, Borrelia afzelii was detected only in the tick midgut. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica were the most frequently detected in ticks and were found in both males and females in the midgut and salivary glands. In contrast, Rickettsia felis was only detected in salivary glands. Finally, Borrelia miyamotoi and Babesia venatorum were detected only in males in both midguts and salivary glands. Among all collected ticks, between 10-21% of organs were co-infected. The most common bacterial co-infections in male and female midgut and salivary glands were Rickettsia helvetica + Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica + Borrelia lusitaniae, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Analysing tick-borne pathogen (TBP) presence in specific tick organs enabled us to (i) highlight contrasting results with well-established transmission mechanism postulates; (ii) venture new hypotheses concerning pathogen location and migration from midgut to salivary glands; and (iii) suggest other potential associations between pathogens not previously detected at the scale of the whole tick. This work highlights the importance of considering all tick scales (i.e. whole ticks vs organs) to study TBP ecology and represents another step towards improved understanding of TBP transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lejal
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ladislav Šimo
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thomas Pollet
- UMR BIPAR, Animal Health Laboratory, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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