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Horstmann ME, Al Hariri M, Grabitz SD, Bu JB, Apel M, Pfeiffer N, Wasielica-Poslednik J. Prevalence of Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in Corneal Grafts Is Higher than Expected. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2405. [PMID: 37894062 PMCID: PMC10609215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE (1) To determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in donor corneas; (2) To evaluate the clinical outcome of the grafts with viral DNA and to compare donors with and without viral DNA. METHODS We analyzed data from all donors and recipients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) or Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) between September 2022 and March 2023. Donor corneoscleral rims and excised recipients' corneal buttons were tested for the presence of HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, and CMV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results were known 2-3 days after the surgery. We closely followed up on patients whose grafts tested positive for viral DNA. We compared the medical histories of donors with and without viral DNA. RESULTS We included 85 corneas from 67 donors. Seven (8.2%) donor corneas tested positive for HSV-1 (n = 3) or VZV (n = 4) DNA. We did not detect any HSV-2 or CMV DNA. In the postoperative follow-up of patients with positive PCR, a graft failure was observed in one and infections in two eyes. Re-operation was necessary in three of these cases (42.9%). Patients without herpes DNA in the donor cornea needed reoperation in 7.7% of the cases. Cultural duration, the cause of the donor's death, and the death-to-explantation interval did not differ significantly between donors with and without viral DNA. Additionally, 3 of the 7 (42.9%) donors with positive PCR were in a septic status at the time of death, compared to 21 of the 78 (26.9%) donors with negative PCR (p = 0.52). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of herpes DNA in the donor corneas was 8.2% and thus higher than previously reported. We did not notice any evidence for a donor-to-host transmission, but a higher rate of postoperative complications in recipients of the grafts with viral DNA. The donors with and without herpetic DNA did not differ significantly regarding systemic diagnoses or cultural conditions, but sepsis was more frequent in the group with viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ella Horstmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
| | - Mohammad Al Hariri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
| | - Stephanie D. Grabitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
| | - Julia Bing Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
| | - Melissa Apel
- Eye Bank of Rhineland-Palatinate in Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
| | - Joanna Wasielica-Poslednik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany (J.W.-P.)
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Nche EN, Katzir A, Solomon A, Wolf D, Panet A, Lavy I. Occurrence of Herpes Viruses in Morphologically Normal Corneas. Cornea 2023; 42:412-415. [PMID: 36859790 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to detect the occurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 and varicella zoster virus (VZV) DNA in transplanted corneas using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to determine the relationship between latent HSV and VZV and herpetic eye disease in recipients. METHODS This was a retrospective, interventional case series. Samples from 88 donor corneoscleral buttons (CSBs) were collected from the conjunctiva, iris, and endothelium and tested for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV DNA using PCR. All transplanted eyes were evaluated and followed up. The main outcome measures were HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV DNA positivity rates in donor CSBs and the occurrence of herpetic eye disease or graft failure in recipients of positive corneas. RESULTS HSV-1 DNA was detected in 5 (5.7%) of 88 CSBs. HSV-2 was not detected in any CSBs, and VZV was found in 1 (1.2%) of the 82 examined CSBs. One recipient (16.7%) developed dendritic epitheliopathy and keratouveitis typical of HSV 12 months after transplantation, although the graft remained clear after treatment. One cornea was used for a tectonic graft and stayed edematous at the 20-month follow-up. The remaining corneas remained clear. CONCLUSIONS Morphologically normal donor corneas may be PCR-positive for herpes viruses, especially HSV-1. Recipients of herpes-positive corneal grafts could be at risk for herpetic eye disease. Further studies using viral RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR are needed to provide more information on HSV and VZV latency and active replication in donor corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor N Nche
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Teaching Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayala Katzir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Teaching Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Solomon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Teaching Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Department of Virology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Teaching Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel; and
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chanock Center of Virology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itay Lavy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Teaching Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Absence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 replication in ex vivo cultured cornea and cornea-derived epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:435-446. [PMID: 35920896 PMCID: PMC9362677 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 to infect human corneal cells and tissues under standard corneal culture conditions using explants of COVID-19 donors and primary cornea-derived epithelial cells. METHODS Cornea isolated from deceased COVID-19 donors was cultured for 4 weeks, and SARS-CoV-2 replication was monitored by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, primary corneal epithelial cells from healthy donors were cultured ex vivo and infected with SARS-CoV-2 and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as a control. Infection status was assessed by western blotting and reporter gene expression using green fluorescent protein-expressing viral strains. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptor expression levels in cornea and epithelial cells were assessed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We did not detect SARS-CoV-2 replication in 10 corneas isolated from deceased COVID-19 patients and cultured for 4 weeks, indicating absence of infection under natural conditions. Furthermore, high-titer SARS-CoV-2 infection of ex vivo cultured cornea-derived epithelial cells did not result in productive virus replication. In contrast, the same cells were highly permissive for HCMV. This phenotype could potentially be explained by low ACE2 and TMPRSS2 transcriptional activity in cornea and cornea-derived epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that cornea and limbal epithelial cells are refractory to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection. This could be due to the absence of robust receptor expression levels necessary for viral entry. This study adds further evidence to support the very low possibility of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected corneal transplant donor to a recipient in corneal organ cultures.
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Salz AK, Acharya M, Hofmann N, Wittmershaus I, Sangwan V, Börgel M, Mathur U. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission from donor corneal tissue: A review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 69:1592-1597. [PMID: 34011748 PMCID: PMC8302275 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3249_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of respiratory coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, there is an ongoing discussion about whether the virus could be transmitted through corneal transplantation from donor to recipient. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge in the scientific community to provide aid in risk evaluation for potential virus transfer by corneal transplants. Literature was searched in PubMed.gov for relevant articles on coronavirus in conjunction with cornea processing, cornea transplantation and eye banking. Further, guidelines of health authorities and eye banking associations were reviewed. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in ocular swabs and/or fluid of patients with COVID-19. However, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission through these ocular tissues or fluid of patients is judged differently. To date, per literature and official guidelines, no evidence of viable virus in ocular tissue and no cases of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via tissue preparations have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Salz
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH, DGFG), Germany
| | - Manisha Acharya
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Services, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital (SCEH), New Delhi, India
| | - Nicola Hofmann
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH, DGFG), Germany
| | - Ilka Wittmershaus
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH, DGFG), Germany
| | - Virender Sangwan
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Services, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital (SCEH), New Delhi, India
| | - Martin Börgel
- German Society for Tissue Transplantation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gewebetransplantation gGmbH, DGFG), Germany
| | - Umang Mathur
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Services, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital (SCEH), New Delhi, India
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Qu JH, Peng RM, Xiao GG, Qu HQ, Yu T, Zhang S, Hong J. The incidence and influence of the donor corneas positive for herpesviridae DNA in keratoplasty. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:2767-2774. [PMID: 33097979 PMCID: PMC7677267 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We detected the DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in donor corneas and assessed the clinical outcomes of recipients who received virus-positive grafts. Method All donor corneas were analyzed for the presence of HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, and EBV by real-time PCR from April 2017 to July 2019. The medical records of the transplant patients who received virus-positive grafts were reviewed. Result Twenty-three (2.44%) donor cornea buttons tested positive for herpesviridae DNA. The positivity rates of HSV-1, CMV, VZV, and EBV were 0.74%, 0.85%, 0.64%, and 0.21%, respectively. Conclusion We suggest that the corneas from donors who had cancer, donors who were inpatients, and donors who had immunodeficiency or who were on immunosuppressive therapy should be tested for herpesviridae DNA before transplantation. Finally, HSV-1 can be transmitted from graft to recipient, but that CMV cannot be transmitted according to our observations. The donor corneas found to be HSV-1-positive have to be discarded and not used for keratoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Mei Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ge-Ge Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Qu JH, Peng RM, Xiao GG, Qu HQ, Yu T, Zhang S, Hong J. Loss of endothelial cells in viral DNA-positive grafts after keratoplasty: a 2-year follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:26-31. [PMID: 33055089 PMCID: PMC8685643 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare endothelial loss between recipients who received viral DNA-positive grafts and controls 2 years after corneal transplantation. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the clinical data and endothelial cell density of recipients of viral DNA-positive grafts and age-, sex-, aetiology- and operation-matched controls from April 2017 to July 2019 at the Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. RESULTS A total of 23/942 (2.44%) donor corneal buttons tested virus-positive by real-time PCR. A total of 27 recipients (except for 2 recipients) of viral DNA-positive grafts and 48 recipients of viral DNA-negative grafts were included in this study. Recipients of viral DNA-positive grafts had a higher endothelial cell (EC) loss rate post-penetrating keratoplasty and post-descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (p<0.05), but post-deep lamellar keratoplasty, the EC loss rate was similar to that of the controls. Recipients of herpes simplex virus-1-, cytomegalovirus- and varicella-zoster virus-positive grafts all had a higher EC loss rate than the controls during the 12- and 24-month follow-up periods (p<0.05). CONCLUSION We inferred that viruses might be hidden in corneal grafts and mainly incubate in the corneal endothelium. Viral DNA-positive grafts do not need to be replaced immediately and can be followed up for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hao Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Mei Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ge-Ge Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Das Auftreten des neuartigen „schweres akutes respiratorisches Syndrom-Coronavirus-2“ (SARS-CoV‑2) stellt in der Ophthalmologie insbesondere auch die Hornhautbanken vor Herausforderungen, da eine valide Risikoabschätzung für die Entnahme und Prozessierung von Spenderhornhäuten aufgrund weniger Daten schwierig ist. Eine Gefährdung von Transplantatempfängern durch SARS-CoV‑2 erscheint auch aufgrund der Erfahrungen mit dem „schweres akutes respiratorisches Syndrom-Coronavirus(‑1)“ (SARS-CoV(‑1)) und dem „Nahost-Atemwegssyndrom-Coronavirus“ (MERS-CoV) nach wie vor als sehr unwahrscheinlich. Allerdings kann aufgrund des Vorkommens von Angiotensin-konvertierendes Enzym 2 (ACE2)-Rezeptoren in der Hornhaut eine Infektion dieses Gewebes mit SARS-CoV‑2 nicht ganz ausgeschlossen werden. Daher muss diskutiert werden, ob in der Zeit der Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019(COVID‑19)-Pandemie das Organkulturmedium von Spenderhornhäuten vor Transplantation routinemäßig auf SARS-CoV‑2 getestet werden sollte.
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Zhang S, Xiao G, Peng RM, Zhang P, Hong J. Clinical consequences of herpes simplex virus DNA in donor corneas: Different prognosis and management of endothelial keratoplasty and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104508. [PMID: 32554307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still controversy over the necessity of screening donor corneas for herpes simplex virus (HSV). Currently, no study reported the outcomes of different types of keratoplasty with HSV-positive donor corneas. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinical consequences of four patients who underwent keratoplasty by sharing double corneas from a single donor, both of which were positive for HSV-1 DNA by polymerase chain reaction. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective case series study. RESULTS Both patients who underwent endothelial keratoplasty (EK) developed persistent corneal edema with or without keratic precipitates, and mild anterior chamber inflammation on postoperative day 3 and 17 respectively. Despite adequate antiviral treatment, they developed graft detachment subsequently and experienced graft replacement. Transmission electron microscopy showed denuded Descemet's membrane without any endothelial cells on both removed grafts and viral particles were identified within the residual posterior stroma of the thicker graft. As for those who underwent deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, one patient presented with graft rejection for the sake of self-discontinuation of all anti-rejection agents. The other's graft remained clear at the final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS HSV existed in the posterior stromal and endothelial layer of the donor corneas. Reactivation of HSV and severe endothelial loss may occur on corneal endothelial grafts in the early postoperative period while anterior lamellar grafts could be quiescent. Considering the possibility of graft failure caused by viral reactivation, it's of great significance to screen for viral DNA in donor corneas prior to the surgery, especially for EK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education. No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gege Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education. No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Rong-Mei Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education. No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education. No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education. No. 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Desautels JD, Moshirfar M, Martheswaran T, Shmunes KM, Ronquillo YC. Risks Posed to Corneal Transplant Recipients by COVID-19-Affected Donors. Ophthalmol Ther 2020; 9:371-379. [PMID: 32378180 PMCID: PMC7202264 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-020-00254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant human disease, COVID-19, will likely have a significant impact on the corneal tissue donor pool. Current recommendations from the United States and global eye bank associations call for the outright avoidance of tissues from donors recently infected with or exposed to COVID-19. This conservative recommendation is currently appropriate given the reported ocular sequelae, tear film viral detectability, and transmissibility of COVID-19. However, the rapidly increasing global prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 threatens the tenability of current tissue exclusion guidelines, and may necessitate their relaxation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Desautels
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Majid Moshirfar
- Hoopes Vision Research Center, Draper, UT, USA. .,John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT, USA.
| | - Tanisha Martheswaran
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Pennington MR, Ledbetter EC, Van de Walle GR. New Paradigms for the Study of Ocular Alphaherpesvirus Infections: Insights into the Use of Non-Traditional Host Model Systems. Viruses 2017; 9:E349. [PMID: 29156583 PMCID: PMC5707556 DOI: 10.3390/v9110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular herpesviruses, most notably human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) and felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), infect and cause severe disease that may lead to blindness. CHV-1 and FHV-1 have a pathogenesis and induce clinical disease in their hosts that is similar to HSV-1 ocular infections in humans, suggesting that infection of dogs and cats with CHV-1 and FHV-1, respectively, can be used as a comparative natural host model of herpesvirus-induced ocular disease. In this review, we discuss both strengths and limitations of the various available model systems to study ocular herpesvirus infection, with a focus on the use of these non-traditional virus-natural host models. Recent work has demonstrated the robustness and reproducibility of experimental ocular herpesvirus infections in dogs and cats, and, therefore, these non-traditional models can provide additional insights into the pathogenesis of ocular herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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