1
|
Ji W, Tao L, Li D, Zhu P, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y, Duan G. A mouse model and pathogenesis study for CVA19 first isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2177084. [PMID: 36735880 PMCID: PMC9937014 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2177084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCoxsackievirus A19 (CVA19) is a member of Enterovirus (EV) C group in the Picornaviridae family. Recently, we reported a case of CVA19-infected hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) for the first time. However, the current body of knowledge on the CVA19 infection, particularly the pathogenesis of encephalomyelitis and diarrhoea is still very limited, due to the lack of suitable animal models. Here, we successfully established a CVA19 mouse model via oral route based on 7-day-old ICR mice. Our results found the virus strain could directly infect the neurons, astrocytes of brain, and motor neurons of spinal cord causing neurological complications, such as acute flaccid paralysis. Importantly, viruses isolated from the spinal cords of infected mice caused severe illness in suckling mice, fulfilling Koch's postulates to some extent. CVA19 infection led to diarrhoea with typical pathological features of shortened intestinal villi, increased number of secretory cells and apoptotic intestinal cells, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Much higher concentrations of serum cytokines and more peripheral blood inflammatory cells in CVA19-infected mice indicated a systematic inflammatory response induced by CVA19 infection. Finally, we found ribavirin and CVA19 VP1 monoclonal antibody could not prevent the disease progression, but higher concentrations of antisera and interferon alpha 2 (IFN-α2) could provide protective effects against CVA19. In conclusion, this study shows that a natural mouse-adapted CVA19 strain leads to diarrhoea and encephalomyelitis in a mouse model via oral infection, which provides a useful tool for studying CVA19 pathogenesis and evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuexia Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China, Yuefei Jin Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,Guangcai Duan Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tamura K, Kohnoe M, Takashino A, Kobayashi K, Koike S, Karwal L, Fukuda S, Vang F, Das SC, Dean HJ. TAK − 021, an inactivated Enterovirus 71 vaccine candidate, provides cross-protection against heterologous sub-genogroups in human scavenger receptor B2 transgenic mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:3330-3337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Li ML, Shih SR, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. Enterovirus A71 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030199. [PMID: 33673595 PMCID: PMC7997495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. There are currently three inactivated, whole EV-A71 vaccines licensed by the China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration). Several other types of vaccines, such as virus-like particles and recombinant VP1 (capsid protein), are also under development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of EV-A71 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Peng C, Fu X, Gu X, Gao H. Virological investigation of genetic variation of enterovirus type 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:543-549. [PMID: 32537012 PMCID: PMC7281934 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the sequence of the VP1 gene in enterovirus 71 (EV71) isolates and to explore their genetic evolution, so as to provide a scientific basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease. The fecal samples of 590 patients with suspected hand, foot and mouth disease treated at Yan'an Hospital (Kunming, China) between January 2015 and December 2016 were collected and EV71 nucleic acid was detected by fluorescence PCR. The viral RNA of EV71-positive samples was extracted, the VP1 gene was amplified by PCR and the products were sequenced. The VP1 gene sequence was analyzed using DNAMAN and MEGA (version 4.0) software and homologous modeling was performed using Pymol software. A total of 50 EV71-positive samples were identified and the detection rate was 8.47% (50/590 cases). All of the 50 EV71 strains were of the C4 subtype. The genetic distance between the strains detected in the present study and EV71 strains detected in Beijing, Anhui and Malaysia was 0.01-0.03, while that between the strains detected in the present study and Australian strains was 2.11. Homologous modeling indicated that the amino acid sequence of the VP1 gene of the detected strains had a H144Y mutation. There was no significant genetic variation in the EV71 strain within the 2-year period. In conclusion, the EV71 strains detected in the present study was similar to that detected in Beijing, Anhui and Malaysia but different to that from Australia. A point mutation was present in the amino acid sequence of the VP1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Kunming Medical University, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Chuanmei Peng
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Fu
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Laboratory, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Imura A, Sudaka Y, Takashino A, Tamura K, Kobayashi K, Nagata N, Nishimura H, Mizuta K, Koike S. Development of an Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Efficacy Test Using Human Scavenger Receptor B2 Transgenic Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:e01921-19. [PMID: 31896594 PMCID: PMC7158731 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01921-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand-foot-mouth disease, and it sometimes causes severe neurological disease. Development of effective vaccines and animal models to evaluate vaccine candidates are needed. However, the animal models currently used for vaccine efficacy testing, monkeys and neonatal mice, have economic, ethical, and practical drawbacks. In addition, EV71 strains prepared for lethal challenge often develop decreased virulence during propagation in cell culture. To overcome these problems, we used a mouse model expressing human scavenger receptor B2 (hSCARB2) that showed lifelong susceptibility to EV71. We selected virulent EV71 strains belonging to the subgenogroups B4, B5, C1, C2, and C4 and propagated them using a culture method for EV71 without an apparent reduction in virulence. Here, we describe a novel EV71 vaccine efficacy test based on these hSCARB2 transgenic (Tg) mice and these virulent viruses. Adult Tg mice were immunized subcutaneously with formalin-inactivated EV71. The vaccine elicited sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies in the immunized mice. The mice were subjected to lethal challenge with virulent viruses via intravenous injection. Survival, clinical signs, and body weight changes were observed for 2 weeks. Most immunized mice survived without clinical signs or histopathological lesions. The viral replication in immunized mice was much lower than that in nonimmunized mice. Mice immunized with the EV71 vaccine were only partially protected against lethal challenge with coxsackievirus A16. These results indicate that this new model is useful for in vivo EV71 vaccine efficacy testing.IMPORTANCE The development of new vaccines for EV71 relies on the availability of small animal models suitable for in vivo efficacy testing. Monkeys and neonatal mice have been used, but the use of these animals has several drawbacks, including high costs, limited susceptibility, and poor experimental reproducibility. In addition, the related ethical issues are considerable. The new efficacy test based on hSCARB2 Tg mice and virulent EV71 strains propagated in genetically modified cell lines presented here can overcome these disadvantages and is expected to accelerate the development of new EV71 vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/genetics
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/pathology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/pharmacology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Imura
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Sudaka
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Takashino
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanami Tamura
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enterovirus 71 Infection Shapes Host T Cell Receptor Repertoire and Presumably Expands VP1-Specific TCRβ CDR3 Cluster. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020121. [PMID: 32075096 PMCID: PMC7169398 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become an important public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region in the past decades. EV71 infection might cause neurological and psychiatric complications and even death. Although an EV71 vaccine has been currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Virus infections have been reported to shape host T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Therefore, understanding of host TCR repertoire in EV71 infection could better the knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefit the anti-viral therapy development. In this study, we used a mouse-adapted EV71 (mEV71) model to observe changes of host TCR repertoire in an EV71-infected central nervous system. Neonate mice were infected with mEV71 and mouse brainstem TCRβ repertoires were explored. Here, we reported that mEV71 infection impacted host brainstem TCRβ repertoire, where mEV71 infection skewed TCRβ diversity, changed VJ combination usages, and further expanded specific TCRβ CDR3 clones. Using bioinformatics analysis and ligand-binding prediction, we speculated the expanded TCRβ CDR3 clone harboring CASSLGANSDYTF sequence was capable of binding cleaved EV71 VP1 peptides in concert with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. We observed that mEV71 infection shaped host TCRβ repertoire and presumably expanded VP1-specific TCRβ CDR3 in mEV71-infected mouse brainstem that integrated EV71 pathogenesis in central nervous system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim HX, Poh CL. Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135519888998. [PMID: 31799495 PMCID: PMC6873268 DOI: 10.1177/2515135519888998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45-50% were due to EV-A71. Most of the HFMD infections caused by EV-A71 usually result in mild symptoms with rashes and ulcers in the mouth. However, virulent strains of EV-A71 can infect the central nervous system and cause severe neurologic diseases, leading to reduced cognitive ability, acute flaccid paralysis and death. The lack of understanding of cellular immunity for long-term protection from the HFMD disease represents a major obstacle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of innate and T cell immunity during HFMD infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for protective immunity. Currently, no US FDA-approved vaccine is available for EV-A71. Although the inactivated vaccines produced in China are highly effective (vaccine efficacy >95%), they lack the cellular immunity required for long-term protection. In this review, we discuss the findings that support the protective roles of innate and T cell immunity against EV-A71 infection, which will provide the knowledge needed for the urgent development of efficacious vaccines that will confer long-term protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Issaro N, Wu F, Weng L, Zhou M, Fang Z, Huang S, Rajamanickam V, Liu M, Tian H, Li X, Jiang C. Induction of immune responses by a novel recombinant fusion protein of enterovirus A71 in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:1-8. [PMID: 30465931 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusion protein technology is used in biotechnology and medical developments. In this study, recombinant fusion proteins from enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) subgenotype B5, Thailand were designed based two surface proteins (VP1 and VP2) and an internal protein (VP4), and named "VP0" (consisting of VP4-VP2) and "EV71" (consisting of VP4-VP2-VP1), respectively. The recombinant fusion proteins VP0 and EV71 were expressed in insect cells and successfully produced and secreted into the media. Both recombinant fusion proteins were shown to have immunogenic properties in BALB/c mice when formulated with Freund's complete/incomplete adjuvant (FA). Interestingly, EV71 formulated with FA- induced a level of IgG antibodies level similar to that induced by the recombinant protein VP1 formulated with FA (the positive control). Our results showed that VP1 alone is better at eliciting a strong cell-mediated immune response. Nontheless, EV71 formulated with FA was capable of inducing lymphocyte proliferation and increasing the cytokine-related mRNA expression levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-10 in mice after immunization. Additionally, the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte cells after stimulation with purified EV71 in splenic cell culture showed highly specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell production. We suggest that EV71, which consists of VP4-VP2-VP1, could be used as the foundation for developing a novel recombinant fusion protein-based vaccine for EV-A71.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nipatha Issaro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Fenfang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Lei Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Mi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Sisi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | | | - Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China; Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China; Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Construction and evaluation of HA-epitope-tag introduction onto the VP1 structural protein of a novel HY12 enterovirus. Virology 2018; 525:106-116. [PMID: 30253275 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using enterovirus HY12 as a vector to express an exogenous hemagglutinin (HA)-epitope tag onto the HY12-encoded VP1 protein via a reverse genetic system. Characteristics of recombinant (r) HY12-VP1-HA marker virus were determined by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, western blot, electron microscopy, and serum-neutralisation assay. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the marker virus stably maintained the HA-epitope-tag in MDBK cells, with no changes in viral morphological features observed relative to those of the parental rHY12 virus. Furthermore, detection by immunofluorescence assay revealed the expression of HA-epitope tag and VP2 protein, which distinguish the marker virus from parental rHY12 virus. In addition, neonatal mice infected with the recombinant marker virus showed various microscopic pathological lesions and generated anti-HY12 virus and -HA-epitope-tag antibodies. These results indicated that the recombinant marker virus represented a valuable platform to promote the development of novel genetic vaccines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Purification and assembling a fused capsid protein as an enterovirus 71 vaccine candidate from inclusion bodies to pentamer-based nanoparticles. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin B Subunit (LTB) with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) Subunit VP1. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091419. [PMID: 27618897 PMCID: PMC5037698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nontoxic heat-labile toxin (LT) B subunit (LTB) was used as mucosal adjuvant experimentally. However, the mechanism of LTB adjuvant was still unclear. The LTB and enterovirus 71 (EV71) VP1 subunit (EVP1) were constructed in pET32 and expressed in E. coli BL21, respectively. The immunogenicity of purified EVP1 and the adjuvanticity of LTB were evaluated via intranasal immunization EVP1 plus LTB in Balb/c mice. In order to elucidate the proteome change triggered by the adjuvant of LTB, the proteomic profiles of LTB, EVP1, and LTB plus EVP1 were quantitatively analyzed by iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) in murine macrophage RAW264.7. The proteomic data were analyzed by bioinformatics and validated by western blot analysis. The predicted protein interactions were confirmed using LTB pull-down and the LTB processing pathway was validated by confocal microscopy. The results showed that LTB significantly boosted EVP1 specific systematic and mucosal antibodies. A total of 3666 differential proteins were identified in the three groups. Pathway enrichment of proteomic data predicted that LTB upregulated the specific and dominant MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway and the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (PPER) pathway, whereas LTB or EVP1 did not significantly upregulate these two signaling pathways. Confocal microscopy and LTB pull-down assays confirmed that the LTB adjuvant was endocytosed and processed through endocytosis (ENS)-lysosomal-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mao QY, Wang Y, Bian L, Xu M, Liang Z. EV71 vaccine, a new tool to control outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:599-606. [PMID: 26732723 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
On December 3rd 2015, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) approved the first inactivated Enterovirus 71 (EV71) whole virus vaccine for preventing severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). As one of the few preventive vaccines for children's infectious diseases generated by the developing countries in recent years, EV71 vaccine is a blessing to children's health in China and worldwide. However, there are still a few challenges facing the worldwide use of EV71 vaccine, including the applicability against various EV71 pandemic strains in other countries, international requirements on vaccine production and quality control, standardization and harmonization on different pathogen monitoring and detecting methods, etc. In addition, the affordability of EV71 vaccine in other countries is a factor to be considered in HFMD prevention. Therefore, with EV71 vaccine commercially available, there is still a long way to go before reaching effective protection against severe HFMD after EV71 vaccines enter the market. In this paper, the bottlenecks and prospects for the wide use of EV71 vaccine after its approval are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun-ying Mao
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Yiping Wang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Miao Xu
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim YI, Song JH, Kwon BE, Kim HN, Seo MD, Park K, Lee S, Yeo SG, Kweon MN, Ko HJ, Chang SY. Pros and cons of VP1-specific maternal IgG for the protection of Enterovirus 71 infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:6604-10. [PMID: 26529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand, foot, and mouth diseases and can result in severe neurological disorders when it infects the central nervous system. Thus, there is a need for the development of effective vaccines against EV71 infection. Here we report that viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), one of the main capsid proteins of EV71, efficiently elicited VP1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of mice immunized with recombinant VP1. The VP1-specific IgG produced in female mice was efficiently transferred to their offspring, conferring protection against EV71 infection immediately after birth. VP1-specific antibody can neutralize EV71 infection and protect host cells. VP1-specific maternal IgG in offspring was maintained for over 6 months. However, the pre-existence of VP1-specific maternal IgG interfered with the production of VP1-specific IgG antibody secreting cells by active immunization in offspring. Therefore, although our results showed the potential for VP1-specific maternal IgG protection against EV71 in neonatal mice, other strategies must be developed to overcome the hindrance of maternal IgG in active immunization. In this study, we developed an effective and feasible animal model to evaluate the protective efficacy of humoral immunity against EV71 infection using a maternal immunity concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - KwiSung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environment Research, Daejeon 300-801, Republic of Korea
| | - SangWon Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Monoclonal neutralizing antibodies against EV71 screened from mice immunized with yeast-produced virus-like particles. Virol Sin 2015; 30:208-13. [PMID: 26040893 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) occur in children under 5 years old, and can cause death in some cases. The C4 strain of enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen that causes HFMD in China. Although no drugs against EV71 are available, some studies have shown that candidate vaccines or viral capsid proteins can produce anti-EV71 immunity. In this study, female BABL/c mice (6-8 weeks old) were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) of EV71 produced in yeast to screen for anti-EV71 antibodies. Two hybridomas that could produce neutralizing antibodies against EV71 were obtained. Both neutralizing mAbs (D4 and G12) were confirmed to bind the VP1 capsid protein of EV71, and could protect >95% cells from 100 TCID50 EV71 infection at 25 µg/mL solution (lowest concentration). Those two neutralizing mAbs identified in the study may be promising candidates in development for mAbs to treat EV71 infection, and utilized as suitable reagents for use in diagnostic tests and biological studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yuan J, Tang X, Yin K, Tian J, Rui K, Ma J, Mao C, Chen J, Lu L, Xu H, Wang S. GITRL as a genetic adjuvant enhances enterovirus 71 VP1 DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Immunol Res 2015; 62:81-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|