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Zhang H, Cai S, Xia Y, Lin Y, Zhou G, Yu Y, Feng M. Association between human herpesvirus infection and cervical carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol J 2023; 20:288. [PMID: 38049836 PMCID: PMC10696706 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well established, other factors in CC carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association between infections of human herpesvirus (HHVs) and CC risk. METHODS Embase and PubMed databases were utilized to search the relevant studies. The revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between viral infection and CC or precancerous cervical lesions (PCL). RESULTS Totally 67 eligible studies involving 7 different HHVs were included in meta-analysis. We found an increased risk of CC or PCL that was associated with the overall infection of HHVs (CC, OR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.13-3.53; PCL, OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.58-2.41). Subgroup analysis showed a trend towards positive correlations between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and CC (OR = 3.01, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.04) or PCL (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.96), and the same is true between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and CC (OR = 4.89, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.96) or PCL (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.52 to 5.00). However, for HSV-1 and cytomegalovirus (HCMV), there was no association between viral infection and CC or PCL. By contrast, the roles of HHV-6, HHV-7, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in cervical lesions were unclear due to the limited number of studies. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence that HHVs infection as a whole increase the risk of CC incidence. In addition, some types of HHVs such as EBV and HSV-2 may serve as potential targets in the development of new interventions or therapeutic strategies for cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Shunli Cai
- No.1 School of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Yangxuan Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Guozhong Zhou
- Department of Science and Research, The Affiliated Anning First People's Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650302, China
| | - Yinghui Yu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , The Affiliated Anning First People's Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2 Ganghe South Road, Anning City, Kunming, 650302, China.
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, China.
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2
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Akbari E, Milani A, Seyedinkhorasani M, Bolhassani A. HPV co-infections with other pathogens in cancer development: A comprehensive review. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29236. [PMID: 37997472 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) cause various malignancies in the anogenital and oropharyngeal regions. About 70% of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers are caused by HPV types 16 and 18. Notably, some viruses including herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human immunodeficiency virus along with various bacteria often interact with HPV, potentially impacting its replication, persistence, and cancer progression. Thus, HPV infection can be significantly influenced by co-infecting agents that influence infection dynamics and disease progression. Bacterial co-infections (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis) along with bacterial vaginosis-related species also interact with HPV in genital tract leading to viral persistence and disease outcomes. Co-infections involving HPV and diverse infectious agents have significant implications for disease transmission and clinical progression. This review explores multiple facets of HPV infection encompassing the co-infection dynamics with other pathogens, interaction with the human microbiome, and its role in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Human Virome in Cervix Controlled by the Domination of Human Papillomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092066. [PMID: 36146871 PMCID: PMC9503738 DOI: 10.3390/v14092066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although other co-viral infections could also be considered influencing factors, cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Metagenomics have been employed in the NGS era to study the microbial community in each habitat. Thus, in this investigation, virome capture sequencing was used to examine the virome composition in the HPV-infected cervix. Based on the amount of HPV present in each sample, the results revealed that the cervical virome of HPV-infected individuals could be split into two categories: HPV-dominated (HD; ≥60%) and non-HPV-dominated (NHD; <60%). Cervical samples contained traces of several human viral species, including the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), human herpesvirus 4 (HHV4), torque teno virus (TTV), and influenza A virus. When compared to the HD group, the NHD group had a higher abundance of several viruses. Human viral diversity appears to be influenced by HPV dominance. This is the first proof that the diversity of human viruses in the cervix is impacted by HPV abundance. However, more research is required to determine whether human viral variety and the emergence of cancer are related.
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4
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Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040669. [PMID: 33924398 PMCID: PMC8069280 DOI: 10.3390/v13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.
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5
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Taku O, Brink A, Meiring TL, Phohlo K, Businge CB, Mbulawa ZZA, Williamson AL. Detection of sexually transmitted pathogens and co-infection with human papillomavirus in women residing in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10793. [PMID: 33717675 PMCID: PMC7936566 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background South African women of reproductive age have a high burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens in women from rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study aims at determining the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens and co-infection with high-risk (HR) HPV among women from rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Methods A total of 205 cervical specimens were collected from women aged ≥ 30 years from a rural community-based clinic. The samples were tested for a panel of pathogenic STIs [Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars A-K & L1-L3), Haemophilus ducreyi, Herpes Simplex Virus (Types 1 & 2), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and pathobionts [Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH) and Ureaplasma spp. (UP)] using a multiplex PCR STD direct flow chip assay through a manual Hybrispot platform (Master Diagnostica, Granada, Spain). HR-HPV detection was performed by Hybrid Capture-2 assay. Results High-risk HPV prevalence was 32.2% (66/205) and HIV-1 prevalence was 38.5% (79/205). The overall prevalence of six pathogenic STIs was 22.9% (47/205), with TV having the highest prevalence (15.6%; 32/205). UP (70.2%, 144/205) and MH (36.6%, 75/205) were the most frequently detected pathobionts. Co-infection with ≥ 2 pathogens pathobionts was observed among 52.7% (108/205) participants. Of the six pathogenic STIs, three participants had more than one STI (1.46%) with the presence of MH and UP. HSV-2 (OR: 4.17, CI [1.184-14.690]) and HIV infection (OR: 2.11, CI [1.145-3.873]) were independent STIs associated with HR-HPV infection. Conclusions The high prevalence of pathogenic STIs underscores the need to improve syndromic management policy by implementing effective strategies of prevention, screening tests, and management. HSV-2 and HIV positive remain strongly associated with HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ongeziwe Taku
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of health sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Adrian Brink
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracy L Meiring
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of health sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Keletso Phohlo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of health sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Charles B Businge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha, South Africa.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Zizipho Z A Mbulawa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of health sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of health sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,SAMRC Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Golrokh Mofrad M, Sadigh ZA, Ainechi S, Faghihloo E. Detection of human papillomavirus genotypes, herpes simplex, varicella zoster and cytomegalovirus in breast cancer patients. Virol J 2021; 18:25. [PMID: 33482849 PMCID: PMC7821692 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viruses as a cause of breast cancer (BC) has been significantly investigated in recent years. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected in invasive breast carcinomas, while most studies have only focused on the detection of viral DNA, we aimed to examine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV among Iranian BC patients. We also examined the presence of herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex-2 (HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in these samples. METHODS We collected and analyzed 70 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) blocks including 59 BC samples, and 11 benign breast lesions as control from Iranian patients using nested PCR. Real-time PCR utilized as a confirming test to nested PCR findings. Genotyping of HPV positive samples was performed, the samples were also subjected to a multiplex PCR to detect HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and CMV in BC. RESULTS Papillomavirus DNA was present in 7 of 59 BC samples (11.8%); while none was detected in control samples. The most prevalent type was HPV18, followed by HPV 6. All HPV positive patients had high tumor grades (II/ III) with a histologic diagnosis of ductal carcinoma. The patient age range was 33 to 73 years with a median of 51 years. Most of HPV positive patients had low levels of education. HPV16 was not detected. Also, 5 of 59 BC specimens (8.47%), were positive for HSV-1. But none of the samples were positive for HSV-2, VZV, and CMV. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a carcinogenesis role for High-risk HPV (HPV18) in breast tumors. Our findings of HSV-1 and low-risk HPV (HPV6) in BCs may propose a cancer-causing role for them. Further large-scale studies are warranted to assess the significance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Golrokh Mofrad
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Azita Sadigh
- Human Viral Vaccine Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Sanaz Ainechi
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 78:1-11. [PMID: 32726192 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1803540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female infertility may be defined as a woman of reproductive age being unable to become pregnant after a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Social, genetic, endocrine, physiological, and psychological factors as well as lifestyle habits (i.e., smoking and alcohol consumption), either alone or in combination with male factors, are major causes. However, approximately 15-30% of cases of female infertility remain unexplained. Numerous investigations have also indicated that microbiomes play an important role in human reproduction. All parts of the female reproductive system may be influenced by infectious and pathological agents, especially viruses, and these may interfere with reproductive function and so are risk factors for infertility, although in many cases an exact role is unclear. We present an overview of the impact of common viral infections on female reproduction, searching Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar databases for potentially relevant studies of viruses known to have a potential effect. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human herpesvirus (HHV) increase infertility rates whilst human papillomavirus (HPV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infections mostly lead to higher abortion and miscarriage rates. Moreover, HPV infection is linked to increased tubal infertility, endometriosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. HPV was the most frequently observed infection and with lower pregnancy rate and foetal death in women undergoing IVF treatments. Assisted reproductive treatment could be a safe and effective approach for HIV and HBV infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan , Rasht, Iran
| | - M Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, and Shiraz HIV/Aids Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Patzi-Churqui M, Terrazas-Aranda K, Liljeqvist JÅ, Lindh M, Eriksson K. Prevalence of viral sexually transmitted infections and HPV high-risk genotypes in women in rural communities in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:204. [PMID: 32143643 PMCID: PMC7060520 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bolivia has the highest prevalence of cervical cancer in South America and the prevalence of viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among people in urban cities is increasing. Little is known about the prevalence of viral STIs in rural communities, which generally have limited access to health care. In order to study the prevalence of viral STIs in rural Bolivia, we recruited women from villages and towns in the Department of La Paz in Bolivia. Methods Three hundred ninety-four female participants were assessed for IgG-antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV, anti-HBc), as well as for the presence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in dried blood spots. The prevalence of 12 high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) was assessed by qPCR in dried cervicovaginal cell spots from 376 of these women. χ2 test was used to compare variables between the populations and binary logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with the positivity of the tests. Results The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was 53% and of HBV 10.3%. HBAg was detected in 15.8% of women with anti-HBV antibodies indicating chronic infection. The frequency of high-risk HPV infection was 27%, with the most prevalent high-risk HPV types being HPV 56, 39 and 31 followed by HPV 16 and 18. Finally, none of the 394 women were seropositive for HIV, and about 64% of the studied population was positive for at least one of the viral infections. Conclusions Women in Bolivian rural communities in La Paz show a high prevalence of HBV, HPV and, in particular, HSV-2. In contrast, none of the women were HIV positive, suggesting that the HIV prevalence in this population is low. The pattern of high-risk HPV types differed from many other countries with a predominance of HPV-types not included in the Gardasil vaccine which was officially introduced in Bolivia in April 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Patzi-Churqui
- Department of Rheumatology & Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Unidad de Virología, Inmunidad e Infección, Insituto SELADIS, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - Katty Terrazas-Aranda
- Unidad de Virología, Inmunidad e Infección, Insituto SELADIS, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology & Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Box 480, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Bahena-Román M, Sánchez-Alemán MA, Contreras-Ochoa CO, Lagunas-Martínez A, Olamendi-Portugal M, López-Estrada G, Delgado-Romero K, Guzmán-Olea E, Madrid-Marina V, Torres-Poveda K. Prevalence of active infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 in patients with high-risk human papillomavirus infection: A cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1246-1252. [PMID: 31925791 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to determine the prevalence of active infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) among Mexican women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) cervical infection, recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. In a cross-sectional study, HSV-2 antibodies, HSV-2 DNA, and HR-HPV DNA were quantified. Significant differences in HSV-2 seroprevalence and HSV-2 active infection rates were found between negative and positive HR-HPV cases. HSV-2 seroprevalence was 28.15% and 16.1% (P = .0001), while HSV-2 active infection rates were 6.83% and 0.62% (P = .001) for positive and negative HR-HPV groups, respectively. The risk of HSV-2 seropositivity was 1.7 times greater for HR-HPV-positive cases (P = .02). Similarly, HR-HPV-positive cases were nine times more likely to have an HSV-2 active infection than HR-HPV-negative cases (P = .03). High HSV-2/h-HPV coinfection rates were observed among women recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. The main factors related to an HSV-2 active infection are a history of risky sexual behavior and HR-HPV infection. The prevalence of HSV-2 active infection among positive HR-HPV subjects indicate that these infections constitute an important group of STIs in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bahena-Román
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M A Sánchez-Alemán
- Dirección de Innovación y Vigilancia de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - C O Contreras-Ochoa
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A Lagunas-Martínez
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - M Olamendi-Portugal
- Dirección de Innovación y Vigilancia de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - G López-Estrada
- Centro de Atención para la Salud de la Mujer (CAPASAM) (Center for Women's Health), Health Services of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - K Delgado-Romero
- Centro de Atención para la Salud de la Mujer (CAPASAM) (Center for Women's Health), Health Services of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - E Guzmán-Olea
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Área Académica de Gerontología, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Pachuca, Mexico
| | - V Madrid-Marina
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - K Torres-Poveda
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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10
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Rodrigues LL, Pilotto JH, Lima LR, Gaydos CA, Hardick J, Morgado MG, Martinelli KG, de Paula VS, Nicol AF. Self-collected versus clinician-collected samples for HSV-2 and HSV-2/HPV screening in HIV-infected and -uninfected women in the Tapajós region, Amazon, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:1055-1062. [PMID: 31451076 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419842007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and HSV-2/human papillomavirus (HPV) co-infection by self-collected samples compared to clinician-collected samples in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected and -uninfected women from the Tapajós region, Amazon, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 439 anal and cervical scrapings and cervico-vaginal self-collected samples obtained from 153 eligible HIV-infected and -uninfected women. Real-time PCR for HSV-2 and nested PCR for HPV detection were performed. A multivariate analysis identified risk factors for HSV-2/HPV co-infection. The anogenital prevalence of HSV-2 was 9.2% (14/153), HPV was 67.3% (103/153) and HSV-2/HPV co-infection was 6.5% (10/153). There was a significant overall agreement (95.5%, 11/133, kappa 0.64, 95% CI 0.38–0.90, p < 0.0001) for HSV-2 detection by the self-collected and clinician-collected samples. HSV-2 genital infection was more prevalent than anal infection in all participants. HIV-infected women had a higher prevalence of HSV-2 and HSV-2/HPV. No woman with a cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion had HSV-2/HPV co-infection. Risk factors for HSV-2/HPV were age ≤25 years (aOR = 10.07) and being single (aOR = 3.79). In general, young and single women are at greater risk for HSV-2/HPV infection. Self-collection can be a useful strategy for the screening of HSV-2 and HPV in limited-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Ls Rodrigues
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - José H Pilotto
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lyana Rp Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katrini G Martinelli
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S de Paula
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alcina F Nicol
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Li S, Wen X. Seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2, but not type 1 is associated with cervical cancer: NHANES (1999-2014). BMC Cancer 2017; 17:726. [PMID: 29115946 PMCID: PMC5678804 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2) are infectious agents, and their association with cancer occurrence in human is a controversial topic for decades. We addressed this subject using all available continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectional data from 1999 to 2014. METHODS Eight data cycles (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) were employed, and a sample of 8184 female participants was used in this study according to the availability of cancer history and HSV serostatus. RESULTS The seroprevalences of HSV1 and HSV2 were 60.73 ± 0.89 and 25.02 ± 0.64, respectively, and the numbers increased with age (P < 0.01). In confounder-adjusted logistic regression analysis, association between HSV1 seropositivity and uterine cancer was identified (adjusted odds ratio-ORadjusted = 6.03; 95% CI: 1.52, 23.87). HSV2 seropositivity was associated with cancer occurrence (ORadjusted = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.14), cervical cancer (ORadjusted = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.79) and uterine cancer (ORadjusted = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.03, 11.85). Moreover, HSV2 was persistently associated with cervical cancer after further adjusting high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) as confounder (ORadjusted = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.34). Relative risk (RR)-based interaction measurement between HSV2 and HPV on the additive scale suggests higher RR for cervical cancer in participants with seropositivity for HPV only (RRadjusted = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.23, 7.20; P = 0.02), HSV2 only (RRadjusted = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.31, 5.96; P = 0.01) or both viruses (RRadjusted = 3.44; 95% CI: 1.50, 7.86; P < 0.01) when setting participants with seronegativity for both HPV and HSV2 as reference. CONCLUSIONS The finding of current study provides epidemiological evidence that serostatus of HSV2 can serve as an independent predictor for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. .,Department of Physiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xi Wen
- Laboratory of immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Guidry JT, Scott RS. The interaction between human papillomavirus and other viruses. Virus Res 2016; 231:139-147. [PMID: 27826043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in anogenital tract and head and neck cancers is well established. However, only a low percentage of HPV-positive women develop cancer, indicating that HPV is necessary but not sufficient in carcinogenesis. Several biological and environmental cofactors have been implicated in the development of HPV-associated carcinoma that include immune status, hormonal changes, parity, dietary habits, tobacco usage, and co-infection with other sexually transmissible agents. Such cofactors likely contribute to HPV persistent infection through diverse mechanisms related to immune control, efficiency of HPV infection, and influences on tumor initiation and progression. Conversely, HPV co-infection with other factors may also harbor anti-tumor effects. Here, we review epidemiological and experimental studies investigating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and adeno-associated virus (AAV) as viral cofactors in or therapeutic factors against the development of genital and oral HPV-associated carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Guidry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - R S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology, and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport. Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
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13
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Swenson PD, El-Sabaeny A, Thomas-Moricz V, Allen M, Groskopf A, Jiang A, Getman D. Evaluation of a transcription mediated amplification assay for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 mRNA in clinical specimens. J Clin Virol 2016; 80:62-7. [PMID: 27175478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are double-stranded DNA human herpesviruses (HHVs) that have the capacity to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Like HHV5 (Cytomegalovirus) and HHV8 (Kaposi's sarcoma virus), HSV type 1 (HSV-1), and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) (HHV1, HHV2) selectively package certain viral messenger RNAs inside mature virions, as well as expressing those mRNAs in infected cells. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical and analytical performance of Aptima HSV 1&2 assay (AHSV), a newly developed automated real time transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for HSV-1 and 2 UL42 mRNAs, compared to viral culture and HSV DNA NAAT. STUDY DESIGN Cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion swab specimens from a population of symptomatic female and male subjects attending a U.S. public health clinic (n=758) were evaluated by shell vial culture with fluorescent antibody staining for HSV-1 and 2. Specimens were then tested with AHSV for HSV-1 and 2 on the Panther instrument. Specimens from subjects with discordant culture-TMA paired results were tested using an FDA-cleared test for HSV-1 and 2 viral DNA. Analytical performance of AHSV was evaluated using test panels consisting of laboratory strains of HSV-1 and 2 and a variety of non-target human DNA viruses. RESULTS Compared to culture, AHSV was sensitive and specific for detection of HSV-1 and 2 in patient lesion swab specimens, exhibiting clinical sensitivities of 98.2% (95% CI: 92.9-99.7) and 99.4% (95% CI: 96.0-99.9), respectively. Addition of HSV DNA NAAT discordant resolution testing results to culture results improved AHSV sensitivity for HSV-1 and 2-99.2% (95% CI: 94.7-99.9) and 100% (95% CI: 97.5-100), respectively. Clinical specificity of AHSV for HSV-1 and 2 detection was 97.8% (95% CI: 96.3-98.8) and 94.5% (95% CI: 92.2-96.1), respectively, compared to culture; and 99.5% (95% CI: 98.5-99.9) and 99.5% (95% CI: 98.3-99.7), respectively, compared to culture with discordant resolution. Analytical sensitivity (95% limit of detection) of AHSV for HSV-1 (McIntyre strain) was 28.9 TCID50/mL (95% FL: 23.4-37.9), and 0.54 TCID50/mL (95% FL: 0.42-0.75) for HSV-2 (MS strain). AHSV did not cross-react with laboratory strains of HHV-3, HHV-4, HHV-5, HHV-6, and four other non-HHV human DNA viruses. CONCLUSIONS Real time transcription-mediated amplification NAAT for HSV viral mRNA is a sensitive and specific method for detection of herpes simplex virus infection in symptomatic patients.
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14
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Skeate JG, Porras TB, Woodham AW, Jang JK, Taylor JR, Brand HE, Kelly TJ, Jung JU, Da Silva DM, Yuan W, Martin Kast W. Herpes simplex virus downregulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor enhances human papillomavirus type 16 infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:422-434. [PMID: 26555393 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was originally implicated in the aetiology of cervical cancer, and although high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is now the accepted causative agent, the epidemiological link between HSV and HPV-associated cancers persists. The annexin A2 heterotetramer (A2t) has been shown to mediate infectious HPV type 16 (HPV16) uptake by human keratinocytes, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an endogenous A2t ligand, inhibits HPV16 uptake and infection. Interestingly, HSV infection induces a sustained downregulation of SLPI in epithelial cells, which we hypothesized promotes HPV16 infection through A2t. Here, we show that in vitro infection of human keratinocytes with HSV-1 or HSV-2, but not with an HSV-1 ICP4 deletion mutant that does not downregulate SLPI, leads to a >70% reduction of SLPI mRNA and a >60% decrease in secreted SLPI protein. Consequently, we observed a significant increase in the uptake of HPV16 virus-like particles and gene transduction by HPV16 pseudovirions (two- and 2.5-fold, respectively) in HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected human keratinocyte cell cultures compared with uninfected cells, whereas exogenously added SLPI reversed this effect. Using a SiMPull (single-molecule pulldown) assay, we demonstrated that endogenously secreted SLPI interacts with A2t on epithelial cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner. These results suggested that ongoing HSV infection and resultant downregulation of local levels of SLPI may impart a greater susceptibility for keratinocytes to HPV16 infection through the host cell receptor A2t, providing a mechanism that may, in part, provide an explanation for the aetiological link between HSV and HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tania B Porras
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie K Jang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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15
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Chen D, Enroth S, Ivansson E, Gyllensten U. Pathway analysis of cervical cancer genome-wide association study highlights the MHC region and pathways involved in response to infection. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6047-60. [PMID: 24934695 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified several susceptibility loci for cervical cancer, but they explain only a small fraction of cervical cancer heritability. Other variants with weaker effect may be missed due to the stringent significance threshold. To identify important pathways in cervical carcinogenesis, we performed a two-stage pathway analysis in two independent GWASs in the Swedish population, using the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ratio test. The 565 predefined pathways from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and BioCarta databases were systematically evaluated in the discovery stage (1034 cases and 3948 controls with 632,668 SNPs) and the suggestive pathways were further validated in the replication stage (616 cases and 506 controls with 341,358 SNPs). We found 12 pathways that were significant in both stages, and these were further validated using set-based analysis. For 10 of these pathways, the effect was mainly due to genetic variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. In addition, we identified a set of novel candidate genes outside the MHC region in the pathways denoted 'Staphylococcus aureus infection' and 'herpes simplex infection' that influenced susceptibility to cervical cancer (empirical P = 4.99 × 10(-5) and 4.99 × 10(-5) in the discovery study; empirical P = 8.98 × 10(-5) and 0.009 in the replication study, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus infection may evoke an inflammatory response that inadvertently enhances malignant progression caused by HPV infection, and Herpes simplex virus-2 infection may act in conjunction with HPV infection to increase the risk of cervical carcinoma development. These findings provide new insights into the etiology of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Emma Ivansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, IMBIM, Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and
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17
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Lazarenko LM, Nikitina OE, Nikitin EV, Demchenko OM, Kovtonyuk GV, Ganova LO, Bubnov RV, Shevchuk VO, Nastradina NM, Bila VV, Spivak MY. Development of biomarker panel to predict, prevent and create treatments tailored to the persons with human papillomavirus-induced cervical precancerous lesions. EPMA J 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24386936 PMCID: PMC3901026 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) induce many cancer conditions and cause cervical cancer, second in frequency of malignant disease in women. The aim was to develop biomarker panel for HPV-induced cervical precancerous diseases in patients infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Material and methods The study involved 71 women with cervical precancerous diseases (mean age 26 ± 5 years) revealed by colposcopic, cytomorphological, and ultrasound signs which were assessed according to the following: first group, 44 patients infected with HPV; second group, 27 HPV-negative patients; and third group, 30 healthy patients (controls). In cervical specimen, we identified HPV DNA of different oncogenic risk types by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (JSC SPC ‘DiaprofMed’) were used for detecting antibodies to HSV1 and/or HSV2 and for determining the avidity index. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IFN-α, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), were studied by ELISA. Results In HPV-induced cervix precancerous diseases, we identified low-avidity IgG antibodies to HSV serum of 20 patients; in the serum of 17 patients, we identified average-avidity antibodies, and high-avidity antibodies were found in 2 patients only. In 14 HPV-negative patients, we found low-avidity IgG antibodies to HSV; in 10 patients, medium avidity. Patients with low-avidity IgG antibodies to herpes virus showed high and medium oncogenic risk HPV types and a decrease of IFN-γ compared to patients with medium-avidity IgG antibodies. Production of IFN-γ was suppressed also in HPV-negative patients with cervical precancers, but we found low- and medium-avidity IgG antibodies to herpes virus. In patients with low-avidity antibodies, we observed increased level of IL-10. Level of IFN-α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-4 did not change in patients of all groups, but TGF-β1 increased. Conclusions In HPV-positive patients, those with low-avidity IgG antibodies to HSV had immunosuppression, confirmed by increased TGF-β1 and violation of IFN-γ production. Therefore, in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and IgG antibodies to HSV, their avidity is an important diagnostic biomarker of HPV-induced precancerous cervical diseases. Low-avidity IgG antibodies may be an indication for treatment with immunomodulators and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rostyslav V Bubnov
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotny str, 154, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine.
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18
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Popgeorgiev N, Temmam S, Raoult D, Desnues C. Describing the silent human virome with an emphasis on giant viruses. Intervirology 2013; 56:395-412. [PMID: 24157886 DOI: 10.1159/000354561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant obligate intracellular entities in our body. Until recently, they were only considered to be pathogens that caused a broad array of pathologies, ranging from mild disease to deaths in the most severe cases. However, recent advances in unbiased mass sequencing techniques as well as increasing epidemiological evidence have indicated that the human body is home to diverse viral species under non-pathological conditions. Despite these studies, the description of the presumably healthy viral flora, i.e. the normal human virome, is still in its infancy regarding viral composition and dynamics. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the human virome under non-pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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