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Li S, Xie Y, Yu C, Zheng C, Xu Z. The battle between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion by cytomegalovirus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:341. [PMID: 39120730 PMCID: PMC11335264 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has successfully established a long-lasting latent infection in humans due to its ability to counteract the host antiviral innate immune response. During coevolution with the host, the virus has evolved various evasion techniques to evade the host's innate immune surveillance. At present, there is still no vaccine available for the prevention and treatment of CMV infection, and the interaction between CMV infection and host antiviral innate immunity is still not well understood. However, ongoing studies will offer new insights into how to treat and prevent CMV infection and its related diseases. Here, we update recent studies on how CMV evades antiviral innate immunity, with a focus on how CMV proteins target and disrupt critical adaptors of antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. This review also discusses some classic intrinsic cellular defences that are crucial to the fight against viral invasion. A comprehensive review of the evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by CMV will help investigators identify new therapeutic targets and develop vaccines against CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuanyang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Chen H, Jian Z, Xu T, Xu L, Deng L, Shao L, Zhang L, He L, Li Y, Zhu L. Advances in the mechanism of inflammasomes activation in herpes virus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346878. [PMID: 38590522 PMCID: PMC10999540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses, prevalent DNA viruses with a double-stranded structure, establish enduring infections and play a part in various diseases. Despite their deployment of multiple tactics to evade the immune system, both localized and systemic inflammatory responses are triggered by the innate immune system's recognition of them. Recent progress has offered more profound understandings of the mechanisms behind the activation of the innate immune system by herpesviruses, specifically through inflammatory signaling. This process encompasses the initiation of an intracellular nucleoprotein complex, the inflammasome associated with inflammation.Following activation, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 are released by the inflammasome, concurrently instigating a programmed pathway for cell death. Despite the structural resemblances between herpesviruses, the distinctive methods of inflammatory activation and the ensuing outcomes in diseases linked to the virus exhibit variations.The objective of this review is to emphasize both the similarities and differences in the mechanisms of inflammatory activation among herpesviruses, elucidating their significance in diseases resulting from these viral infections.Additionally, it identifies areas requiring further research to comprehensively grasp the impact of this crucial innate immune signaling pathway on the pathogenesis of these prevalent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourui Chen
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youyou Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Luo B. The role of pyroptosis in viral infection. Arch Virol 2024; 169:69. [PMID: 38456965 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis, also known as inflammatory necrosis, is a form of programmed cell death, which is an important natural immune response. Pyroptosis plays a major role in combating pathogenic infections. The mechanism of pyroptosis is distinct from other forms of cell death and is characterized by its dependence on inflammatory caspases (mainly caspases 1, 4, 5, and 11). Activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory vesicles is involved in caspase-1 activation and cleavage, which in turn triggers cleavage and multimerization of multiple gasdermin family members, including gasdermin-D (GSDMD). This further leads to cell perforation and cellular distension, causing cell membrane rupture, resulting in a massive efflux of cell contents, which triggers inflammatory reactions. In recent years, detailed study of viral diseases, has demonstrated that pyroptosis is closely associated with the development of viral diseases. This article focuses on the mechanism of pyroptosis and the connection between pyroptosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhu W, Zhu W, Wang S, Liu S, Zhang H. UCHL1 deficiency upon HCMV infection induces vascular endothelial inflammatory injury mediated by mitochondrial iron overload. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 211:96-113. [PMID: 38081437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomeglovirus (HCMV) infection predisposes blood vessels to atherosclerosis (AS) and post-transplantation restenosis, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Here, we found that HCMV infection activates AIM2 inflammasome and pyroptosis in vascular endothelial cells by inducing mitochondrial iron overload. Mechanistically, under normal conditions, ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) was identified as a DUB enzyme that interacts with, deubiquitylates, and stabilizes ferredoxin reductase (FDXR), an important mitochondrial protein that regulates mitochondral iron homeostasis. However, HCMV infection induces the aberrantly elevated m6A modification and R-loops, the three-stranded DNA-DNA:RNA hybrid structures. The expression of UCHL1 was remarkably reduced by m6A modification-mediated mRNA decay and R-loop-dependent transcriptional termination after HCMV infection. Deficiency of UCHL1 causes ubiquitination and degradation of FDXR. Loss of FDXR induces the mitochondrial iron overload, which consequently leads to AIM2 inflammasome activation and endothelial injury. Moreover, both downregulation expression of UCHL1 and related inflammatory injury in vascular endothelium was observed in MCMV-infected mice. Notably, STM2457, a METTL3 specific inhibitor, restores the expression of UCHL1 upon HCMV infection, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory injury of vascular endothelial cells. Our findings delineate a novel mechnism involved in HCMV-induced inflammatory injury to vascular endothelium and implicate the role of METTL3 inhibitor as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Medical Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wentong Zhu
- Unchained Labs (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
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5
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Deng Y, Ostermann E, Brune W. A cytomegalovirus inflammasome inhibitor reduces proinflammatory cytokine release and pyroptosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:786. [PMID: 38278864 PMCID: PMC10817922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, cells can initiate programmed cell death (PCD), leading to a reduction in the release of viral progeny. Viruses have therefore evolved specific mechanisms to curb PCD. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are sophisticated manipulators of cellular defenses and encode potent inhibitors of apoptosis and necroptosis. However, a CMV inhibitor of pyroptosis has not been clearly identified and characterized. Here we identify the mouse cytomegalovirus M84 protein as an inhibitor of pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine release. M84 interacts with the pyrin domain of AIM2 and ASC to inhibit inflammasome assembly. It thereby prevents Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-18, and Gasdermin D. Growth attenuation of an M84-deficient MCMV in macrophages is rescued by knockout of either Aim2 or Asc or by treatment with a Caspase-1 inhibitor, and its attenuation in infected mice is partially rescued in Asc knockout mice. Thus, viral inhibition of the inflammasome-pyroptosis pathway is important to promote viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Deng
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.
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Wu N, Zheng C, Xu J, Ma S, Jia H, Yan M, An F, Zhou Y, Qi J, Bian H. Race between virus and inflammasomes: inhibition or escape, intervention and therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1173505. [PMID: 37465759 PMCID: PMC10351387 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that further regulates cell pyroptosis and inflammation by activating caspase-1. The assembly and activation of inflammasome are associated with a variety of diseases. Accumulative studies have shown that inflammasome is a key modulator of the host's defense response to viral infection. Indeed, it has been established that activation of inflammasome occurs during viral infection. At the same time, the host has evolved a variety of corresponding mechanisms to inhibit unnecessary inflammasome activation. Therefore, here, we review and summarize the latest research progress on the interaction between inflammosomes and viruses, highlight the assembly and activation of inflammosome in related cells after viral infection, as well as the corresponding molecular regulatory mechanisms, and elucidate the effects of this activation on virus immune escape and host innate and adaptive immune defenses. Finally, we also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or ameliorate viral infection-related diseases via targeting inflammasomes and its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunzhi Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meizhu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxiang An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Bodro M, Cervera C, Linares L, Suárez B, Llopis J, Sanclemente G, Casadó-Llombart S, Fernández-Ruiz M, Fariñas MC, Cantisan S, Montejo M, Cordero E, Oriol I, Marcos MA, Lozano F, Moreno A. Polygenic Innate Immunity Score to Predict the Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection in CMV D+/R- Transplant Recipients. A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897912. [PMID: 36016941 PMCID: PMC9397545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic polymorphisms of the innate immune system have been described to increase the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in transplant patients. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a polygenic score to predict CMV infection and disease in high risk CMV transplant recipients (heart, liver, kidney or pancreas). On hundred and sixteen CMV-seronegative recipients of grafts from CMV-seropositive donors undergoing heart, liver, and kidney or pancreas transplantation from 7 centres were prospectively included for this purpose during a 2-year period. All recipients received 100-day prophylaxis with valganciclovir. CMV infection occurred in 61 patients (53%) at 163 median days from transplant, 33 asymptomatic replication (28%) and 28 CMV disease (24%). Eleven patients (9%) had recurrent CMV infection. Clinically and/or functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, AIM2, MBL2, IL28, IFI16, MYD88, IRAK2 and IRAK4 were assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or sequence-based typing (PCR-SBT). A polygenic score including the TLR4 (rs4986790/rs4986791), TLR9 (rs3775291), TLR3 (rs3775296), AIM2 (rs855873), TLR7 (rs179008), MBL (OO/OA/XAO), IFNL3/IL28B (rs12979860) and IFI16 (rs6940) SNPs was built based on the risk of CMV infection and disease. The CMV score predicted the risk of CMV disease with an AUC of the model of 0.68, with sensitivity and specificity of 64.3 and 71.6%, respectively. Even though further studies are needed to validate this score, its use would represent an effective model to develop more robust scores predicting the risk of CMV disease in donor/recipient mismatch (D+/R-) transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bodro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Bodro,
| | - Carlos Cervera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laura Linares
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Suárez
- Immunology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Llopis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Sanclemente
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Sistems, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Fariñas
- University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla”, Instituto de Investigación “Marqués de Valdecilla” (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Sara Cantisan
- Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Montejo
- Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elisa Cordero
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío and Virgen Macarena University Hospitals/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Oriol
- University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Angeles Marcos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive Sistems, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asunción Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona - Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses that cause lifelong infections and are associated with a variety of diseases. While they have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade the immune system, they are all recognized by the innate immune system, which can lead to both localized and systemic inflammation. A more recently appreciated mechanism of herpesvirus innate immune activation is through inflammasome signaling. The inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex that, when activated, leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18, and activation of the inflammatory programed cell death pathway known as pyroptosis. Despite the herpesviruses sharing a similar structure, their mechanisms of inflammasome activation and the consequences of inflammasome activation in cases of virus-associated disease are not uniform. This review will highlight the similarities and differences among herpesviruses with regard to their mechanisms of inflammasome activation and impacts on diseases caused by herpesviruses. Furthermore, it will identify areas where additional studies are warranted to better understand the impact of this important innate immune signaling program on the pathogenesis of these common viruses.
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Eisfeld HS, Simonis A, Winter S, Chhen J, Ströh LJ, Krey T, Koch M, Theobald SJ, Rybniker J. Viral Glycoproteins Induce NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis in Macrophages. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102076. [PMID: 34696506 PMCID: PMC8538122 DOI: 10.3390/v13102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with viral pathogens are widespread and can cause a variety of different diseases. In-depth knowledge about viral triggers initiating an immune response is necessary to decipher viral pathogenesis. Inflammasomes, as part of the innate immune system, can be activated by viral pathogens. However, viral structural components responsible for inflammasome activation remain largely unknown. Here we analyzed glycoproteins derived from SARS-CoV-1/2, HCMV and HCV, required for viral entry and fusion, as potential triggers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in THP-1 macrophages. All tested glycoproteins were able to potently induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation, indicated by ASC-SPECK formation and secretion of cleaved IL-1β. Lytic cell death via gasdermin D (GSDMD), pore formation, and pyroptosis are required for IL-1β release. As a hallmark of pyroptosis, we were able to detect cleavage of GSDMD and, correspondingly, cell death in THP-1 macrophages. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of NLRP3 and GSDMD in THP-1 macrophages confirmed and strongly support the evidence that viral glycoproteins can act as innate immunity triggers. With our study, we decipher key mechanisms of viral pathogenesis by showing that viral glycoproteins potently induce innate immune responses. These insights could be beneficial in vaccine development and provide new impulses for the investigation of vaccine-induced innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Eisfeld
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Alexander Simonis
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Sandra Winter
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Jason Chhen
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Luisa J. Ströh
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (L.J.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (L.J.S.); (T.K.)
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology and Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Theobald
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.J.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.S.E.); (A.S.); (S.W.); (J.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.J.T.); (J.R.)
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Bhowmik D, Zhu F. Evasion of Intracellular DNA Sensing by Human Herpesviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:647992. [PMID: 33791247 PMCID: PMC8005619 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.647992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of viral constituents is the first and critical step in the host innate immune defense against viruses. In mammalian cells, there are a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including viral RNA and DNA. In the past decade, a number of host DNA sensors have been discovered and the underlying sensing mechanisms have been elucidated. Herpesviruses belong to a large family of enveloped DNA viruses. They are successful pathogens whose elaborate immune evasion mechanisms contribute to high prevalence of infection among their hosts. The three subfamilies of herpesviruses have all been found to employ diverse and overlapping strategies to interfere with host DNA sensing. These strategies include masking viral DNA or the DNA sensor, degradation of the DNA sensor, and post-transcriptional modification of the DNA sensor or its adaptor protein. In this review, we will discuss the current state of our knowledge on how human herpesviruses use these strategies to evade DNA-induced immune responses. Comprehensive understanding of herpesvirus immune-evasion mechanisms will aid in the development of vaccines and antivirals for herpesvirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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11
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Chatterjee A, Mukherjee S, Basu B, Roy D, Basu R, Ghosh H, Mishra L, Bhattacharya M, Chakraborty N. Insight into the distinctive paradigm of Human Cytomegalovirus associated intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis in neonates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15861. [PMID: 32985571 PMCID: PMC7522230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus has been implicated as a probable cause for the development of hepatic cholestasis among neonates. Our study tried to ascertain the exact demographic, biochemical and immunological markers to differentially diagnose patients with HCMV associated intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis and also decipher the phylogenetic variability among the viral strains infecting the two groups. A total of 110 neonates collected over a span of 2 years were selected for the study classified into four different groups based on the presence of hepatic cholestasis and active HCMV infection. Our analysis predicted that total Cholesterol, GGT, ALP and TNFα were the only significant biological markers with exact cut-off scores, capable of distinguishing between HCMV associated intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. We confirmed that in patients belonging to both of these groups, the inflammasome is activated and the extent of this activation is more or less same except for the initial activators NLRP3 and AIM2 respectively. When we performed two separate phylogenetic analyses with HCMV gM and gN gene sequences, we found that in both cases the sequences from the IHC and EHC groups formed almost separate phylogenetic clusters. Our study has shown that the HCMV clinical strains infecting at intrahepatic and extrahepatic sites are phylogenetically segregated as distinct clusters. These two separate groups show different physiological as well as immunological modulations while infecting a similar host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroni Chatterjee
- Virus Research Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, GB4, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Dr. S.C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
| | - Sumit Mukherjee
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Biswanath Basu
- Department of Paediatrics, N. R. S. Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Debsopan Roy
- Virus Research Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, GB4, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Dr. S.C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India
| | - Rivu Basu
- Department of Community Medicine, R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, 700004, India
| | - Hiya Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, IPGMER & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Lopamudra Mishra
- Department of Paediatrics, Dr. B. C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Mala Bhattacharya
- Department of Paediatrics, Dr. B. C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Nilanjan Chakraborty
- Virus Research Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, GB4, ID & BG Hospital Campus, Dr. S.C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700010, India.
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12
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Jeffries AM, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA Sensors and CNS Responses to Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576263. [PMID: 33042875 PMCID: PMC7525022 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to life threatening encephalitis and long-term neurological deficits in survivors. Resident CNS cell types, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce key inflammatory and antiviral mediators following infection with neurotropic DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms by which glia mediate such responses remain poorly understood. Recently, a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), collectively known as DNA sensors, have been identified in both leukocytic and non-leukocytic cell types. The ability of such DNA sensors to initiate immune mediator production and contribute to infection resolution in the periphery is increasingly recognized, but our understanding of their role in the CNS remains limited at best. In this review, we describe the evidence for the expression and functionality of DNA sensors in resident brain cells, with a focus on their role in neurotropic virus infections. The available data indicate that glia and neurons can constitutively express, and/or can be induced to express, various disparate DNA sensing molecules previously described in peripheral cell types. Furthermore, multiple lines of investigation suggest that these sensors are functional in resident CNS cells and are required for innate immune responses to viral infections. However, it is less clear whether DNA sensormediated glial responses are beneficial or detrimental, and the answer to this question appears to dependent on the context of the infection with regard to the identity of the pathogen, host cell type, and host species. Defining such parameters will be essential if we are to successfully target these molecules to limit damaging inflammation while allowing beneficial host responses to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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13
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Lu YY, Liu XL, Huang Y, Liao Y, Xi T, Zhang YN, Zhang LL, Shu SN, Fang F. Short-lived AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Relates to Chronic MCMV Infection in BALB/c Mice. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:899-905. [PMID: 31845220 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome is a crucial link bridging the innate host defense and the subsequent adaptive immunity when activated by exogenous double stranded DNA (dsDNA). Through establishing models of disseminated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, we evaluated dynamic expression of AIM2 inflammasome components and its relationship with pathological damage and viral replication, trying to figure out whether AIM2 inflammasome is related to the chronic mechanism of MCMV. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 post infection. Expression levels of AIM2, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, pro-IL1β and mature IL1β in primary peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and spleens were detected by Western blotting. Contents of IL18 in the serum were detected by ELISA. Pathological examinations of livers were performed, and mRNA levels of MCMV glycoprotein B (gB) in salivary glands also assessed. Results showed that expression levels of AIM2 in PMs and spleens of C57BL/6 mice increased on day 3, even continued to day 28; caspase-1 p20 and mature IL1β increased on day 7, 14 and 28; the persistently high expression of IL18 in the serum started on day 1, showing a double peak curve. As for BALB/c mice, expression of AIM2 in PMs increased on day 1 and day 7, while contents of AIM2 in spleens increased on day 1 and day 3; caspase-1 p20 and mature IL1β merely increased 7 days fter infection. Thereafter, expression levels of AIM2, caspase-1 p20, mature IL1β and IL18 were limited; the duration of AIM2 inflammasome activation in BALB/c mice was much shorter than that in C57BL/6 mice. The severer pathological damage and more viral replications in BALB/c mice further proved the deficient antiviral immunity to MCMV. In conclusion, the activation of AIM2 inflammasome in BALB/c mice was short-lived, which is quite possibly related to the chronicity of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xing-Lou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sai-Nan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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Rai RC. Host inflammatory responses to intracellular invaders: Review study. Life Sci 2019; 240:117084. [PMID: 31759040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As soon as a pathogen invades through the physical barriers of its corresponding host, host mounts a series of protective immune response to get rid of the invading pathogen. Host's pattern recognition receptors (PRR), localized at the cellular surface, cytoplasm and also in the nucleus; recognises pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays crucial role in directing the immune response to be specific. Inflammatory responses are among the earliest strategies to tackle the pathogen by the host and are tightly regulated by multiple molecular pathways. Inflammasomes are multi-subunit protein complex consisting of a receptor molecule viz. NLRP3, an adaptor molecule- Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and an executioner caspase. Upon infection and/or injury; inflammasome components assemble and oligomerizes leading to the auto cleavage of the pro-caspase-1 to its active form. The activated caspase-1 cleaves immature form of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to their mature form e.g. IL1-β and IL-18 which mount inflammatory response. Moreover, C-terminal end of the Gasdermin D molecule is also cleaved by the caspase-1. The activated N-terminal Gasdermin D molecule form pores in the infected cells leading to their pyroptosis. Hence, inflammasomes drive inflammation during infection and controls the establishment of the pathogen by mounting inflammatory response and activation of the pyroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chandra Rai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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15
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Carriere J, Rao Y, Liu Q, Lin X, Zhao J, Feng P. Post-translational Control of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31798565 PMCID: PMC6868034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses constitute a large family of disease-causing DNA viruses. Each herpesvirus strain is capable of infecting particular organisms with a specific cell tropism. Upon infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved viral features to trigger signaling cascades that culminate in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To invoke a proper immune response while avoiding collateral tissue damage, signaling proteins involved in these cascades are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Herpesviruses have developed strategies to subvert innate immune signaling pathways in order to ensure efficient viral replication and achieve persistent infection. The ability of these viruses to control the proteins involved in these signaling cascades post-translationally, either directly via virus-encoded enzymes or indirectly through the deregulation of cellular enzymes, has been widely reported. This ability provides herpesviruses with a powerful tool to shut off or restrict host antiviral and inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the herpesvirus-mediated post-translational control along PRR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Sharma BR, Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Role of AIM2 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1998-2011. [PMID: 31372985 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM2 is a cytosolic innate immune receptor which recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) released during cellular perturbation and pathogenic assault. AIM2 recognition of dsDNA leads to the assembly of a large multiprotein oligomeric complex termed the inflammasome. This inflammasome assembly leads to the secretion of bioactive interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and induction of an inflammatory form of cell death called pyroptosis. Sensing of dsDNA by AIM2 in the cytosol is crucial to mediate protection against the invading pathogens including bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites. AIM2 also responds to dsDNA released from damaged host cells, resulting in the secretion of the effector cytokines thereby driving the progression of sterile inflammatory diseases such as skin disease, neuronal disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Additionally, the protection mediated by AIM2 in the development of colorectal cancer depends on its ability to regulate epithelial cell proliferation and gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis independently of the effector cytokines. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress on the role of the AIM2 inflammasome as a guardian of cellular integrity in modulating chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhesh Raj Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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The role of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in immunosenescence. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:11-23. [PMID: 30769150 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A healthy functioning immune system is critical to stave off infectious diseases, but as humans and other organisms age, their immune systems decline. As a result, diseases that were readily thwarted in early life pose nontrivial harm and can even be deadly in late life. Immunosenescence is defined as the general deterioration of the immune system with age, and it is characterized by functional changes in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and specific blood cell types as well as changes in levels of numerous factors, particularly those involved in inflammation. Potential mechanisms underlying immunosenescence include epigenetic changes such as changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) and DNA hydroxymethylation (DNAhm) that occur with age. The purpose of this review is to describe what is currently known about the relationship between immunosenescence and the age-related changes to DNAm and DNAhm, and to discuss experimental approaches best suited to fill gaps in our understanding.
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18
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Botto S, Abraham J, Mizuno N, Pryke K, Gall B, Landais I, Streblow DN, Fruh KJ, DeFilippis VR. Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early 86-kDa Protein Blocks Transcription and Induces Degradation of the Immature Interleukin-1β Protein during Virion-Mediated Activation of the AIM2 Inflammasome. mBio 2019; 10:e02510-18. [PMID: 30755509 PMCID: PMC6372796 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02510-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) represents a fundamental innate immune response to microbial infection that, at the molecular level, occurs following activation of proteolytic caspases that cleave the immature protein into a secretable form. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the archetypal betaherpesvirus that is invariably capable of lifelong infection through the activity of numerous virally encoded immune evasion phenotypes. Innate immune pathways responsive to cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are known to be activated in response to contact between HCMV and host cells. Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing to demonstrate that the dsDNA receptor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is required for secretion of IL-1β following HCMV infection. Furthermore, dsDNA-responsive innate signaling induced by HCMV infection that leads to activation of the type I interferon response is also shown, unexpectedly, to play a contributory role in IL-1β secretion. Importantly, we also show that rendering virus particles inactive by UV exposure leads to substantially increased IL-1β processing and secretion and that live HCMV can inhibit this, suggesting the virus encodes factors that confer an inhibitory effect on this response. Further examination revealed that ectopic expression of the immediate early (IE) 86-kDa protein (IE86) is actually associated with a block in transcription of the pro-IL-1β gene and, independently, diminishment of the immature protein. Overall, these results reveal two new and distinct phenotypes conferred by the HCMV IE86 protein, as well as an unusual circumstance in which a single herpesviral protein exhibits inhibitory effects on multiple molecular processes within the same innate immune response.IMPORTANCE Persistent infection with HCMV is associated with the operation of diverse evasion phenotypes directed at antiviral immunity. Obstruction of intrinsic and innate immune responses is typically conferred by viral proteins either associated with the viral particle or expressed immediately after entry. In line with this, numerous phenotypes are attributed to the HCMV IE86 protein that involve interference with innate immune processes via transcriptional and protein-directed mechanisms. We describe novel IE86-mediated phenotypes aimed at virus-induced secretion of IL-1β. Intriguingly, while many viruses target the function of the molecular scaffold required for IL-1β maturation to prevent this response, we find that HCMV and IE86 target the IL-1β protein specifically. Moreover, we show that IE86 impairs both the synthesis of the IL-1β transcript and the stability of the immature protein. This indicates an unusual phenomenon in which a single viral protein exhibits two molecularly separate evasion phenotypes directed at a single innate cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jinu Abraham
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nobuyo Mizuno
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kara Pryke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bryan Gall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Igor Landais
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Klaus J Fruh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Victor R DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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19
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Hartmann S, Nusbaum DJ, Kim K, Alameh S, Ho CLC, Cruz RL, Levitin A, Bradley KA, Martchenko M. Role of a Small Molecule in the Modulation of Cell Death Signal Transduction Pathways. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1746-1754. [PMID: 30354048 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes activate caspase-1 in response to molecular signals from pathogens and other dangerous stimuli as a part of the innate immune response. A previous study discovered a small-molecule, 4-fluoro- N'-[1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide, which we named DN1, that reduces the cytotoxicity of anthrax lethal toxin (LT). We determined that DN1 protected cells irrespectively of LT concentration and reduced the pathogenicity of an additional bacterial exotoxin and several viruses. Using the LT cytotoxicity pathway, we show that DN1 does not prevent LT internalization and catalytic activity or caspase-1 activation. Moreover, DN1 does not affect the proteolytic activity of host cathepsin B, which facilitates the cytoplasmic entry of toxins. PubChem Bioactivities lists two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), type-1 angiotensin II receptor and apelin receptor, as targets of DN1. The inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C, and protein kinase B, which are downstream of GPCR signaling, synergized with DN1 in protecting cells from LT. We hypothesize that DN1-mediated antagonism of GPCRs modulates signal transduction pathways to induce a cellular state that reduces LT-induced pyroptosis downstream of caspase-1 activation. DN1 also reduced the susceptibility of Drosophila melanogaster to toxin-associated bacterial infections. Future experiments will aim to further characterize how DN1 modulates signal transduction pathways to inhibit pyroptotic cell death in LT-sensitive macrophages. DN1 represents a novel chemical probe to investigate host cellular mechanisms that mediate cell death in response to pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Hartmann
- School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - David J. Nusbaum
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kevin Kim
- School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Saleem Alameh
- School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chi-Lee C. Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Renae L. Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anastasia Levitin
- School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mikhail Martchenko
- School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, California 91711, United States
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20
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Lupfer CR, Rippee-Brooks MD, Anand PK. Common Differences: The Ability of Inflammasomes to Distinguish Between Self and Pathogen Nucleic Acids During Infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:139-172. [PMID: 30798987 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system detects the presence of pathogens based on detection of non-self. In other words, most pathogens possess intrinsic differences that can distinguish them from host cells. For example, bacteria and fungi have cell walls comprised of peptidoglycan and carbohydrates (like mannans), respectively. Germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family have the ability to detect such unique pathogen associated features. However, some TLRs and members of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR), or AIM2-like receptor (ALR) family can sense pathogen invasion based on pathogen nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are not unique to pathogens, thus raising the question of how such PRRs evolved to detect pathogens but not self. In this chapter, we will examine the PRRs that sense pathogen nucleic acids and subsequently activate the inflammasome signaling pathway. We will examine the selective mechanisms by which these receptors distinguish pathogens from "self" and discuss the importance of such pathways in disease development in animal models and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Lupfer
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States.
| | | | - Paras K Anand
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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21
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The Viral Tegument Protein pp65 Impairs Transcriptional Upregulation of IL-1β by Human Cytomegalovirus through Inhibition of NF-kB Activity. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100567. [PMID: 30332797 PMCID: PMC6213739 DOI: 10.3390/v10100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key effector of the inflammasome complex in response to pathogens and danger signals. Although it is well known that assembly of the inflammasome triggers proteolytic cleavage of the biologically inactive precursor pro-IL-1β into its mature secreted form, the mechanism by which human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) regulates IL-1β production via the inflammasome is still poorly understood. Here, we show that the infection of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) with a mutant HCMV lacking the tegument protein pp65 (v65Stop) results in higher expression levels of mature IL-1β compared to its wild-type counterpart, suggesting that pp65 mediates HCMV immune evasion through downmodulation of IL-1β. Furthermore, we show that enhanced IL-1β production by the v65Stop mutant is due in part to induction of DNA binding and the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. Lastly, we demonstrate that HCMV infection of HFFs triggers a non-canonical IL-1β activation pathway where caspase-8 promotes IL-1β maturation independently of caspase-1. Altogether, our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the interplay between HCMV and the inflammasome system and raise the possibility of targeting pp65 to treat HCMV infection.
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22
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Modulation of the innate immune response by human cytomegalovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Marques M, Ferreira AR, Ribeiro D. The Interplay between Human Cytomegalovirus and Pathogen Recognition Receptor Signaling. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100514. [PMID: 30241345 PMCID: PMC6212889 DOI: 10.3390/v10100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular antiviral innate immune response is triggered upon recognition of specific viral components by a set of the host’s cytoplasmic or membrane-bound receptors. This interaction induces specific signaling cascades that culminate with the production of interferons and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines that act as antiviral factors, suppressing viral replication and restricting infection. Here, we review and discuss the different mechanisms by which each of these receptors is able to recognize and signal infection by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an important human pathogen mainly associated with severe brain defects in newborns and disabilities in immunocompromised individuals. We further present and discuss the many sophisticated strategies developed by HCMV to evade these different signaling mechanisms and counteract the cellular antiviral response, in order to support cell viability and sustain its slow replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/4/e00015-18. [PMID: 30209070 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a dynamic biological process underpinned by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host. Microbes from all domains of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites, have the capacity to cause infection. Infection is sensed by the host, which often leads to activation of the inflammasome, a cytosolic macromolecular signaling platform that mediates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to pyroptosis. Host-mediated sensing of the infection occurs when pathogens inject or carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the cytoplasm or induce damage that causes cytosolic liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the host cell. Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, and Pyrin, initiates a cascade of events that culminate in inflammation and cell death. However, pathogens can deploy virulence factors capable of minimizing or evading host detection. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of microbe-induced activation of the inflammasome and the functional consequences of inflammasome activation in infectious diseases. We also explore the microbial strategies used in the evasion of inflammasome sensing at the host-microbe interaction interface.
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Emerging Proviral Roles of Caspases during Lytic Replication of Gammaherpesviruses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01011-17. [PMID: 30021896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01011-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their roles in the regulation of programmed cell death and inflammation, the cellular caspase proteases are considered antiviral factors. However, recent studies have revealed examples of proviral functions for caspases. Here, we review a growing body of literature on the role of caspases in promoting the replication of human gammaherpesviruses. We propose that gammaherpesviruses have evolved ways to redirect these enzymes and to use their activation to support viral replication and immune evasion.
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Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp65 (pUL83) Dampens Type I Interferon Production by Inactivating the DNA Sensor cGAS without Affecting STING. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01774-17. [PMID: 29263269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01774-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response plays a pivotal role during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection. Indeed, HCMV infection of primary fibroblasts rapidly triggers strong induction of type I interferons (IFN-I), accompanied by proinflammatory cytokine release. Here, we show that primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) infected with a mutant HCMV TB40/E strain unable to express UL83-encoded pp65 (v65Stop) produce significantly higher IFN-β levels than HFFs infected with the wild-type TB40/E strain or the pp65 revertant (v65Rev), suggesting that the tegument protein pp65 may dampen IFN-β production. To clarify the mechanisms through which pp65 inhibits IFN-β production, we analyzed the activation of the cGAS/STING/IRF3 axis in HFFs infected with either the wild type, the revertant v65Rev, or the pp65-deficient mutant v65Stop. We found that pp65 selectively binds to cGAS and prevents its interaction with STING, thus inactivating the signaling pathway through the cGAS/STING/IRF3 axis. Consistently, addition of exogenous cGAMP to v65Rev-infected cells triggered the production of IFN-β levels similar to those observed with v65Stop-infected cells, confirming that pp65 inactivation of IFN-β production occurs at the cGAS level. Notably, within the first 24 h of HCMV infection, STING undergoes proteasome degradation independently of the presence or absence of pp65. Collectively, our data provide mechanistic insights into the interplay between HCMV pp65 and cGAS, leading to subsequent immune evasion by this prominent DNA virus.IMPORTANCE Primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) produce type I IFN (IFN-I) when infected with HCMV. However, we observed significantly higher IFN-β levels when HFFs were infected with HCMV that was unable to express UL83-encoded pp65 (v65Stop), suggesting that pp65 (pUL83) may constitute a viral evasion factor. This study demonstrates that the HCMV tegument protein pp65 inhibits IFN-β production by binding and inactivating cGAS early during infection. In addition, this inhibitory activity specifically targets cGAS, since it can be bypassed via the addition of exogenous cGAMP, even in the presence of pp65. Notably, STING proteasome-mediated degradation was observed in both the presence and absence of pp65. Collectively, our data underscore the important role of the tegument protein pp65 as a critical molecular hub in HCMV's evasion strategy against the innate immune response.
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Souquette A, Frere J, Smithey M, Sauce D, Thomas PG. A constant companion: immune recognition and response to cytomegalovirus with aging and implications for immune fitness. GeroScience 2017. [PMID: 28647907 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of individuals aged 6-49 years in the United States are infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), with seroprevalence increasing with age, reaching 85-90% by 75-80 years according to Bate et al. (Clin Infect Dis 50 (11): 1439-1447, 2010) and Pawelec et al. (Curr Opin Immunol 24:507-511, 2012). Following primary infection, CMV establishes lifelong latency with periodic reactivation. Immunocompetent hosts experience largely asymptomatic infection, but CMV can cause serious illness in immunocompromised populations, such as transplant patients and the elderly. Control of CMV requires constant immune surveillance, and recent discoveries suggest this demand alters general features of the immune system in infected individuals. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the immune response to CMV and the role of CMV in immune aging and fitness, while highlighting the importance of potential confounding factors that influence CMV studies. Understanding how CMV contributes to shaping "baseline" immunity has important implications for a host's ability to mount effective responses to diverse infections and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Justin Frere
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC DHU FAST, Paris, France.,Arizona Center on Aging, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Megan Smithey
- Arizona Center on Aging, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC DHU FAST, Paris, France
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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