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Zhou H, Zhu Y, Liu N, Zhang W, Han J. Effect of iron saturation of bovine lactoferrin on the inhibition of hepatitis B virus in vitro. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17302. [PMID: 38737747 PMCID: PMC11086297 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major public health problem worldwide. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a natural product that can inhibit HBV, but the effect of iron saturation on its resistance to HBV is unknown. Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of iron saturation of bLf against HBV. Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in DMEM high glucose containing 10% inactivated fetal calf serum, at 37 °C, in 5% CO2. MTT method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of bLf to HepG2 cells. Apo-bLf and holo-bLf were prepared from bLf. Iron saturation of these proteins was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of candidate proteins were used in anti-HBV tests. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HBV-DNA. Results The TC50 and TC0of bLf were 54.570 mg/ml and 1.997 mg/ml, respectively. The iron saturation of bLf, apo-bLf and holo-bLf were 10.29%, 8.42% and 85.32%, respectively. In this study, four non-cytotoxic concentrations of candidate proteins (1.5, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/ml, respectively) were used to inhibit HBV in HepG2 cells. The results showed that 1.5 mg/ml bLf and 0.1 mg/ml holo-bLf effectively impaired the HBV-DNA amplification in HBV-infected HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). However, apo-bLf, and Fe3+ did not show the anti-HBV effects. Conclusion A total of 1.5 mg/ml bLf and 0.1 mg/ml holo-bLf could inhibit HBV-DNA in HepG2 cells. Complete bLf structure, appropriate concentration and iron saturation of bLf are necessary conditions for anti-HBV effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Chongqing Food Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jianchun Han
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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2
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Santos I, Silva M, Grácio M, Pedroso L, Lima A. Milk Antiviral Proteins and Derived Peptides against Zoonoses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1842. [PMID: 38339120 PMCID: PMC10855762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk is renowned for its nutritional richness but also serves as a remarkable reservoir of bioactive compounds, particularly milk proteins and their derived peptides. Recent studies have showcased several robust antiviral activities of these proteins, evidencing promising potential within zoonotic viral diseases. While several publications focus on milk's bioactivities, antiviral peptides remain largely neglected in reviews. This knowledge is critical for identifying novel research directions and analyzing potential nutraceuticals within the One Health context. Our review aims to gather the existing scientific information on milk-derived antiviral proteins and peptides against several zoonotic viral diseases, and their possible mechanisms. Overall, in-depth research has increasingly revealed them as a promising and novel strategy against viruses, principally for those constituting a plausible pandemic threat. The underlying mechanisms of the bioactivity of milk's proteins include inhibiting viral entry and attachment to the host cells, blocking replication, or even viral inactivation via peptide-membrane interactions. Their marked versatility and effectiveness stand out compared to other antiviral peptides and can support future research and development in the post-COVID-19 era. Overall, our review helps to emphasize the importance of potentially effective milk-derived peptides, and their significance for veterinary and human medicines, along with the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Madalena Grácio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Laurentina Pedroso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Kong ZM, Sandhu HS, Qiu L, Wu J, Tian WJ, Chi XJ, Tao Z, Yang CFJ, Wang XJ. Virus Dynamics and Decay in Evaporating Human Saliva Droplets on Fomites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17737-17750. [PMID: 35904357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of most respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, occurs via virus-containing respiratory droplets, and thus, factors that affect virus viability in droplet residues on surfaces are of critical medical and public health importance. Relative humidity (RH) is known to play a role in virus survival, with a U-shaped relationship between RH and virus viability. The mechanisms affecting virus viability in droplet residues, however, are unclear. This study examines the structure and evaporation dynamics of virus-containing saliva droplets on fomites and their impact on virus viability using four model viruses: vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus 1, Newcastle disease virus, and coronavirus HCoV-OC43. The results support the hypothesis that the direct contact of antiviral proteins and virions within the "coffee ring" region of the droplet residue gives rise to the observed U-shaped relationship between virus viability and RH. Viruses survive much better at low and high RH, and their viability is substantially reduced at intermediate RH. A phenomenological theory explaining this phenomenon and a quantitative model analyzing and correlating the experimentally measured virus survivability are developed on the basis of the observations. The mechanisms by which RH affects virus viability are explored. At intermediate RH, antiviral proteins have optimal influence on virions because of their largest contact time and overlap area, which leads to the lowest level of virus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Harpal Singh Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Lu Qiu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jicheng Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chi
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhi Tao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Keikha M, Kamali H, Ghazvini K, Karbalaei M. Antimicrobial peptides: natural or synthetic defense peptides against HBV and HCV infections. Virusdisease 2022; 33:445-455. [PMID: 36447811 PMCID: PMC9701303 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the literature, treatment of HCV and HBV infections faces challenges due to problems such as the emergence of drug-resistant mutants, the high cost of treatment, and the side effects of current antiviral therapy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a group of small peptides, are a part of the immune system and are considered as an alternative treatment for microbial infections. These peptides are water-soluble with amphiphilic (hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces) characteristics. AMPs are produced by a wide range of organisms including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The antiviral mechanisms of AMPs include inhibiting virus entry, inhibiting intracellular virus replication, inhibiting intracellular viral packaging, and inducing immune responses. In addition, AMPs are a new generation of antiviral biomolecules that have very low toxicity for human host cells, particularly liver cell lines. AMPs can be considered as one of the most important strategies for developing new adjuvant drugs in the treatment of HBV and HCV infections. In the present study, several groups of AMPs (with a net positive charge) such as Human cathelicidin, Claudin-1, Defensins, Hepcidin, Lactoferrin, Casein, Plectasin, Micrococcin P1, Scorpion venom, and Synthetic peptides were reviewed with antiviral properties against HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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5
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Kaplan M, Şahutoğlu AS, Sarıtaş S, Duman H, Arslan A, Pekdemir B, Karav S. Role of milk glycome in prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1033779. [PMID: 36424926 PMCID: PMC9680090 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1033779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contains all essential macro and micro-nutrients for the development of the newborn. Its high therapeutic and antimicrobial content provides an important function for the prevention, treatment, and recovery of certain diseases throughout life. The bioactive components found in milk are mostly decorated with glycans, which provide proper formation and modulate the biological functions of glycosylated compounds. The glycome of milk consists of free glycans, glycolipids, and N- and O- glycosylated proteins. Recent studies have shown that both free glycans and glycan-containing molecules have antiviral characteristics based on different mechanisms such as signaling, microbiome modulation, natural decoy strategy, and immunomodulatory action. In this review, we discuss the recent clinical studies and potential mechanisms of free and conjugated glycans' role in the prevention, treatment, and recovery of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | | | - Sümeyye Sarıtaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Burcu Pekdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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6
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Darmawan KK, Karagiannis TC, Hughes JG, Small DM, Hung A. Molecular modeling of lactoferrin for food and nutraceutical applications: insights from in silico techniques. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9074-9097. [PMID: 35503258 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a protein, primarily found in milk that has attracted the interest of the food industries due to its health properties. Nevertheless, the instability of lactoferrin has limited its commercial application. Recent studies have focused on encapsulation to enhance the stability of lactoferrin. However, the molecular insights underlying the changes of structural properties of lactoferrin and the interaction with protectants remain poorly understood. Computational approaches have proven useful in understanding the structural properties of molecules and the key binding with other constituents. In this review, comprehensive information on the structure and function of lactoferrin and the binding with various molecules for food purposes are reviewed, with a special emphasis on the use of molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate the application of modeling and simulations to determine key residues of lactoferrin responsible for its stability and interactions with other biomolecular components under various conditions, which are also associated with its functional benefits. These have also been extended into the potential creation of enhanced lactoferrin for commercial purposes. This review provides valuable strategies in designing novel nutraceuticals for food science practitioners and those who have interests in acquiring familiarity with the application of computational modeling for food and health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevion K Darmawan
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeff G Hughes
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darryl M Small
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Luo Y, Xiang K, Liu J, Song J, Feng J, Chen J, Dai Y, Hu Y, Zhuang H, Zhou Y. Inhibition of In Vitro Infection of Hepatitis B Virus by Human Breastmilk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081561. [PMID: 35458123 PMCID: PMC9031155 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the human breastmilk of mothers infected with HBV, it has been shown that breastfeeding does not increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV. We tested the hypothesis that human breastmilk may contain active components that bind to HBV and inhibit the infectivity of HBV. The results show that human whey significantly inhibited the binding of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to its antibodies in competitive inhibition immunoassays. The far-western blotting showed that HBsAg bound to a protein of 80 kD in human whey, which was identified as lactoferrin by mass spectrometry. Competitive inhibition immunoassays further demonstrated that both human lactoferrin and bovine lactoferrin bound to HBsAg. Human whey, human lactoferrin, and bovine lactoferrin each significantly inhibited the infectivity of HBV in vitro. Our results indicate that human breastmilk can bind to HBsAg and inhibit the infectivity of HBV, and the active component is lactoferrin. The findings may explain the reason that breastfeeding has no additional risk for MTCT of HBV, although human breastmilk contains HBV. Our study provides experimental evidence that HBV-infected mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their infants
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Kuanhui Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jingli Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yimin Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (J.F.); (J.C.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; (K.X.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.L.); (J.L.)
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-25-6818-3761 (Y.Z.)
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8
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Gallo V, Giansanti F, Arienzo A, Antonini G. Antiviral properties of whey proteins and their activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Funct Foods 2022; 89:104932. [PMID: 35003332 PMCID: PMC8723829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and chemically modified whey proteins and their peptide derivatives are encountering the interest of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to the numerous properties, ranging from antimicrobial to immunological and antitumorigenic, that result in the possibility to employ milk and its protein components in a wide range of treatment and prevention strategies. Importantly, whey proteins were found to exert antiviral actions against different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recently, the scientific community is focusing on these proteins, especially lactoferrin, since in vitro studies have demonstrated that they exert an important antiviral activity also against SARS-CoV-2. Up-to date, several studies are investigating the efficacy of lactoferrin and other whey proteins in vivo. Aim of this review is to shed light on the most relevant findings concerning the antiviral properties of whey proteins and their potential applications in human health, focussing on their application in prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
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9
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Entry Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and D Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Bukowska-Ośko I, Popiel M, Kowalczyk P. The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5799. [PMID: 34071527 PMCID: PMC8198160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth-which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Popiel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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11
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El-Fakharany EM. Nanoformulation of lactoferrin potentiates its activity and enhances novel biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:970-984. [PMID: 33011258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Pressman P, Zaigham M, Davies KJA, Naidu AS. COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Postpartum. J Diet Suppl 2020; 19:78-114. [PMID: 33164606 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1834047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic intensified the global health crisis, the containment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancies, and the inherent risk of vertical transmission of virus from mother-to-fetus (or neonate) poses a major concern. Most COVID-19-Pregnancy patients showed mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia with no pregnancy loss and no congenital transmission of the virus; however, an increase in hypoxia-induced preterm deliveries was apparent. Also, the breastmilk of several mothers with COVID-19 tested negative for the virus. Taken together, the natural barrier function during pregnancy and postpartum seems to deter the SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mother-to-child. This clinical observation warrants to explore the maternal-fetal interface and identify the innate defense factors for prevention and control of COVID-19-Pregnancy. Lactoferrin (LF) is a potent antiviral iron-binding protein present in the maternal-fetal interface. In concert with immune co-factors, maternal-LF modulates chemokine release and lymphocyte migration and amplify host defense during pregnancy. LF levels during pregnancy may resolve hypertension via down-regulation of ACE2; consequently, may limit the membrane receptor access to SARS-CoV-2 for cellular entry. Furthermore, an LF-derived peptide (LRPVAA) has been shown to block ACE receptor activity in vitro. LF may also reduce viral docking and entry into host cells and limit the early phase of COVID-19 infection. An in-depth understanding of LF and other soluble mammalian milk-derived innate antiviral factors may provide insights to reduce co-morbidities and vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may lead to the development of effective nutraceutical supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehreen Zaigham
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Division of Biogerontology, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Dupree EJ, Darie CC. Examination of a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease Dementia. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102882. [PMID: 32650274 PMCID: PMC7341362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmalyn J Dupree
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, USA, 13699-5810
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, USA, 13699-5810; To whom inquiries should be addressed:.
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14
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Lactoferrin-Hexon Interactions Mediate CAR-Independent Adenovirus Infection of Human Respiratory Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00542-20. [PMID: 32376620 PMCID: PMC7343212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses enter target cells using cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Paradoxically, these molecules are abundant on the lateral and basolateral side of intact, polarized, epithelial target cells, but absent on the apical side that must be penetrated by incoming viruses to initiate infection. Our study provides a model whereby viruses use different mechanisms to infect polarized epithelial cells depending on which side of the cell—apical or lateral/basolateral—is attacked. This study may also be useful to understand the biology of other viruses that use cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Virus entry into host cells is a complex process that is largely regulated by access to specific cellular receptors. Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and many other viruses use cell adhesion molecules such as the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) for attachment to and entry into target cells. These molecules are rarely expressed on the apical side of polarized epithelial cells, which raises the question of how adenoviruses—and other viruses that engage cell adhesion molecules—enter polarized cells from the apical side to initiate infection. We have previously shown that species C HAdVs utilize lactoferrin—a common innate immune component secreted to respiratory mucosa—for infection via unknown mechanisms. Using a series of biochemical, cellular, and molecular biology approaches, we mapped this effect to the proteolytically cleavable, positively charged, N-terminal 49 residues of human lactoferrin (hLF) known as human lactoferricin (hLfcin). Lactoferricin (Lfcin) binds to the hexon protein on the viral capsid and anchors the virus to an unknown receptor structure of target cells, resulting in infection. These findings suggest that HAdVs use distinct cell entry mechanisms at different stages of infection. To initiate infection, entry is likely to occur at the apical side of polarized epithelial cells, largely by means of hLF and hLfcin bridging HAdV capsids via hexons to as-yet-unknown receptors; when infection is established, progeny virions released from the basolateral side enter neighboring cells by means of hLF/hLfcin and CAR in parallel. IMPORTANCE Many viruses enter target cells using cell adhesion molecules as receptors. Paradoxically, these molecules are abundant on the lateral and basolateral side of intact, polarized, epithelial target cells, but absent on the apical side that must be penetrated by incoming viruses to initiate infection. Our study provides a model whereby viruses use different mechanisms to infect polarized epithelial cells depending on which side of the cell—apical or lateral/basolateral—is attacked. This study may also be useful to understand the biology of other viruses that use cell adhesion molecules as receptors.
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Viral Hepatitis and Iron Dysregulation: Molecular Pathways and the Role of Lactoferrin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081997. [PMID: 32344579 PMCID: PMC7221917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a frontline immune site specifically designed to check and detect potential pathogens from the bloodstream to maintain a general state of immune hyporesponsiveness. One of the main functions of the liver is the regulation of iron homeostasis. The liver detects changes in systemic iron requirements and can regulate its concentration. Pathological states lead to the dysregulation of iron homeostasis which, in turn, can promote infectious and inflammatory processes. In this context, hepatic viruses deviate hepatocytes' iron metabolism in order to better replicate. Indeed, some viruses are able to alter the expression of iron-related proteins or exploit host receptors to enter inside host cells. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the innate immunity, is endowed with potent antiviral activity, mainly related to its ability to block viral entry into host cells by interacting with viral and/or cell surface receptors. Moreover, Lf can act as an iron scavenger by both direct iron-chelation or the modulation of the main iron-related proteins. In this review, the complex interplay between viral hepatitis, iron homeostasis, and inflammation as well as the role of Lf are outlined.
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Niaz B, Saeed F, Ahmed A, Imran M, Maan AA, Khan MKI, Tufail T, Anjum FM, Hussain S, Suleria HAR. Lactoferrin (LF): a natural antimicrobial protein. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1666137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Niaz
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmed
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Aslam Maan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Tabussam Tufail
- Institute of Home & Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahzad Hussain
- College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud, University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mass Spectrometry- and Computational Structural Biology-Based Investigation of Proteins and Peptides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1140:265-287. [PMID: 31347053 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of mass spectrometry (MS) allow us to identify, estimate, and characterize proteins and protein complexes. At the same time, structural biology helps to determine the protein structure and its structure-function relationship. Together, they aid to understand the protein structure, property, function, protein-complex assembly, protein-protein interaction, and dynamics. The present chapter is organized with illustrative results to demonstrate how experimental mass spectrometry can be combined with computational structural biology for detailed studies of protein's structures. We have used tumor differentiation factor protein/peptide as ligand and Hsp70/Hsp90 as receptor protein as examples to study ligand-protein interaction. To investigate possible protein conformation, we will describe two proteins-lysozyme and myoglobin. As an application of MS-based assignment of disulfide bridges, the case of the spider venom polypeptide Phα1β will also be discussed.
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Recent advance of the hepatitis B virus inhibitors: a medicinal chemistry overview. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:587-607. [PMID: 25921400 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is one of the most prevalent viral infections of human worldwide. The therapies are limited in the clinical context because of negative side effects of interferons and the development of viral resistance to the nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in design and development of potent anti-HBV inhibitors from natural sources and synthetic compounds, targeting different steps in the life cycle of HBV. We attempt to emphasize the major structural modifications, mechanisms of action and computer-aided docking analysis of novel potent inhibitors that need to be addressed in the future to design potent anti-HBV molecules.
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Abstract
Milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. Many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin demonstrated antiviral activities. Casein and alpha-lactalbumin gained anti-HIV activity after modification with 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride. Many milk proteins inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase. Bovine glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine lactoferrampin, and human lactoferrampin inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. Several mammalian lactoferrins prevented hepatitis C infection. Lactoferrin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin and methylated beta-lactoglobulin inhibited human cytomegalovirus. Chemically modified alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin, methylated and ethylated beta-lactoglobulins inhibited HSV. Chemically modified bovine beta-lactoglobulin had antihuman papillomavirus activity. Beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, esterified beta-lactoglobulin, and esterified lactoferrindisplayed anti-avian influenza A (H5N1) activity. Lactoferrin inhibited respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, hantavirus, sindbis virus, semliki forest virus, echovirus, and enterovirus. Milk mucin, apolactoferrin, Fe3+-lactoferrin, beta-lactoglobulin, human lactadherin, bovine IgG, and bovine kappa-casein demonstrated antihuman rotavirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,
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Redwan EM, Uversky VN, El-Fakharany EM, Al-Mehdar H. Potential lactoferrin activity against pathogenic viruses. C R Biol 2014; 337:581-95. [PMID: 25282173 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80-kDa globular glycoprotein with high affinity for metal ions, particularly for iron. This protein possesses many biological functions, including the binding and release of iron and serves as one of the important components of the innate immune system, where it acts as a potent inhibitor of several pathogens. LF has efficacious antibacterial and antiviral activities against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against both naked and enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. In its antiviral pursuit, LF acts predominantly at the acute phase of the viral infection or even at the intracellular stage, as in hepatitis C virus infection. LF inhibits the entry of viral particles into host cells, either by direct attachment to the viral particles or by blocking their cellular receptors. This wide range of activities may be attributed to the capacity of LF to bind iron and its ability to interfere with the cellular receptors of both hosts and pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21394, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Esmail M El-Fakharany
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg EL-Arab 21394, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hussein Al-Mehdar
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Roy U, Woods AG, Sokolowska I, Darie CC. Utility of computational structural biology in mass spectrometry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 806:107-28. [PMID: 24952181 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06068-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of mass spectrometry (MS) allow us to identify, estimate, and characterize proteins and protein complexes. At the same time, structural biology helps to determine the protein structure and its structure-function relationship. Together, they aid to understand the protein structure, property, function, protein-complex assembly, protein-protein interaction and dynamics. The present chapter is organized with illustrative results to demonstrate how experimental mass spectrometry can be combined with computational structural biology for detailed studies of protein's structures. We have used tumor differentiation factor protein/peptide as ligand and Hsp70/Hsp90 as receptor protein as examples to study ligand-protein interaction. To investigate possible protein conformation we will describe two proteins, lysozyme and myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Structural Biology & Molecular Modeling Unit, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA
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Abstract
Deciphering the biological and clinical significance of the proteins is investigated by mass spectrometry in a relatively new field, named proteomics. Mass spectrometry is, however, also used in chemistry for many years. In this Research Front we try to show the potential use of mass spectrometry in chemical, environmental and biomedical research and also to illustrate the applications of mass spectrometry in proteomics.
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