1
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Anderson M, Phinius BB, Phakedi BK, Mudanga M, Bhebhe LN, Tlhabano GN, Motshosi P, Ratsoma T, Baruti K, Mpebe G, Choga WT, Marlink R, Glebe D, Blackard JT, Moyo S, Kramvis A, Gaseitsiwe S. Persistence and risk factors of occult hepatitis B virus infections among antiretroviral therapy-naïve people living with HIV in Botswana. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1342862. [PMID: 38784816 PMCID: PMC11112038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to determine the kinetics of occult hepatitis B virus infections (OBI) among people with HIV (PWH). Methods The study used archived plasma samples from longitudinal HIV natural history studies. We identified new OBI cases and assessed risk factors for OBI using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results At baseline, 8 of 382 [(2.1%) (95% CI: 1.06-4.1)] samples tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg+). Of the 374 HBsAg-negative samples, 76 had sufficient sample volume for HBV DNA screening. OBI positivity (OBI+) at baseline was reported in 11 of 76 [14.7 95% CI (8.3-24.1)] HBsAg-negative (HBsAg-) participants. Baseline HBsAg-negative samples with sufficient follow-up samples (n = 90) were used for analysis of newly identified OBI cases. Participants contributed 129.74 person-years to the study and were followed for a median of 1.02 years (IQR: 1.00-2.00). Cumulatively, there were 34 newly identified OBI cases from the 90 participants, at the rate of 26.2/100 person-years (95% CI: 18.7-36.7). Newly identified OBI cases were more common among men than women (61.1% vs. 31.9%) and among participants with CD4+ T-cell counts ≤450 cells/mL (p-value = 0.02). Most of the newly identified OBI cases [55.9% (19/34)] were possible reactivations as they were previously HBV core antibody positive. Conclusion There was a high rate of newly identified OBI among young PWH in Botswana, especially in men and in participants with lower CD4+ T-cell counts. OBI screening in PWH should be considered because of the risk of transmission, possible reactivation, and risk factors for the development of chronic liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motswedi Anderson
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Bonolo B. Phinius
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Mbatshi Mudanga
- Botswana – University of Maryland School of Medicine Health Initiative, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lynnette N. Bhebhe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Girlie N. Tlhabano
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patience Motshosi
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tsholofelo Ratsoma
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kabo Baruti
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gorata Mpebe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Wonderful T. Choga
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Richard Marlink
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jason T. Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard Health Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Balde T, Ostankova YV, Boumbaly S, Naidenova EV, Zueva EB, Serikova EN, Valutite DE, Schemelev AN, Davydenko VS, Esaulenko EV, Totolian AA. [Frequency of drug resistance and immune escape mutations in the hepatitis B virus genome detected in pregnant women in the Republic of Guinea]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:228-241. [PMID: 37436414 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work is to assess the prevalence of hepatitis B virus drug resistance mutations and immune escape mutations in pregnant women in the Republic of Guinea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood plasma samples obtained from 480 pregnant women from different regions of the Republic of Guinea with laboratory-confirmed viral hepatitis B were studied. Nucleotide sequences for genotype identification and mutation detection were obtained using nested-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing, based on overlapping pairs of primers spanning the complete genome of the virus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the examined group, the viral genotype E was the most prevalent (92.92%) compared with subgenotypes A1 (1.67%), A3 (1.46%), D1 (0.63%), D2 (1.04%) and D3 (2.29%). Among the examined HBV-infected pregnant women, 188 (39.17%) had undetectable HBsAg. Drug resistance mutations were detected in 33 individuals, which amounted to 6.88%. The following mutations were found: S78T (27.27%), L80I (24.24%), S202I (15.15%), M204I/V (42.42%). The presence of polymorphic variants not described as drug resistant has also been shown in positions associated with the development of drug resistance to tenofovir, lamivudine, telbivudine and entecavir (L80F, S202I, M204R). When analyzing the MHR and the region of a determinant, mutations were detected in 318 (66.25%) of pregnant women. In 172 of them, which amounted to 54.09%, multiple mutations were found. The amino acid substitutions in 13 positions associated with HBsAg-negative hepatitis B and/or potentially affecting HBsAg antigenicity were identified. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of immune escape and drug resistance mutations potentially associated with false-negative result of HBsAg screening, prophylaxis failure, and virological failure of therapy that has been identified among treatment naive pregnant women imposes a serious problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Balde
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea
| | | | - S Boumbaly
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea
- Centre International de Recherche sur les Infections Tropicales en Guinée
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3
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Maunye TK, Gededzha MP, Blackard JT, Rakgole JN, Selabe SG. Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 5 Variability in Treatment-Naïve Patients in South Africa. Intervirology 2023; 66:77-87. [PMID: 37231989 PMCID: PMC10353306 DOI: 10.1159/000528178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 5 was originally identified in South Africa, where it represents 35-60% of all HCV infections. There are limited data on resistance-associated variants (RAVs) in South Africa. Thus, we investigated variability within the NS3/NS4A, NS5A, and NS5B genes of treatment-naïve individuals with HCV genotype 5 infection at the Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital (DGMAH) in Pretoria, South Africa. METHODS Nested PCR was performed to amplify the NS3/4A, NS5A, and NS5B genes. RAVs were evaluated using the Geno2pheno tool. RESULTS In the NS3/4A gene, F56S and T122A were detected in one sample each. The D168E mutation was detected in 7 samples. Within the NS5A gene, the T62M mutation was detected in 2 individuals. In the NS5B gene, 8 of 12 individuals (67%) had the A421V mutation, while all 12 individuals (100%) had the S486A mutation. DISCUSSION RAVs were detected frequently among treatment-naïve individuals with HCV genotype 5 infection in South Africa. Thus, resistance testing may be prudent when initiating treatment of patients with genotype 5 infection. Additional population-based studies are needed to understand the prevalence of these RAVs during HCV genotype 5 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshegofatso K Maunye
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason T Blackard
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa,
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
| | - Johnny N Rakgole
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Selokela G Selabe
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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4
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Ondigui JLN, Kenmoe S, Kengne-Ndé C, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Takuissu GR, Kenfack-Momo R, Mbaga DS, Tchatchouang S, Kenfack-Zanguim J, Fogang RL, Menkem EZ, Kame-Ngasse GI, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Bowo-Ngandji A, Goumkwa NM, Esemu SN, Ndip L, Essama SHR, Torimiro J. Epidemiology of occult hepatitis B and C in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1436-1445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Maepa MB, Ely A, Kramvis A, Bloom K, Naidoo K, Simani OE, Maponga TG, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B Virus Research in South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091939. [PMID: 36146747 PMCID: PMC9503375 DOI: 10.3390/v14091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being vaccine-preventable, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the seventh leading cause of mortality in the world. In South Africa (SA), over 1.9 million people are chronically infected with HBV, and 70% of all Black chronic carriers are infected with HBV subgenotype A1. The virus remains a significant burden on public health in SA despite the introduction of an infant immunization program implemented in 1995 and the availability of effective treatment for chronic HBV infection. In addition, the high prevalence of HIV infection amplifies HBV replication, predisposes patients to chronicity, and complicates management of the infection. HBV research has made significant progress leading to better understanding of HBV epidemiology and management challenges in the SA context. This has led to recent revision of the national HBV infection management guidelines. Research on developing new vaccines and therapies is underway and progress has been made with designing potentially curative gene therapies against HBV. This review summarizes research carried out in SA on HBV molecular biology, epidemiology, treatment, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohube B. Maepa
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kubendran Naidoo
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Omphile E. Simani
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Tongai G. Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7602, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
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6
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Pley C, Lourenço J, McNaughton AL, Matthews PC. Spacer Domain in Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase: Plugging a Hole or Performing a Role? J Virol 2022; 96:e0005122. [PMID: 35412348 PMCID: PMC9093120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase is divided into terminal protein, spacer, reverse transcriptase, and RNase domains. Spacer has previously been considered dispensable, merely acting as a tether between other domains or providing plasticity to accommodate deletions and mutations. We explore evidence for the role of spacer sequence, structure, and function in HBV evolution and lineage, consider its associations with escape from drugs, vaccines, and immune responses, and review its potential impacts on disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Pley
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Medawar Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford Medawar Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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de Almeida NAA, de Paula VS. Occult Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and challenges for hepatitis elimination: A literature review. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1616-1635. [PMID: 34724308 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is characterized by the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum or liver but negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen. OBI, which is thought to be maintained by host, immunological, viral and/or epigenetic factors, is one of the most challenging clinical features in the study of viral hepatitis. Currently, there is no validated detection test for OBI. It is believed that OBI is widely distributed throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in populations at high-risk HBV, but the detailed worldwide prevalence patterns are unknown. We conducted a survey of recently published studies on OBI rates across all continents. High prevalence rates of OBI are observed in some specific groups, including patients with hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus co-infection or hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2016, the World Health Organization adopted strategies to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but the difficulties in detecting and treating OBI currently challenge this goal. Subjects with OBI can transmit HBV, and episodes of reactivation can occur. Further studies to understanding the mechanisms that drive the development of OBI are needed and can contribute to efforts at eliminating viral hepatitis.
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8
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Olagbenro M, Anderson M, Gaseitsiwe S, Powell EA, Gededzha MP, Selabe SG, Blackard JT. In silico analysis of mutations associated with occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in South Africa. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3075-3084. [PMID: 34468889 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B virus (OBI) infection is defined by the presence of viral DNA in the liver and/or serum in absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). While multiple studies have identified mutations that are associated with OBI, only a small portion of these mutations have been functionally characterized in vitro. Using complementary in silico approaches, the effects of OBI-associated amino acid mutations on HBV protein function in HBV/HIV-positive ART-naïve South Africans were evaluated. Two OBI-associated mutations in the PreS1 region, one in the PreS2 region, and seven in the surface region of subgenotype A1 sequences were identified as deleterious. In subgenotype A2 sequences, 11 OBI-associated mutations in the PreS1 region, seven in the PreS2 region, and 31 in the surface region were identified as deleterious. In the polymerase region, 14 OBI-associated mutations in subgenotype A1 and 71 OBI-associated mutations in subgenotype A2 were identified as deleterious. This study utilized in silico approaches to characterize the likely impact of OBI-associated mutations on viral function, thereby identifying and prioritizing candidates and reducing the significant cost associated with functional studies that are essential for mechanistic studies of the OBI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Olagbenro
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | | | | | - Eleanor A Powell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Selokela G Selabe
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0595, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA. .,HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
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9
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Mabunda N, Zicai AF, Ismael N, Vubil A, Mello F, Blackard JT, Lago B, Duarte V, Moraes M, Lewis L, Jani I. Molecular and serological characterization of occult hepatitis B among blood donors in Maputo, Mozambique. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200006. [PMID: 32997000 PMCID: PMC7523502 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) - characterized by the absence of detectable HBsAg in the presence of HBV DNA - represents a potential threat for blood safety. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the serological and molecular characterization of occult HBV infection (OBI) among blood donors in Mozambique. METHODS 1,502 blood donors were tested for HBsAg. All HBsAg-negative individuals were tested for HBV DNA. Antibodies against HBV core, surface and HBe antigen (anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBeAg) were measured in HBV DNA positive individuals. FINDINGS 1435 serum samples were HBsAg negative and 16 positive for HBV DNA, 14 confirmed to have OBI, corresponding to a frequency of 0.98%. Of the 14 OBI infections identified, 13/14 (92.8%) were positive for anti-HBc, 4/14 (28.5%) for anti-HBs, and no samples were reactive for HBeAg. Of the 14 OBI cases, nine samples (64.2%) were sequenced for the S/P region. Eight samples (88.9%) belonged to genotype A1 and one (11.1%) to genotype E. One escape mutation (T123A) associated with OBI and various amino acid substitutions for genotype A1 and E were observed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results show the importance of using nucleic acid amplification test to detect occult hepatitis B infection in blood donors in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédio Mabunda
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Mello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jason T Blackard
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, United States of America
| | - Barbara Lago
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Duarte
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Milton Moraes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hanseníase, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lia Lewis
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
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10
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Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus among HIV/HBV Co-Infected Patients from the Republic of Guinea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2019-3-118-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Amir F, Siddiqui ZI, Farooqui SR, Anwer A, Khan S, Azmi MI, Mehmankhah M, Dohare R, Khan LA, Kazim SN. Impact of length of replication competent genome of hepatitis B virus over the differential antigenic secretion. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17858-17871. [PMID: 31310366 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome consists of circular partially double stranded DNA of 3.2 kb size which gets converted into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) during its life cycle. It then acts as a template for formation of pregenomicRNA (pgRNA) of 3.5 kb. Absence of appropriate animal models prompted a need to establish a better in vitro culture system to uncover the propagation and survival mechanisms of the virus. There is scarcity of data to represent the significance of varying length of replication competent viral genome on the secretion of viral secretory proteins/antigens and in turn on the overall effects on the accomplishment of the viral life cycle. The present study was undertaken to ascertain a suitable replication competent construct in which the viral life cycle of HBV with varying clinical relevance can be studied efficiently. Two constructs (pHBV 1.3 and pHBV 1X) of different sizes were used to transfect hepatoma cells and consequently the secretory antigens were monitored. In vector free approach (pHBV 1X), 3.2 kb viral DNA is directly transfected in the culture system whereas in vector mediated approach more than full length of viral genome is cloned in a vector (pHBV 1.3X) and transfected to obtain a 3.5 kb pgRNA intermediate. HBV secretes two important antigens; HBsAg and HBeAg. HBsAg is a hallmark of infection and is the first to be secreted in the blood stream whereas HBeAg is a secretory protein and remains associated with the viral replication. The construct pHBV 1.3X referring to as more than full length, by virtue of being capable of undergoing transcription without the synthesis of cccDNA intermediate (unlike the clinical situation where an intermediate step of cccDNA synthesis is an essential component to initiate the viral life cycle) appears to be better system for studying viral life cycle in in vitro culture system. The reasons could be assigned to the fact that as low as 100 ng of viral DNA was shown to quantify the replicative phenotypes with this construct. The better efficiency of this construct at prima facie, appears to be mediated through the significantly higher levels of pgRNA transcript during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amir
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabihur Rahman Farooqui
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayesha Anwer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saniya Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iqbal Azmi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.,Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboubeh Mehmankhah
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Syed Naqui Kazim
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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12
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Molecular Characterization of Near Full-Length Genomes of Hepatitis B Virus Isolated from Predominantly HIV Infected Individuals in Botswana. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090453. [PMID: 30205537 PMCID: PMC6162474 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization plans to eliminate hepatitis B and C Infections by 2030. Therefore, there is a need to study and understand hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology and viral evolution further, including evaluating occult (HBsAg-negative) HBV infection (OBI), given that such infections are frequently undiagnosed and rarely treated. We aimed to molecularly characterize HBV genomes from 108 individuals co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) or OBI identified from previous HIV studies conducted in Botswana from 2009 to 2012. Full-length (3.2 kb) and nearly full-length (~3 kb) genomes were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequences from OBI participants were compared to sequences from CHB participants and GenBank references to identify OBI-unique mutations. HBV genomes from 50 (25 CHB and 25 OBI) individuals were successfully genotyped. Among OBI participants, subgenotype A1 was identified in 12 (48%), D3 in 12 (48%), and E in 1 (4%). A similar genotype distribution was observed in CHB participants. Whole HBV genome sequences from Botswana, representing OBI and CHB, were compared for the first time. There were 43 OBI-unique mutations, of which 26 were novel. Future studies using larger sample sizes and functional analysis of OBI-unique mutations are warranted.
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13
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Anderson M, Choga WT, Moyo S, Bell TG, Mbangiwa T, Phinius BB, Bhebhe L, Sebunya TK, Makhema J, Marlink R, Kramvis A, Essex M, Musonda RM, Blackard JT, Gaseitsiwe S. In Silico Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Occult Associated Mutations in Botswana Using a Novel Algorithm. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9090420. [PMID: 30134551 PMCID: PMC6162659 DOI: 10.3390/genes9090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B infections (OBI) represent a reservoir of undiagnosed and untreated hepatitis B virus (HBV), hence the need to identify mutations that lead to this phenotype. Functionally characterizing these mutations by in vitro studies is time-consuming and expensive. To bridge this gap, in silico approaches, which predict the effect of amino acid (aa) variants on HBV protein function, are necessary. We developed an algorithm for determining the relevance of OBI-associated mutations using in silico approaches. A 3 kb fragment of subgenotypes A1 and D3 from 24 chronic HBV-infected (CHB) and 24 OBI participants was analyzed. To develop and validate the algorithm, the effects of 68 previously characterized occult-associated mutations were determined using three computational tools: PolyPhen2, SNAP2, and PROVEAN. The percentage of deleterious mutations (with impact on protein function) predicted were 52 (76.5%) by PolyPhen2, 55 (80.9%) by SNAP2, and 65 (95.6%) by PROVEAN. At least two tools correctly predicted 59 (86.8%) mutations as deleterious. To identify OBI-associated mutations exclusive to Botswana, study sequences were compared to CHB sequences from GenBank. Of the 43 OBI-associated mutations identified, 26 (60.5%) were predicted by at least two tools to have an impact on protein function. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use in silico approaches to determine the impact of OBI-associated mutations, thereby identifying potential candidates for functional analysis to facilitate mechanistic studies of the OBI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motswedi Anderson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | | | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Trevor Graham Bell
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit (HVDRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Tshepiso Mbangiwa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Bonolo B Phinius
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Lynette Bhebhe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Theresa K Sebunya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Richard Marlink
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit (HVDRU), Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Jason T Blackard
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mokaya J, McNaughton AL, Hadley MJ, Beloukas A, Geretti AM, Goedhals D, Matthews PC. A systematic review of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine escape mutations in Africa: A call for urgent action. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006629. [PMID: 30080852 PMCID: PMC6095632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
International sustainable development goals for the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030 highlight the pressing need to optimize strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Selected or transmitted resistance associated mutations (RAMs) and vaccine escape mutations (VEMs) in hepatitis B virus (HBV) may reduce the success of existing treatment and prevention strategies. These issues are particularly pertinent for many settings in Africa where there is high HBV prevalence and co-endemic HIV infection, but lack of robust epidemiological data and limited education, diagnostics and clinical care. The prevalence, distribution and impact of RAMs and VEMs in these populations are neglected in the current literature. We therefore set out to assimilate data for sub-Saharan Africa through a systematic literature review and analysis of published sequence data, and present these in an on-line database (https://livedataoxford.shinyapps.io/1510659619-3Xkoe2NKkKJ7Drg/). The majority of the data were from HIV/HBV coinfected cohorts. The commonest RAM was rtM204I/V, either alone or in combination with associated mutations, and identified in both reportedly treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced adults. We also identified the suite of mutations rtM204V/I + rtL180M + rtV173L, that has been associated with vaccine escape, in over 1/3 of cohorts. Although tenofovir has a high genetic barrier to resistance, it is of concern that emerging data suggest polymorphisms that may be associated with resistance, although the precise clinical impact of these is unknown. Overall, there is an urgent need for improved diagnostic screening, enhanced laboratory assessment of HBV before and during therapy, and sustained roll out of tenofovir in preference to lamivudine alone. Further data are needed in order to inform population and individual approaches to HBV diagnosis, monitoring and therapy in these highly vulnerable settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolynne Mokaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. McNaughton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Hadley
- Oxford University Academic IT Department, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Maria Geretti
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Blackard JT, Sherman KE. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation-The potential role of direct-acting agents for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1984. [PMID: 29761585 PMCID: PMC6233878 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in patients with HBV/HCV coinfection. Reactivation of HBV in patients treated for HCV with direct-acting agents (DAAs) has emerged recently as an important clinical consideration. A growing number of case reports and case series support the association between new HCV treatments and HBV reactivation. Yet, very little is known about the specific viral characteristics that facilitate reactivation as functional characterization of the reactivated HBV has been conducted only rarely. This review provides the most recent data on HBV reactivation in the context of DAA initiation and highlights the existing viral genomic data from reactivating viruses. Current functional studies of HBV reactivation are largely limited by the retrospective identification of cases, no standardization of genomic regions that are studied with respect to HBV reactivation, and the lack of inclusion of nonreactivating controls to establish specific viral mutations that are associated with HBV reactivation. Importantly, none of these sequencing studies included cases of HBV reactivation after initiation of DAAs. While new HCV treatments have revolutionized care for HCV infected patients, HBV reactivation will likely increase in frequency, as DAAs are more commonly prescribed. Pretreatment determination of HBV status and thoughtful management of HBV coinfections will be necessary and lead to improved patient safety and yield optimal treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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16
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Mbangiwa T, Kasvosve I, Anderson M, Thami PK, Choga WT, Needleman A, Phinius BB, Moyo S, Leteane M, Leidner J, Blackard JT, Mayondi G, Kammerer B, Musonda RM, Essex M, Lockman S, Gaseitsiwe S. Chronic and Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Botswana. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050259. [PMID: 29772814 PMCID: PMC5977199 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global problem; however, the burden of HBV infection in pregnant women in Botswana is unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence of chronic and occult HBV infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and -uninfected pregnant women in Botswana. Samples from 752 pregnant women were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HBsAg-positive samples were tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA load. Samples that were HBsAg negative were screened for occult HBV infection by determining the HBV DNA load. HBV genotypes were determined based on a 415-base-pair fragment of the surface gene. Among the 752 women tested during pregnancy or early postpartum, 16 (2.1%) (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0–2.2) were HBsAg-positive. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection was higher (3.1%) among HIV-infected (95% CI: 3.0–3.2) compared with HIV-uninfected women (1.1%) (95% CI: 1.07–1.1, p = 0.057). Among the 622 HBsAg-negative women, the prevalence of occult HBV infection was 6.6% (95% CI: 6.5–6.7). Three of thirteen HBsAg-positive participants were HBeAg-positive, and all were HIV-negative. Of the 11 maternal samples successfully genotyped, five (45.5%) were genotype D3, five (45.5%) were genotype A1, and one was genotype E (9%). Low and similar proportions of HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant women in Botswana had occult or chronic HBV infection. We identified a subset of HIV-negative pregnant women who had high HBV DNA levels and were HBeAg-positive, and thus likely to transmit HBV to their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshepiso Mbangiwa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Motswedi Anderson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Prisca K Thami
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Wonderful T Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | | | - Bonolo B Phinius
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Gaborone 0022, Botswana.
| | - Jean Leidner
- Goodtables Data Consulting, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Jason T Blackard
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45627, USA.
| | - Gloria Mayondi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
| | - Betsy Kammerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone BO320, Botswana.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Gededzha MP, Sondlane TH, Malinga LA, Burnett RJ, Lebelo RL, Blackard JT, Mphahlele MJ, Selabe SG. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus X gene in HIV-positive South Africans. Virus Genes 2018; 54:190-198. [PMID: 29411271 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide and the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in South Africa. The role of HBV in HCC is not well understood, although the HBV X gene has been implicated as a critical factor. Data on the HBV X gene in HIV-positive South Africans are limited; thus, we investigated X gene variability in 24 HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital. Quantitative and qualitative HBV DNA tests were conducted using real-time and in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, respectively, targeting the complete HBV X gene. In-house PCR-positive samples were cloned using the P-Gem T-easy vector System II and sequenced. By phylogenetic analysis, X gene sequences were classified as subgenotype A1 (n = 15), A2 (n = 4), and D1 (n = 4), and one dual infection with subgenotypes as A1 and C. The basal core promoter mutations T1753C, A1762T, and G1764A were identified in the majority of sequences. Genotype D sequences had a 6-nucleotide insertion. In conclusion, subgenotype A1 was predominant, and a rare dual infection of HBV genotype A and C was detected. The 6-nucleotide insertion could represent a unique variant in the region and highlights the need for functional studies of HBV X gene variants, particularly from resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu P Gededzha
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tsakani H Sondlane
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesibana A Malinga
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rosemary J Burnett
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ramokone L Lebelo
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Selokela G Selabe
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 173, MEDUNSA, 0204, Pretoria, South Africa.
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18
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Ryan K, Anderson M, Gyurova I, Ambroggio L, Moyo S, Sebunya T, Makhema J, Marlink R, Essex M, Musonda R, Gaseitsiwe S, Blackard JT. High Rates of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx195. [PMID: 29062862 PMCID: PMC5641381 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)–negative but hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA-positive infection—known as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI)—occurs in 1% to >15% of HIV-positive individuals in the United States and South Africa, respectively. However, there are no data on OBI from Botswana, a country known to be hyperendemic for chronic HBV infection and to have a significant HIV burden. Methods Two hundred seventy-two adults enrolled in an HIV treatment study of tenofovir/emtricitabine as the nucleoside backbone who were previously determined to be HBsAg negative were tested for HBV DNA at baseline and 1 year after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Results HBV DNA was detected in 72 of 272 (26.5%). Six individuals (8.3%) had HBV DNA levels greater than 200 IU/mL, and the highest viral load was 3280 IU/mL. Of 65 participants with OBI evaluated at 12 months after initiating HAART, only 1 (1.5%) had detectable HBV DNA. Conclusions Occult HBV infection is quite common in HIV-infected patients in Botswana, although its impact on the course of HIV disease progression is unknown. The suppression of occult HBV DNA levels by tenofovir/emtricitabine suggests an effective therapeutic option, although the long-term suppressive abilities remain unstudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ryan
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Motswedi Anderson
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ivayla Gyurova
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Teresa Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Marlink
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Liao H, Liu Y, Chen J, Ding W, Li X, Xu Z, Yang Y, Chen R, Si L, Xu X, Guo J, Xu D. Characterization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S gene mutations in blood donors with occult HBV infection in the Baoji area of North China. Transfusion 2017; 57:857-866. [PMID: 28236303 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liao
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Yan Liu
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Peking University First Hospital; Beijing China
| | | | - Xiaodong Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Lanlan Si
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Peking University First Hospital; Beijing China
| | | | - Dongping Xu
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine/Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital; Beijing China
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20
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Chen J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Xu Z, Chen R, Si L, Lu S, Li X, Wang S, Zhang K, Li J, Han J, Xu D. Characterization of Novel Hepatitis B Virus PreS/S-Gene Mutations in a Patient with Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155654. [PMID: 27182775 PMCID: PMC4868315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS/S-gene mutations on occult HBV infection (OBI) is not fully understood. This study characterized multiple novel HBV preS/S-gene mutants obtained from an OBI patient. Methods PreS/S-gene mutants were analyzed by clonal sequencing. Viral replication and expression were analyzed by transfecting HBV genomic recombinants into HepG2 cells. Results Twenty-one preS/S-gene mutants were cloned from four sequential serum samples, including 13 mutants that were not previously documented: (1) sI/T126V+sG145R; (2) preS1 nt 3014−3198 deletion; (3) preS1 nt 3046−3177 deletion; (4) preS1 nt 3046−3177 deletion+s115−116 “INGTST” insertion; (5) preS1 nt 3046−3177 deletion+s115−116 “INGTST” insertion+sG145R; (6) preS1 nt 3115−3123 deletion+sQ129N; (7) preS1 nt 3115−3123 deletion+s126−127 “RPCMNCTI” insertion; (8) s115−116 “INGTST” insertion; (9) s115−116 “INGTST” insertion+sG145R; (10) s126−127 “RPCMNCTI” insertion; (11) preS1 nt 2848−2862 deletion+preS2 initiation codon M→I; (12) s122−123 “KSTGLCK” insertion+sQ129N; and (13) preS2 initiation codon M→I+s131−133TSM→NST. The proportion of preS1 nt 3046−3177 deletion and preS2 initiation codon M→I+s131−133TSM→NST mutants increased in the viral pool with prolonged disease. The 13 novel OBI-related mutants showed a 51.2−99.9% decrease in HBsAg levels compared with that of the wild type. Additional N-glycosylation-associated mutations, sQ129N and s131−133TSM→NST, but not s126−127 “RPCMNCTI,” greatly attenuated anti-HBs binding to HBsAg. Compared with the wild type, replication and surface antigen promoter II activity of the preS1 nt 3046−3177 deletion mutant decreased by 43.3% and 97.0%, respectively. Conclusion PreS/S-gene mutations may play coordinated roles in the presentation of OBI and might be associated with disease progression. This has implications for HBV diagnosis and vaccine improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lanlan Si
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of liver disease, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Juqiang Han
- Department of liver disease, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, China
- * E-mail: (DX); (JH)
| | - Dongping Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases/Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- * E-mail: (DX); (JH)
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21
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Powell EA, Boyce CL, Gededzha MP, Selabe SG, Mphahlele MJ, Blackard JT. Functional analysis of 'a' determinant mutations associated with occult HBV in HIV-positive South Africans. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1615-1624. [PMID: 27031988 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Occult hepatitis B is defined by the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult HBV is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, reactivation during immune suppression, and virus transmission. Viral mutations contribute significantly to the occult HBV phenotype. Mutations in the 'a' determinant of HBsAg are of particular interest, as these mutations are associated with immune escape, vaccine escape and diagnostic failure. We examined the effects of selected occult HBV-associated mutations identified in a population of HIV-positive South Africans on HBsAg production in vitro. Mutations were inserted into two different chronic HBV backbones and transfected into a hepatocyte-derived cell line. HBsAg levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the detectability of mutant HBsAg was determined using an HA-tagged HBsAg expression system. Of the seven mutations analysed, four (S132P, C138Y, N146D and C147Y) resulted in decreased HBsAg expression in one viral background but not in the second viral background. One mutation (N146D) led to a decrease in HBsAg detected as compared to HA-tag, indicating that this mutation compromises the ability of the ELISA to detect HBsAg. The contribution of occult-associated mutations to the HBsAg-negative phenotype of occult HBV cannot be determined adequately by testing the effect of the mutation in a single viral background, and rigorous analysis of these mutations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M Jeffrey Mphahlele
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University; South Africa Medical Research Council
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases ML 0595 231 Albert Sabin Way, University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA
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22
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Gededzha MP, Muzeze M, Burnett RJ, Amponsah-Dacosta E, Mphahlele MJ, Selabe SG. Complete genome analysis of hepatitis B virus in human immunodeficiency virus infected and uninfected South Africans. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1560-6. [PMID: 26890489 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are highly endemic in South Africa. Data on the complete genome sequences of HBV in HIV-positive patients in South Africa are scanty. This study characterized the complete HBV genome isolated from both HIV-positive and negative patients at the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital (DGMAH), Pretoria. Serum samples from nine (five HIV-positive and four HIV-negative) patients attending the DGMAH from 2007 to 2011 were serologically tested, amplified, and sequenced for complete genome. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA6.0. Mutations were analyzed by comparing the sequences with genotype-matched GenBank references. Eight patients were HBsAg positive, with only one from the HIV positive group being negative. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome sequences classified them into five genotypes; A1 (n = 4), A2 (n = 1), C1 (n = 2), D1 (n = 1), and D3 (n = 1). Deletions up to 35 nucleotides in length were identified in this study. No drug resistance mutations were identified in the P ORF, while the L217R mutation was identified in one subgenotype A2 sequence. The double (A1762T/G1764A) and triple (T1753C/A1762T/G1764A) mutations in the Basal core promoter were identified in four and two sequences, respectively. In the core region, mutation G1888A was identified in four of the subgenotype A1 sequences. In conclusion, this study has added to the limited South African data on HBV genotypes and mutations in HBV/HIV co-infected and HBV mono-infected patients, based on complete HBV genome analysis. Subgenotype A1 was predominant, and no drug-resistant mutants were detected in the study. J. Med. Virol. 88:1560-1566, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muxe Muzeze
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rosemary J Burnett
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Edina Amponsah-Dacosta
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Selokela G Selabe
- Department of Virology, HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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23
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Lô G, Sow-Sall A, Diop-Ndiaye H, Mandiouba NCID, Thiam M, Diop F, Ndiaye O, Gueye SB, Seck SM, Dioura AAM, Mbow M, Gaye-Diallo A, Mboup S, Touré-Kâne C. Prevalence of hepatitis B markers in Senegalese HIV-1-infected patients. J Med Virol 2015; 88:461-5. [PMID: 26252424 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and to describe the HBV virological profiles among Senegalese HIV-1-infected patients. We conducted a retrospective study between 2006 and 2010 among Senegalese HIV-1-infected patients from the antiretroviral therapy cohort. Samples were screened using Determine(®) HBsAg or MONOLISA(®) POC test. The HBsAg positivity status was confirmed by Architect(®) HBsAg. Detection of HBeAg, anti-HBe Ab, and HBV DNA load were done for the HBsAg-positive samples. Then, Anti-HBcAb was tested for the HBsAg-negative samples. Microsoft Excel was used for data collection and statistical analyses were performed using Epi info 3.5.1. Overall, 466 HIV-infected patients were enrolled including 271 women (58.4%), and 193 men (41.6%) with a median age of 39 years (19-74 years). The global prevalence of HIV/HBV coinfection (HBsAg positive) was 8.8% (41/466). For HBsAg positives samples, the prevalence of HBeAg and the anti-HBeAb were, respectively, 24.4 and 69.2% and the median of HBV DNA viral load, for 27 HBsAg-positive samples, was 3.75 log10 copies/ml. The virological profiles were the following: 7, 15, and 5 patients infected, respectively, by a replicative virus, an inactive virus and a probably mutant virus. For HBsAg-negative samples, 83 out of 109 were positive for anti-HBcAb. This study showed a significant decrease of the prevalence of HBV/HIV coinfection between 2004 and 2014 (P = 0.003), which highlighted the performance of the Senegalese HBV vaccine program. However, implementing a systematic quantification of HBV DNA viral load could improve the monitoring of HBV-infected patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gora Lô
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amina Sow-Sall
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Halimatou Diop-Ndiaye
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Moussa Thiam
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatou Diop
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousseynou Ndiaye
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Sokhna Bousso Gueye
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Moustapha Mbow
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aïssatou Gaye-Diallo
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Coumba Touré-Kâne
- Bacteriology and Virology Laboratory at Le Dantec Teaching Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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