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Kichatova VS, Potemkin IA, Asadi Mobarkhan FA, Rumyantseva TD, Semenov SI, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. Detection of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in domestic reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:549-556. [PMID: 38156570 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although domestic pigs and wild boars are the main reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes in temperate countries, the presence of antibodies to HEV (anti-HEV) in the indigenous population of circumpolar territories, i.e. outside the habitat of wild and domestic pigs, indicates the presence of an alternative reservoir of the virus. Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) may be a potential reservoir for HEV in the polar regions. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of anti-HEV among domestic reindeer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 497 domestic reindeer from the Oymyakon (n = 425) and Ust-Yansky districts (n = 72) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were tested for anti-HEV. A commercial ELISA kit DS-ELISA-ANTI-HEV-G (Diagnostic Systems-Stolitsa LLC, Russia) was used for detection of anti-HEV IgG, but a rabbit polyclonal antibody against deer IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase (KPL, USA) at a dilution of 1 : 100 in phosphate-buffered saline were used instead of the human specific conjugate from the kit. RESULTS The average detection rate of anti-HEV in reindeer sera was 15.5% (95% CI: 12.6-19.0%). The detection rate of anti-HEV significantly increased with age, from 3.5% (95% CI: 1.1-9.0%) in calves aged 3-6 months to 25.0% (95% CI: 1.6 -36.5%) in deer aged 2-4 years (p < 0.0001). From this age group, anti-HEV detection rates reached a plateau, not differing significantly between older age groups (p > 0.05). The average anti-HEV detection rate among reindeer 2 years of age and older was 19.0% (95% CI: 15.3-23.4%). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of anti-HEV detection between female and male reindeer, both among adult animals and among calves. CONCLUSION The observed anti-HEV detection rates among domestic reindeer in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) indicate that infection caused by HEV or an antigenically similar virus is common in these animals. The dynamics of antibody accumulation in the reindeer population indicates that infection apparently occurs during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Kichatova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | - I A Potemkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | - F A Asadi Mobarkhan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | - S I Semenov
- North-Eastern Federal University named after. M.K. Ammosov
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | - M I Mikhailov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
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2
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Mikhailov MI, Karlsen AA, Potemkin IA, Isaeva OV, Kichatova VS, Malinnikova EY, Asadi Mobarkhan FA, Mullin EV, Lopatukhina MA, Manuylov VA, Mazunina EP, Bykonia EN, Kleymenov DA, Popova LI, Gushchin VA, Tkachuk AP, Polyakov AD, Eladly AM, Solonin SA, Gordeychuk IV, Kyuregyan KK. Geographic and Temporal Variability of Hepatitis E Virus Circulation in the Russian Federation. Viruses 2022; 15:37. [PMID: 36680077 PMCID: PMC9865877 DOI: 10.3390/v15010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors influencing hepatitis E virus (HEV) circulation remain largely unexplored. We investigated HEV seroprevalence in humans and the prevalence of infection in farm pigs and rabbits in different regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the genetic diversity and population dynamics of the HEV. The anti-HEV IgG antibody detection rates in the general population increase significantly with age, from 1.5% in children and adolescents under 20 years old to 4.8% in adults aged between 20 and 59 years old to 16.7% in people aged 60 years and older. HEV seroprevalence varies between regions, with the highest rate observed in Belgorod Region (16.4% compared with the national average of 4.6%), which also has the country's highest pig population. When compared with the archival data, both increases and declines in HEV seroprevalence have been observed within the last 10 years, depending on the study region. Virus shedding has been detected in 19 out of the 21 pig farms surveyed. On one farm, the circulation of the same viral strain for five years was documented. All the human and animal strains belonged to the HEV-3 genotype, with its clade 2 sequences being predominant in pigs. The sequences are from patients, pigs, and sewage from pig farms clustered together, suggesting a zoonotic infection in humans and possible environmental contamination. The HEV-3 population size that was predicted using SkyGrid reconstruction demonstrated exponential growth in the 1970s-1990s, with a subsequent decline followed by a short rise around the year 2010, the pattern being similar to the dynamics of the pig population in the country. The HEV-3 reproduction number (Re) that was predicted using birth-death skyline analysis has fluctuated around 1 over the past 20 years in Russia but is 10 times higher in Belgorod Region. In conclusion, the HEV-3 circulation varies both geographically and temporally, even within a single country. The possible factors contributing to this variability are largely related to the circulation of the virus among farm pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I. Mikhailov
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Medical Faculty, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Karlsen
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Potemkin
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Isaeva
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Kichatova
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Malinnikova
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Asadi Mobarkhan
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeniy V. Mullin
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Lopatukhina
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A. Manuylov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena P. Mazunina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniia N. Bykonia
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Kleymenov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Popova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem P. Tkachuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D. Polyakov
- Skolkovo Territorial Department of Rospotrebnadzor in Moscow, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ahmed Mohammed Eladly
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Botany & Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Sergey A. Solonin
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of the Moscow Health Department, 129090 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen K. Kyuregyan
- Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific and Educational Resource Center for High-Performance Methods of Genomic Analysis, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Øverbø J, Aziz A, Zaman K, Julin CH, Qadri F, Stene-Johansen K, Biswas R, Islam S, Bhuiyan TR, Haque W, Sandbu S, Dembinski JL, Dudman S. Stability and Feasibility of Dried Blood Spots for Hepatitis E Virus Serology in a Rural Setting. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112525. [PMID: 36423134 PMCID: PMC9692628 DOI: 10.3390/v14112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In many low-income countries it causes large outbreaks and disproportionally affects pregnant women and their offspring. Surveillance studies to find effective preventive interventions are needed but are hampered by the lack of funding and infrastructure. Dried blood spots (DBS) offer an easier and more robust way to collect, transport, and store blood samples compared to plasma/serum samples, and could ease some of the barriers for such studies. In this study we optimize an HEV IgG ELISA for DBS samples and validate it on 300 paired DBS and plasma samples collected in rural areas of Bangladesh from participants in a HEV vaccine study. We demonstrate that HEV IgG in blood stored as DBS is stable for two months at up to 40 °C, and for five freeze-thaw cycles. The specificity was 97% and the overall sensitivity of the DBS assay was 81%. The sensitivity was higher in samples from vaccinated participants (100%) compared to previously infected participants (59%), reflecting a positive correlation between IgG titer and sensitivity. We found a strong correlation between DBS and plasma samples with an r2 of 0.90, but with a higher degree of difference between individual paired samples. Our study shows that DBS offers a stable alternative to plasma/serum for HEV IgG measurements and can facilitate serological studies, particularly in resource limited areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Øverbø
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (J.Ø.); (S.D.)
| | - Asma Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - K. Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rajib Biswas
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shaumik Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Warda Haque
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Synne Sandbu
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Susanne Dudman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (J.Ø.); (S.D.)
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4
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Weis-Torres SMDS, França ADO, Granato C, Passarini A, Motta-Castro ARC. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among volunteer blood donors in Central Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2022; 26:102350. [PMID: 35487275 PMCID: PMC9387457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Hematology and Hemotherapy Institute of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (Hemosul) to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) exposure among volunteer blood donors in Central Brazil. Two-hundred fifty samples from the biorepository were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM using the Wantai HEV ELISA test. The seroprevalence of HEV exposure was 6.4% (95% CI: 3.9–10.2). Being born in another state of Brazil, mainly in the Southeast and South regions, was associated with a higher risk of HEV exposure (p < 0.001).
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5
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Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies against genotype 1 hepatitis E virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8505-8516. [PMID: 34633486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E, a significant global public health issue in China, is caused by sporadic infections with regional hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1, 3, and 4. To date, most immunoassays currently used to test human sera for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies cannot identify HEV at the genotype level. However, such information would be useful for identifying the source of infecting virus. Therefore, here we describe the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting anti-genotype 1 HEV antibodies in human sera. Using recombinant genotype 1 HEV ORF3 protein as immunogen, traditional hybridoma technology was employed to generate seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), of which two mAbs specifically reacted with the immunogen. One of these two mAbs, 1D2, was labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for use in competitive ELISA (cELISA). After cELISA optimization using a checkerboard assay design, the amount of ORF3SAR-55 as coating antigen (100 ng/well), HRP-1D2 mAb concentration (1 μg/mL), and test serum dilution (1:10) were selected and a result ≥ 19.5 was used as the cutoff for a positive result. Importantly, cross-genotype cELISA results indicated that the cELISA could not detect anti-genotype 3 rabbit and 4 swine HEV antibodies. Moreover, human sera confirmed as negative for anti-HEV antibodies using the commercial ELISA kit were all negative via cELISA. However, because the commercial ELISA kit detects anti-all genotypes HEV antibodies and the cELISA only detects anti-genotype 1 HEV antibodies, the consistence rate of two assays detecting positive sera is low. In summary, here a cELISA for detecting anti-genotype 1 HEV antibodies was developed for use in epidemiological investigations of genotype 1 HEV infections in humans. KEY POINTS: • Seven mAbs were produced using genotype 1 HEV ORF3 protein as immunogen. • One mAb that specifically bound to genotype 1 HEV ORF3 protein was selected and labeled for use in a cELISA to detect anti-genotype 1 HEV antibodies. • The competitive ELISA developed here will aid clinical diagnosis of HEV infections and will be useful for large-scale serological testing of genotype 1 HEV infections in humans.
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6
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Azman AS, Paul KK, Bhuiyan TR, Koyuncu A, Salje H, Qadri F, Gurley ES. Hepatitis E in Bangladesh: Insights from a National Serosurvey. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:S805-S812. [PMID: 34549775 PMCID: PMC8687073 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 are a major cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality in South Asia. Despite the high risk of death among infected pregnant women, scarce incidence data has been a contributing factor to global policy recommendations against the introduction of licensed hepatitis E vaccines, one of the only effective prevention tools. Methods We tested serum from a nationally representative serosurvey in Bangladesh for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G and estimated seroprevalence. We used Bayesian geostatistical models to generate high-resolution maps of seropositivity and examined variability in seropositivity by individual-level, household-level, and community-level risk factors using spatial logistic regression. Results We tested serum samples from 2924 individuals from 70 communities representing all divisions of Bangladesh and estimated a national seroprevalence of 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%–24%). Seropositivity increased with age and male sex (odds ratio, 2.2 male vs female; 95% CI, 1.8–2.8). Community-level seroprevalence ranged widely (0–78%) with higher seroprevalence in urban areas, including Dhaka, with a 3.0-fold (95% credible interval, 2.3–3.7) higher seroprevalence than the rest of the country. Conclusions Hepatitis E infections are common throughout Bangladesh. Strengthening surveillance for hepatitis E, especially in urban areas, can provide additional evidence to appropriately target interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.,Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Aybüke Koyuncu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Emily S Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
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7
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Slukinova OS, Kyuregyan KK, Karlsen AA, Potemkin IA, Kichatova VS, Semenov SI, Stepanov KM, Rumyantseva TD, Mikhailov MI. Serological Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus Circulation Among Reindeer and Reindeer Herders. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:546-551. [PMID: 34010077 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various deer species are infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV) and may be a source of zoonotic infection for humans. So far, HEV has not been isolated from reindeer and the role of this domesticated deer species in HEV transmission is unknown. We tested serum samples from 191 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and 86 adult reindeer herders from the circumpolar regions of Yakutia (Russian Federation) for anti-HEV and HEV RNA. Anti-HEV IgG prevalence was 12.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 8.1-17.5) in reindeer and 4.7% (95% CI: 1.5-11.7) in reindeer herders. The latter was similar to the positivity rate observed in adult residents of the city of Yakutsk, the capital of Yakutia, who do not have routine contact with reindeer (3.7% [19/519, 95% CI: 2.3-5.7]). No samples positive for HEV RNA were identified. The study provides evidence of HEV circulation in reindeer. Nevertheless, the low seroprevalence in reindeer herders indicate a low risk of zoonotic HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Slukinova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karen K Kyuregyan
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Karlsen
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A Potemkin
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S Kichatova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Semenov
- Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University Named After M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Konstantin M Stepanov
- Arctic State Agrotechnological University, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Tatyana D Rumyantseva
- Arctic State Agrotechnological University, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
| | - Mikhail I Mikhailov
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Viral Hepatitis, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in risk populations and blood donors in a referral hospital in the south of Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6011. [PMID: 33727656 PMCID: PMC7966736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies has a high heterogeneity worldwide. South American data are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV in populations at risk in comparison to blood donors (BD). A cross-sectional study was carried out in adults of different risk populations including crack users (CK), residents in a low income area (LIA), cirrhotic (CIR) and liver transplant patients (LT) compared with BD. The WANTAI HEV ELISA test was used and real-time PCR (in-house for screening and ALTONA as confirmatory test) for HEV RNA screening. A total of 400 participants were included. Anti-HEV IgG was positive in 19.5% of the total sample, reaching the highest rate in the CIR group, 22.5%, followed by CK, LT, and LIA (20%, 18.7%, and 17.5%, respectively). The prevalence found in BD individuals was of 18.7% (p = NS). Anti-HEV IgM was positive in only 1.5% of the sample (6/400). No blood or stools samples were positive for HEV RNA. The seroprevalence reported is among the highest rates ever found in Brazil. Considering the intense diagnostic investigation, data show that HEV circulation is more common that might be expected in our country.
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9
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Kmush BL, Lu AM, Spillane T, Hruska B, Gump BB, Bendinskas KG. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in adults and children from upstate New York: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245850. [PMID: 33497387 PMCID: PMC7837474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis around the world, especially in developing countries. Recently, HEV has also been recognized as important cause of hepatitis in Europe and Japan, however, there is a paucity of clinical data from the United States. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies is around 10% in the United States, but considerable variation is seen based on geographic location, year, and assay used. In this study, 63 adults and 417 children from New York State were tested for anti-HEV IgG antibodies using the commercially available Wantai IgG assay. The overall seroprevalence of HEV antibodies among adult participants was 9.52% (95% CI: 3.58–19.59%). Positive adults tended to be older than HEV negative adults, all positive adults were female. Only 3 (0.7%, 95% CI:: 0.15–2.09%) of the children were positive, all positive children were male. These results are consistent with global and United States trends in HEV seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Kmush
- Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia M. Lu
- Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Taylor Spillane
- Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Bryce Hruska
- Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Brooks B. Gump
- Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Kestutis G. Bendinskas
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Oswego, New York, United States of America
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Bagulo H, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Hepatitis E in Sub Saharan Africa - A significant emerging disease. One Health 2020; 11:100186. [PMID: 33204807 PMCID: PMC7653283 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging endemic disease found across the African continent, but there are clear differences in epidemiology between North Africa and countries south of the Sahara. In this systematic review, Google scholar and PubMed databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles on HEV epidemiology. Publications meeting our inclusion criteria were critically reviewed to extract consistent findings and identify knowledge gaps. Hepatitis E has been reported in 25 of the 49 countries in Sub Saharan Africa. Mortality rates of 1–2% in the general population and ~ 20% in pregnant women. Outbreaks were closely linked to refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in camps which accounted for 50% of reported outbreaks. There was very little research and concrete evidence for sources of contamination and transmission routes. There are indications of zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E Virus infection but further research in these fields is required. No data from 50% of African countries Outbreaks closely linked to refugee and IDP camps Little data on sources of HEV contamination Indications but little evidence of zoonotic transmission Low awareness amongst health professionals and general public
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Affiliation(s)
- Husein Bagulo
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ayodele O Majekodunmi
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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11
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Alatortseva GI, Dotsenko VV, Nesterenko LN, Luhverchik LN, Kabargina VY, Amiantova II, Zhukina MV, Zhavoronok SV, Nurmatov ZS, Nurmatov AZ, Zverev VV. [Line immunoassay for detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus, Orthohepevirus A)]. Vopr Virusol 2020; 65:132-142. [PMID: 33533215 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-3-132-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnostic efficacy of methods for hepatitis E serodiagnostic varies over a wide range; therefore, the combined use of tests of various formats is recommended. The aim of the research was to develop a test system for the detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in human serum by linear immunoassay (LIA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum samples from patients with hepatitis and healthy individuals were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems for the presence of IgG antibodies to viral agents causing hepatitis and other infections associated with liver pathology. Recombinant antigens ORF2 and ORF3 of HEV genotypes 1 and 3 were used. The "RecomLine HEV IgG/IgM" reagent kit (Mikrogen GmbH, Germany) was used as a comparison test system. RESULTS The first Russian diagnostic kit "Blot-HEV", designed to detect IgG antibodies to individual HEV proteins in human serum using LIA, was developed. The antigenic base is represented by strips of a nitrocellulose membrane with immobilized recombinant antigens ORF2 (aa 406-660) and ORF3 (aa 1-113) of HEV genotypes 1 and 3, and control antigens in the form of discrete lines. The conjugate was mouse monoclonal antibodies to human class G immunoglobulins labeled with horseradish peroxidase. The chromogen solution contained the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. A visual and digital recording of results was provided. The analytical sensitivity of the test kit was 0.625 IU/ml for ORF2 antigens and 2.5 IU/ml for ORF3 antigens. The absence of the influence of endogenous interfering substances on the results of the analysis and the absence of cross-reactions with antibodies to hepatitis pathogens of the other etiologies had been shown. The sensitivity of the test system compared to the "RecomLine HEV IgG/IgM" kit was 92%, specificity 97%. Shelf life in condition of storage was determined to be 12 months. CONCLUSIONS The developed test can be used to confirm the results of ELISA in laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V V Dotsenko
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | | | | | - I I Amiantova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | - M V Zhukina
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
| | | | - Z S Nurmatov
- Scientific Production Association "Preventive Medicine" Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic
| | - A Z Nurmatov
- Scientific Production Association "Preventive Medicine" Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic
| | - V V Zverev
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera
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12
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Miernyk KM, Bruden D, Parkinson AJ, Hurlburt D, Klejka J, Berner J, Stoddard RA, Handali S, Wilkins PP, Kersh GJ, Fitzpatrick K, Drebot MA, Priest JW, Pappert R, Petersen JM, Teshale E, Hennessy TW, Bruce MG. Human Seroprevalence to 11 Zoonotic Pathogens in the U.S. Arctic, Alaska. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:563-575. [PMID: 30789314 PMCID: PMC10874833 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to their close relationship with the environment, Alaskans are at risk for zoonotic pathogen infection. One way to assess a population's disease burden is to determine the seroprevalence of pathogens of interest. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of 11 zoonotic pathogens in people living in Alaska. Methods: In a 2007 avian influenza exposure study, we recruited persons with varying wild bird exposures. Using sera from this study, we tested for antibodies to Cryptosporidium spp., Echinococcus spp., Giardia intestinalis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp., Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, California serogroup bunyaviruses, and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Results: Eight hundred eighty-seven persons had sera tested, including 454 subsistence bird hunters and family members, 160 sport bird hunters, 77 avian wildlife biologists, and 196 persons with no wild bird exposure. A subset (n = 481) of sera was tested for California serogroup bunyaviruses. We detected antibodies to 10/11 pathogens. Seropositivity to Cryptosporidium spp. (29%), California serotype bunyaviruses (27%), and G. intestinalis (19%) was the most common; 63% (301/481) of sera had antibodies to at least one pathogen. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, Cryptosporidium spp. seropositivity was higher in females (35.7% vs. 25.0%; p = 0.01) and G. intestinalis seropositivity was higher in males (21.8% vs. 15.5%; p = 0.02). Alaska Native persons were more likely than non-Native persons to be seropositive to C. burnetii (11.7% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.005) and less likely to be seropositive to HEV (0.4% vs. 4.1%; p = 0.01). Seropositivity to Cryptosporidium spp., C. burnetii, HEV, and Echinococcus granulosus was associated with increasing age (p ≤ 0.01 for all) as was seropositivity to ≥1 pathogen (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Seropositivity to zoonotic pathogens is common among Alaskans with the highest to Cryptosporidium spp., California serogroup bunyaviruses, and G. intestinalis. This study provides a baseline for use in assessing seroprevalence changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Alan J. Parkinson
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Debby Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | | | - James Berner
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Robyn A. Stoddard
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sukwan Handali
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia P. Wilkins
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gilbert J. Kersh
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly Fitzpatrick
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mike A. Drebot
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Priest
- Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ryan Pappert
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeannine M. Petersen
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Eyasu Teshale
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas W. Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska
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13
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Performance characteristics of the VIDAS® ANTI-HEV IgM and IgG assays. J Clin Virol 2019; 112:10-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Ticehurst JR, Pisanic N, Forman MS, Ordak C, Heaney CD, Ong E, Linnen JM, Ness PM, Guo N, Shan H, Nelson KE. Probable transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) via transfusion in the United States. Transfusion 2019; 59:1024-1034. [PMID: 30702157 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can inapparently infect blood donors. To assess transfusion transmission of HEV in the United States, which has not been documented, a donor-recipient repository was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To identify donations that contained HEV RNA and were linked to patient-recipients with antibody evidence of HEV exposure, we assayed samples from the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS) Allogeneic Donor and Recipient repository that represents 13,201 linked donations and 3384 transfused patients. Posttransfusion samples, determined to contain IgG anti-HEV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were reassayed along with corresponding pretransfusion samples for seroconversion (incident exposure) or at least fourfold IgG anti-HEV increase (reexposure). HEV-exposed patients were linked to donations in which HEV RNA was then detected by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, confirmed by transcription-mediated amplification, and phylogenetically analyzed as subgenomic cDNA sequences. RESULTS Among all patients, 19 of 1036 (1.8%) who had IgG anti-HEV before transfusion were reexposed; 40 of 2348 (1.7%) without pretransfusion IgG anti-HEV seroconverted. These 59 patients were linked to 257 donations, 1 of which was positive by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and transcription-mediated amplification. Plasma from this donation contained 5.5 log IU/mL of HEV RNA that grouped with HEV genotype 3, clade 3abchij. The patient-recipient of RBCs from this donation had a greater than eightfold IgG increase; however, clinical data are unavailable. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of probable HEV transmission via transfusion in the United States, although it has been frequently observed in Europe and Japan. Additional data on the magnitude of the risk in the United States are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ticehurst
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael S Forman
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carly Ordak
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Paul M Ness
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nan Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua Shan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kenrad E Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Horn J, Hoodgarzadeh M, Klett-Tammen CJ, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, Ott JJ. Epidemiologic estimates of hepatitis E virus infection in European countries. J Infect 2018; 77:544-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Yang H, Wu J, Yuan Y, Huang W, Jia B. Retrospectively seroprevalence study on anti-HEV-IgG antibody in patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis in a Chinese teaching hospital. J Med Virol 2018; 91:437-443. [PMID: 30307619 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody positive rate in patients with different types of chronic hepatitis (CH) or cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 1751 hospitalized patients were chart reviewed, who were diagnosed with mono-CH or cirrhosis between 2011 and 2016. RESULTS The total anti-HEV-IgG positive rate was 1.33% (13/981) in CH patients, which was significantly lower than that (6.49%; 50/770) in cirrhosis patients (odds ratio [OR], 4.78 [2.51-9.10]; P = 0.00). The comparison of positive rate of anti-HEV-IgG between the same etiology CH and cirrhosis groups was as follows: chronic hepatitis B 1.27% (10/790) versus hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis 4.21% (22/522) (OR, 3.04 [1.36-6.77]; P = 0.00); chronic alcoholic hepatitis 1.41% (1/71) versus alcoholic cirrhosis 9.40% (11/117) (OR, 8.00 [1.00-64.25]; P = 0.03); chronic autoimmune hepatitis 1.69% (1/59) versus autoimmune cirrhosis 13.33% (12/90) (OR, 13.11 [1.49-115.27]; P = 0.01); the differences above were statistically significant. And chronic hepatitis C 3.23% (1/31) versus hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis 10.81% (4/37) (OR, 4.40 [0.45-43.53]; P > 0.05); chronic NASH 0.00% (0/30) versus NASH-related cirrhosis 25.00% (1/4) (P > 0.05), the differences were not statistically significant. Anti-HEV-IgG positive rates were also compared among different types of CH groups and no significant difference was found. Likewise, anti-HEV-IgG positive rate was compared among different types of cirrhosis groups, showing that the positive rates of both alcoholic cirrhosis (9.40%) and autoimmune cirrhosis (13.33%) were significantly higher than that of HBV-related cirrhosis (4.21%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We observed that the cirrhosis patients had a significantly higher anti-HEV-IgG positive rate comparing with the CH patients, especially in those with HBV-related, alcohol-related, and autoimmune-related cirrhosis (after adjusted for age). Additionally, it seems that the conditions of alcoholic cirrhosis and autoimmune cirrhosis are more susceptible to HEV infection due to the significantly higher positive anti-HEV-IgG rate in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Respiratory Department of Chengdu Sixth People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Infectious Diseases Department of People's Hospital of Fengjie, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Intensive Care Department of Chongqing Ninth People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Chongqing, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Chongqing, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Hepatitis E virus infection in Wuhan, Central China. Arch Virol 2018; 164:27-32. [PMID: 30229302 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent virus of global importance. Previous studies of HEV infection in China mainly focused on the rural areas. This work aims to study the epidemiology of HEV in a large urban environment. With a registered population of 10 million, the dense city of Wuhan presents itself as a prime opportunity to better understand this emergent virus. The epidemiological data from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed. A cross-sectional study on the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG was conducted among the general population (age range 0-59) in 2013. Serum and fecal samples of hepatitis E patients were collected over a period of two years: serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG, and fecal samples were tested for HEV-RNA. The overall seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 35% in Wuhan. Among 415 hepatitis E patients, 286 cases (68.9%) were positive for HEV-IgM, 108 cases (26%) were positive for HEV-IgG alone, and 21 cases (5.1%) were negative for both IgM and IgG. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected genotype of HEV was genotype 4. Reported cases occurred sporadically throughout the year with the peak value appearing in the first quarter and a large proportion of male cases (2.1:1). The incidence increased with age for persons under 60 years, reaching its peak level after 60 years of age. Wuhan is endemic for HEV with its currently detected genotype being genotype 4. It is estimated that 68.9% hepatitis E cases were due to primary infection between 2012 and 2013 in Wuhan.
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18
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Bai MJ, Zhou N, Dong W, Li GX, Cong W, Zhu XQ. Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis E virus infection in cancer patients in eastern China. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 71:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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19
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Landry ML, Kamili S, Jain D. Subacute liver failure due to autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in an elderly man in the United States. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Greco L, Uceda Renteria SC, Guarneri D, Orlandi A, Zoccoli A, Benardon S, Cusini M, Lunghi G. HEV and HAV seroprevalence in men that have sex with men (MSM): An update from Milan, Italy. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1323-1327. [PMID: 29446470 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a feco-orally transmitted pathogen and one of the most common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Recent studies in developed countries suggested that a direct human-to-human contact such as for sexually transmitted diseases may play a significant role in the HEV spread. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of HEV and HAV in a group of MSM, including subjects HIV, and Treponema infected, in Milan, Italy. The overall anti HEV IgG seroprevalence in MSM was 10.2% (65/636), instead in the control group the detection rate was 5.2% (15/288) (P < 0.05); the anti HAV seroprevalence was 42.8% in MSM, when in the control group the positivity rate was 29.2% (P < 0.05). The rate of coinfection HEV/HAV was 14.6% in MSM and 1% in control group (P < 0.05). In the future, sexual history, HIV status, and STI risk might address specific investigations to prevent spread of pathogens such HEV in MSM, before becoming a substantial public health problem like for HAV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Greco
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara C Uceda Renteria
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Guarneri
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Orlandi
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Zoccoli
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Benardon
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cusini
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lunghi
- Virology Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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21
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Zafrullah M, Zhang X, Tran C, Nguyen M, Kamili S, Purdy MA, Stramer SL. Disparities in detection of antibodies against hepatitis E virus in US blood donor samples using commercial assays. Transfusion 2018. [PMID: 29520800 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody assay performance characteristics are variable. Using a subset of surplus US blood donation samples, we compared assays for detecting anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (Ig)M and IgG or total anti-HEV antibodies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Samples from 5040 random blood donations, all HEV-RNA negative, collected primarily in the midwestern United States in 2015 were tested for anti-HEV IgM and IgG or total anti-HEV using assays manufactured by Diagnostic Systems, Wantai, and MP Biomedicals. RESULTS Overall, the percentage of detection for anti-HEV IgG and total anti-HEV was 11.4%, and for anti-HEV IgM was 1.8%. Nine samples were reactive for anti-HEV IgM by all assays, giving a recent infection rate of 0.18%. Anti-HEV IgG/total anti-HEV detection rates increased with age. Interassay agreement was higher among the IgG anti-HEV/total anti-HEV assays (84%) than the IgM assays (22%). Regression analyses of signal-to-cutoff ratios from IgG/total antibody assay were heteroskedastic, indicating no constant variance among these assays, suggesting they may detect different epitopes or were affected by waning or less avid antibodies in the US donor population. CONCLUSIONS Although similar percentages of IgG anti-HEV/total anti-HEV detection were observed across the three commercial assays, each assay detected a unique sample subpopulation and was heteroskedastic when compared pairwise. Discordance was higher among anti-HEV IgM assays, but a recent HEV infection rate of at least 0.18% was estimated based on assay concordance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafrullah
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiugen Zhang
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Coleen Tran
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,MiMex, Marietta, Georgia
| | - Megan Nguyen
- American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, Maryland.,US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Saleem Kamili
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael A Purdy
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Al-Sadeq DW, Majdalawieh AF, Mesleh AG, Abdalla OM, Nasrallah GK. Laboratory challenges in the diagnosis of hepatitis E virus. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:466-480. [PMID: 29485390 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an RNA virus that is an important cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide. To date, there are eight HEV genotypes that can infect mammals. HEV-1 and HEV-2 infect exclusively humans, while HEV-3 and HEV-4 infect humans and various animals, mainly pigs and deer. Additionally, two new genotypes (HEV-5 and HEV-6) infect mainly wild boar. Recently, newly discovered genotypes HEV-7 and HEV-8 were found to infect camels and possibly humans. Nevertheless, the epidemiological distribution of HEV-7 is not well established. HEV-8 is another newly discovered genotype that was identified in 2016 in Chinese Bactrian camels. Although faecal-oral transmission is the most common route of HEV transmission, HEV can be vertically transmitted from infected mothers to their fetuses. HEV may also spread by zoonotic transmission from infected animals to humans and through person-to-person contact. Nowadays, since the number of reported cases linked to blood donations is increasing annually, HEV is recognized as a transfusion-transmitted virus. Laboratory diagnostic techniques vary in their specificity and sensitivity for HEV detection. Direct techniques allow for detection of the viral proteins, antigens and viral nucleic acid, while HEV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies can help establish a diagnosis in acute and chronic infections. In this review, we will discuss recent technologies in the laboratory diagnosis of HEV, including serological and molecular methods to assess the specificity and sensitivity of currently available HEV commercial assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin F Majdalawieh
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Areej G Mesleh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omnya M Abdalla
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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23
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Mauceri C, Grazia Clemente M, Castiglia P, Antonucci R, Schwarz KB. Hepatitis E in Italy: A silent presence. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:1-8. [PMID: 28864359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was discovered in the 1980s and has been considered as being confined to developing countries. The purpose of this critical review was to determine the reported HEV seroprevalence rates in Italy, to identify predisposing factors and individuals at risk and to assess possible importation of HEV by immigrants. A critical review of 159 articles published in PubMed from 1994 to date was done. Only 27 original reports of 50 or more subjects, written in the English or Italian language, were included. Over three decades, the HEV seroprevalence varied from 0.12% to 49%, with the highest rates being reported from the central region of Italy. Risk factors included ingestion of raw pork or potentially contaminated food. The seroprevalence among immigrants ranged from 15.3% to 19.7% in Apulia. Italy has a population of 60656000; the total number of individuals surveyed was only 21.882 (0.036%). A national epidemiological survey program is needed to capture more comprehensive seroprevalence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mauceri
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari Medical School, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Clemente
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari Medical School, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Castiglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Unit, University-AOU of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Roberto Antonucci
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari Medical School, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Pediatric Liver Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21287, MD, USA.
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