1
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Qian Y, Yin Y, Zheng X, Liu Z, Wang X. Metabolic regulation of tumor-associated macrophage heterogeneity: insights into the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapeutic opportunities. Biomark Res 2024; 12:1. [PMID: 38185636 PMCID: PMC10773124 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a heterogeneous population that play diverse functions in tumors. Their identity is determined not only by intrinsic factors, such as origins and transcription factors, but also by external signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as inflammatory signals and metabolic reprogramming. Metabolic reprogramming has rendered TAM to exhibit a spectrum of activities ranging from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic, closely associated with tumor progression and clinical prognosis. This review implicates the diversity of TAM phenotypes and functions, how this heterogeneity has been re-evaluated with the advent of single-cell technologies, and the impact of TME metabolic reprogramming on TAMs. We also review current therapies targeting TAM metabolism and offer new insights for TAM-dependent anti-tumor immunotherapy by focusing on the critical role of different metabolic programs in TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yujia Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaocui Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Qin MC, Li JJ, Zheng YT, Li YJ, Zhang YX, Ou RX, He WY, Zhao JM, Liu ST, Liu MH, Lin HY, Gao L. Naringin ameliorates liver fibrosis in zebrafish by modulating IDO1-mediated lipid metabolism and inflammatory infiltration. Food Funct 2023; 14:10347-10361. [PMID: 37930368 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03858k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is an important reparative process in response to acute or chronic hepatic injury, which has the potential to advance towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dietary naringin consumption contributes to protection against LF in animal studies, while the exact protective mechanism of naringin remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the potential protective effect of naringin against TAA-induced LF in zebrafish. In this study, we utilized zebrafish to create the LF model and investigate the therapeutic mechanism of naringin. Firstly, we evaluated the changes in hepatic fibrosis and lipid accumulation in the liver following naringin treatment with oil red O, Nile red, and Sirius red and immunohistochemistry. In addition, we employed an ROS probe to directly measure oxidative stress and monitor inflammatory cell migration in a zebrafish transgenic line. Morpholino was used in the knockdown of IDO1 in order to verify its vital role in LF. Our findings demonstrated that naringin exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic action in conjunction with a reversal in lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and suppression of macrophage infiltration and activation of hepatic stellate cells. Furthermore, the results showed that the antifibrotic effect of naringin was removed upon IDO1 knockdown, proving that naringin exerts a protective effect by regulating IDO1. Naringin demonstrates remarkable protective effects against LF, effectively counteracting inflammation and hepatic steatosis in zebrafish liver. These findings suggest that naringin may function as an effective IDO1 inhibitor, holding the potential for clinical translation as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Qin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Tao Zheng
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yun-Jia Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xue Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rou-Xuan Ou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yi He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su-Tong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Che Z, Zhou Z, Li SQ, Gao L, Xiao J, Wong NK. ROS/RNS as molecular signatures of chronic liver diseases. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:951-967. [PMID: 37704494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver can succumb to oxidant damage during the development of chronic liver diseases. Despite their physiological relevance to hepatic homeostasis, excessive reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production under pathological conditions is detrimental to all liver constituents. Chronic oxidative stress coupled to unresolved inflammation sets in motion the activation of profibrogenic hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and later pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The liver antioxidant and repair systems, along with autophagic and ferroptotic machineries, are implicated in the onset and trajectory of disease development. In this review, we discuss the ROS/RNS-related mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis of distinct etiologies and highlight preclinical and clinical trials of antifibrotic therapies premised on remediating oxidative/nitrosative stress in hepatocytes or targeting HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Che
- Clinical Research Institute, Institute of Obesity and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhou
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China; Clinical Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Clinical Research Institute, Institute of Obesity and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Research of Liver Diseases, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266001, China.
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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4
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Liu Z, Jin L, Ma Z, Nizhamuding X, Zeng J, Zhang T, Zhang J, Zhou W, Zhang C. Abnormal kynurenine-pathway metabolites in gout: Biomarkers exploration based on orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 549:117531. [PMID: 37673380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate serological characteristics of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites in healthy controls (HC) and gout patients and explore possible differential metabolites. METHODS A total of 191 individual fresh residual sera was collected from 129 HC and 62 gout patients. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was fully validated to measure 6 metabolites, including tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), kynurenic acid (KA), xanthurenic acid (XA), and neopterin (NEO). Supervised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and differential metabolite screening with fold change (FC) were performed to identify intrinsic variations and differential levels of KP metabolites between the HC and gout groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the contributions of KP metabolites to gout. RESULTS There were significant decreases of TRP, 5HT, XA, and NEO and increases of KYN, KA, KA/KYN, and KYN/TRP in gout patients compared to the HC group (all p < 0.05). KP metabolites of the gout group showed good discrimination from those of the HC group (Q2: 0.892). Two distinct different metabolites were identified in gout, i.e., XA (FC: 0.56, p < 0.01) and NEO (FC: 0.34, p < 0.01). Of the KP metabolites, KYN was strongly associated with gout (OR: 7.91, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Abnormal levels of serum KP metabolites were observed in gout. XA and NEO are promising biomarkers that were relevant to the status of gout. The level of KYN could be an attractive checkpoint for the management of gout. Continuous monitoring of KP metabolism in gout provides new opportunities to predict therapeutic efficacy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Liu
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lizi Jin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zijia Ma
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaerbanu Nizhamuding
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Zeng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China
| | - Weiyan Zhou
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China.
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, PR China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Wang L, Wang S, Chiou S, Tsai J, Chai C, Tseng L, Lee J, Lin M, Huang S, Hsu S. HCV Core Protein-ISX Axis Promotes Chronic Liver Disease Progression via Metabolic Remodeling and Immune Suppression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300644. [PMID: 37316966 PMCID: PMC10427408 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important public health issue. However, knowledge on how the virus remodels the metabolic and immune response toward hepatic pathologic environment is limited. The transcriptomic and multiple evidences reveal that the HCV core protein-intestine-specific homeobox (ISX) axis promotes a spectrum of metabolic, fibrogenic, and immune modulators (e.g., kynurenine, PD-L1, and B7-2), regulating HCV-infection relevant pathogenic phenotype in vitro and in vivo. In a transgenic mice model, the HCV core protein-ISX axis enhance metabolic disturbance (particularly lipid and glucose metabolism) and immune suppression, and finally, chronic liver fibrosis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced disease model. Mechanistically, cells with HCV JFH-1 replicons upregulate ISX and, consequently, the expressions of metabolic, fibrosis progenitor, and immune modulators via core protein-induced nuclear factor-κB signaling. Conversely, cells with specific ISX shRNAi inhibit HCV core protein-induced metabolic disturbance and immune suppression. Clinically, the HCV core level is significantly correlated with ISX, IDOs, PD-L1, and B7-2 levels in HCC patients with HCV infection. Therefore, it highlights the significance of HCV core protein-ISX axis as an important mechanism in the development of HCV-induced chronic liver disease and can be a specific therapeutic target clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ting Wang
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei116059Taiwan
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shen‐Nien Wang
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Division of General and Digestive SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Department of SurgeryCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shyh‐Shin Chiou
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of PediatricsKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Jhih‐Peng Tsai
- Center of Applied GenomicsKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Chee‐Yin Chai
- Department of PathologyKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Li‐Wen Tseng
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Jin‐Ching Lee
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Sun Yat‐sen UniversityKaohsiung804201Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung City80708Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
| | - Shau‐Ku Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesMiaoli County35053Taiwan
- Department of Respirology & AllergyThird Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518020China
- Department of MedicineDivision of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21287USA
| | - Shih‐Hsien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung80708Taiwan
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6
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Punia V, Agrawal N, Bharti A, Mittal S, Chaudhary D, Mathur A, Anwar S, Chakravorty A. Association of TGF-β1 Polymorphism and TGF-β1 Levels With Chronic Hepatitis C and Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e41157. [PMID: 37525796 PMCID: PMC10387134 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive research conducted on the relationship between transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) polymorphisms and levels and the onset and development of liver disease, there are still certain gaps that need to be addressed. To address these gaps and provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge, this review aimed to identify relevant published research on TGF-β1/TGF-β1 polymorphism, TGF-β1/TGF-β1 levels, and their associations with cirrhosis and hepatitis C. The synthesis of available data was performed to further enhance our understanding in this area. Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a search strategy was implemented across several online databases to search for relevant articles as per the defined selection criterion. Eight studies were selected after the completion of the search strategy. Of the eight studies, five revealed a considerably high level of TGF-β1 in patients who had hepatitis C virus (HCV) and liver cirrhosis caused by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The forest plot analysis showed a statistically significant impact of TGF-β1 polymorphism and levels on the incidence of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatitis C, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.65 and a risk ratio (RR) of 0.76. The heterogeneity test showed a high level of heterogeneity at 94% and 95% for OR and RR, respectively, but the overall effect was significant with P < 0.01 for both measures. According to the results obtained, the authors concluded that TGF-β1 polymorphism and its associated levels should be taken into account while developing preventive and therapeutic approaches for hepatic cirrhosis and hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vps Punia
- Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR) Sharda University, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Nikhil Agrawal
- Internal Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, IND
| | - Akash Bharti
- Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR) Sharda University, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Shaavi Mittal
- Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR) Sharda University, Greater Noida, IND
| | | | - Atmika Mathur
- Internal Medicine, Bharati Vidhyapeeth Medical College, Pune, IND
| | - Shahzad Anwar
- Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR) Sharda University, Greater Noida, IND
| | - Aditya Chakravorty
- Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSR) Sharda University, Greater Noida, IND
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7
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Oweira H, Lahdou I, Mehrle S, Khajeh E, Nikbakhsh R, Ghamarnejad O, Terness P, Reißfelder C, Sadeghi M, Ramouz A. Kynurenine Is the Main Metabolite of Tryptophan Degradation by Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase in HepG2 Tumor Cells. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164794. [PMID: 36013032 PMCID: PMC9410271 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two main enzymes that convert tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn): tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Kyn accumulation can promote immunosuppression in certain cancers. In this study, we investigated Trp degradation to Kyn by IDO and TDO in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and tumoral HepG2 cells. To quantify Trp-degradation and Kyn-accumulation, using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, the levels of Trp and Kyn were determined in the culture media of PHH and HepG2 cells. The role of IDO in Trp metabolism was investigated by activating IDO with IFN-γ and inhibiting IDO with 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-DL-MT). The role of TDO was investigated using one of two TDO inhibitors: 680C91 or LM10. Real-time PCR was used to measure TDO and IDO expression. Trp was degraded in both PHH and HepG2 cells, but degradation was higher in PHH cells. However, Kyn accumulation was higher in the supernatants of HepG2 cells. Stimulating IDO with IFN-γ did not significantly affect Trp degradation and Kyn accumulation, even though it strongly upregulated IDO expression. Inhibiting IDO with 1-DL-MT also had no effect on Trp degradation. In contrast, inhibiting TDO with 680C91 or LM10 significantly reduced Trp degradation. The expression of TDO but not of IDO correlated positively with Kyn accumulation in the HepG2 cell culture media. Furthermore, TDO degraded L-Trp but not D-Trp in HepG2 cells. Kyn is the main metabolite of Trp degradation by TDO in HepG2 cells. The accumulation of Kyn in HepG2 cells could be a key mechanism for tumor immune resistance. Two TDO inhibitors, 680C91 and LM10, could be useful in immunotherapy for liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Oweira
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Imad Lahdou
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mehrle
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elias Khajeh
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omid Ghamarnejad
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Terness
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Ramouz
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-32475
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8
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Demirkol ME, Aktas G, Bilgin S, Kahveci G, Kurtkulagi O, Atak BM, Duman TT. C-reactive protein to lymphocyte count ratio is a promising novel marker in hepatitis C infection: the clear hep-c study. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:838-841. [PMID: 35766701 PMCID: PMC9575902 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is one of the most important health problems
affecting the significant rate of world population and it may lead to
cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. C-reactive protein to lymphocyte
count ratio (CLR) is used in estimating inflammatory burden. Therefore, this
study aimed to compare CLR values between CHC patients and healthy controls
and between CHC patients with and without fibrosis. METHODS: Patients with CHC infection who visited outpatient and inpatient internal
medicine clinics of our institution between January 2021 and December 2021
were enrolled to this retrospective study. CLR of the patients with CHC and
healthy controls were compared. We further compared CLR of CHC patients with
and without fibrosis. RESULTS: Median CLR of CHC and control subjects was 2.61 (5.13%) and 0.31 (0.37%),
respectively. CLR of the CHC group was significantly increased compared to
the CLR of the controls (p<0.001). There was a significant positive
correlation between CLR and APRI score (r=0.15, p=0.04). The sensitivity and
specificity of CLR in determining CHC above 0.58% level were 84% and 82%,
respectively (AUC: 0.884, p<0.001, 95%CI 0.84–0.93). In subgroup
analysis, CLR was 3.97 (6.6%) for CHC patients with fibrosis and 1.7 (4.4%)
for CHC subjects without fibrosis (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Increased CLR in patients with CHC may be an alarming finding of liver
fibrosis, as CLR is associated with both CHC and hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gulali Aktas
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine - Bolu, Turkey
| | - Satilmiş Bilgin
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine - Bolu, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kahveci
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine - Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ozge Kurtkulagi
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine - Bolu, Turkey
| | - Burcin Meryem Atak
- Abant Izzet Baysal University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine - Bolu, Turkey
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9
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Chen Y, Hu H, Yuan X, Fan X, Zhang C. Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896752. [PMID: 35757756 PMCID: PMC9226303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and has become the second deadliest type of cancer worldwide. The systemic treatment of advanced HCC has been a challenge, and for decades was limited to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) until the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) became available. Due to drug resistance and unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of monotherapy with TKIs or ICIs, multi-ICIs, or the combination of ICIs with antiangiogenic drugs has become a novel strategy to treat advanced HCC. Antiangiogenic drugs mostly include TKIs (sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib and so on) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as bevacizumab. Common ICIs include anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, and atezolizumab, and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), including tremelimumab and ipilimumab. Combination therapies involving antiangiogenic drugs and ICIs or two ICIs may have a synergistic action and have shown greater efficacy in advanced HCC. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge and recent clinical developments in ICI-based combination therapies for advanced HCC and we provide an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Medicine School of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglei Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Medicine School of University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengda Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, China
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10
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Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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11
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Analysis of multiple databases identifies crucial genes correlated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9002. [PMID: 35637248 PMCID: PMC9151754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements made in the therapeutic strategies on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the survival rate of HCC patient is not satisfactory enough. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the valuable prognostic biomarkers in HCC therapy. In this study, we aimed to screen hub genes correlated with prognosis of HCC via multiple databases. 117 HCC-related genes were obtained from the intersection of the four databases. We subsequently identify 10 hub genes (JUN, IL10, CD34, MTOR, PTGS2, PTPRC, SELE, CSF1, APOB, MUC1) from PPI network by Cytoscape software analysis. Significant differential expression of hub genes between HCC tissues and adjacent tissues were observed in UALCAN, HCCDB and HPA databases. These hub genes were significantly associated with immune cell infiltrations and immune checkpoints. The hub genes were correlated with clinical parameters and survival probability of HCC patients. 147 potential targeted therapeutic drugs for HCC were identified through the DGIdb database. These hub genes could be used as novel prognostic biomarkers for HCC therapy.
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12
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Tripathi AK, Ray AK, Mishra SK. Molecular and pharmacological aspects of piperine as a potential molecule for disease prevention and management: evidence from clinical trials. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:16. [PMID: 35127957 PMCID: PMC8796742 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piperine is a type of amide alkaloid that exhibits pleiotropic properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and enhancing bioavailability and fertility-related activities. Piperine has the ability to alter gastrointestinal disorders, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and bioavailability of several drugs. The present review explores the available clinical and preclinical data, nanoformulations, extraction process, structure-activity relationships, molecular docking, bioavailability enhancement of phytochemicals and drugs, and brain penetration properties of piperine in the prevention, management, and treatment of various diseases and disorders. MAIN BODY Piperine provides therapeutic benefits in patients suffering from diabetes, obesity, arthritis, oral cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory diseases, and rhinopharyngitis. The molecular basis for the pleiotropic activities of piperine is based on its ability to regulate multiple signaling molecules such as cell cycle proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, P-glycoprotein, cytochrome P450 3A4, multidrug resistance protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 proinflammatory cytokine, nuclear factor-κB, c-Fos, cAMP response element-binding protein, activation transcription factor-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Human G-quadruplex DNA, Cyclooxygenase-2, Nitric oxide synthases-2, MicroRNA, and coronaviruses. Piperine also regulates multiple signaling pathways such as Akt/mTOR/MMP-9, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-activated NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome, voltage-gated K+ current, PKCα/ERK1/2, NF-κB/AP-1/MMP-9, Wnt/β-catenin, JNK/P38 MAPK, and gut microbiota. SHORT CONCLUSION Based on the current evidence, piperine can be the potential molecule for treatment of disease, and its significance of this molecule in the clinic is discussed. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Tripathi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
- Clinical Research Division, School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP India
| | - Anup Kumar Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, I.T.S College of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, UP 201206 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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13
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Xu L, Ling J, Su C, Su YW, Xu Y, Jiang Z. Emerging Roles on Immunological Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Liver Injuries. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756435. [PMID: 34869457 PMCID: PMC8636938 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the initial rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway (KP), which causes immune suppression and induction of T cell anergy. It is associated with the imbalance of immune homeostasis in numerous diseases including cancer, chronic viral infection, allergy, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, IDO has extended its role to liver field. In this review, we summarize the dysregulation and potentials of IDO in the emerging field of liver injuries, as well as current challenges for IDO targets. In particular, we discuss unexpected conclusions against previous work published. IDO is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver dysfunction and exerts an immunosuppressive effect, whereas the improvement of liver injury may require consideration of multiple factors besides IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Ling
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Involvement of Kynurenine Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205180. [PMID: 34680327 PMCID: PMC8533819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a biochemical pathway that synthesizes the vital coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). In cancer, the KP is significantly activated, leading to tryptophan depletion and the production of downstream metabolites, which skews the immune response towards tumour tolerance. More specifically, advanced stage cancers that readily metastasize evidence the most dysregulation in KP enzymes, providing a clear link between the KP and cancer morbidity. Consequently, this provides the rationale for an attractive new drug discovery opportunity for adjuvant therapeutics targeting KP-mediated immune tolerance, which would greatly complement current pharmacological interventions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the roles of the KP and clinical trials examining KP inhibition in liver cancer. Abstract As the second and third leading cancer-related death in men and the world, respectively, primary liver cancer remains a major concern to human health. Despite advances in diagnostic technology, patients with primary liver cancer are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment options for patients with advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC) are limited to systemic treatment with multikinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the 5-year survival rate for these late-stage HCC patients is approximately 12% worldwide. There is an unmet need to identify novel treatment options and/or sensitive blood-based biomarker(s) to detect this cancer at an early stage. Given that the liver harbours the largest proportion of immune cells in the human body, understanding the tumour–immune microenvironment has gained increasing attention as a potential target to treat cancer. The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed to be one of the key mechanisms used by the tumour cells to escape immune surveillance for proliferation and metastasis. In an inflammatory environment such as cancer, the KP is elevated, suppressing local immune cell populations and enhancing tumour growth. In this review, we collectively describe the roles of the KP in cancer and provide information on the latest research into the KP in primary liver cancer.
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Cheng R, Xu H, Hong Y. miR221 regulates TGF-β1-induced HSC activation through inhibiting autophagy by directly targeting LAMP2. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:777. [PMID: 34498712 PMCID: PMC8436230 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a serious threat to human life and health. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. Studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved in the pathological process of fibrosis, as well as its relevance in clinical diagnosis. However, the role of miR221 in hepatic fibrosis remains controversial. Remarkably, transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β1) caused HSC dysfunction in autophagic activation, characterized by an increase in P62 aggregation and LC3II expression. The present study aimed to determine whether autophagy regulates hepatic fibrosis by mediating HSC activation and explore the potential targets leading to the sequence of events associated with miR221. The expression of miR221 was quantified in a liver fibrosis model in vivo and in vitro, and its specific target gene lysosome‑associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) was predicted by bioinformatics. The results showed that the expression levels of collagen‑I (COL‑I) and α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) were increased in miR221‑overexpressing LX2 cells, while the autophagy inducer rapamycin reversed the inhibition of autophagic flux induced by miR221. Additionally, the overexpression of LAMP2 could significantly inhibit TGF‑β1‑induced COL‑I and α‑SMA expression, which was similar to the effect of the miR221 inhibitor on the regulation of TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation. These results indicated that miR221 may regulate TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation through inhibiting autolysosome function by directly targeting LAMP2. The molecular mechanism of miR221 in regulating TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation may provide novel insight into therapies to ameliorate the pathological progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- The First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Medical Insurance Office, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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16
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Ala M. Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:326-345. [PMID: 34289794 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, going through three different metabolic pathways in the intestines. Indole pathway in the gut microbiota, serotonin system in the enterochromaffin cells and kynurenine pathway in the immune cells and intestinal lining are the three arms of tryptophan metabolism in the intestines. Clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that each one of these arms has a significant impact on IBD. This review explains how different metabolites of tryptophan are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and colorectal cancer, as a major complication of IBD. Indole metabolites alleviate colitis and protect against colorectal cancer while serotonin arm follows a more complicated and receptor-specific pattern. Indole metabolites and kynurenine interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce T regulatory cells differentiation, confine Th17 and Th1 response and produce anti-inflammatory mediators. Kynurenine decreases tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells and mediates tumor cells immune evasion. Serotonin system also increases colorectal cancer cells proliferation and metastasis while, indole metabolites can profoundly decrease colorectal cancer growth. Targeted therapy for tryptophan metabolites may improve the management of IBD and colorectal cancer, e.g. supplementation of indole metabolites such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), inhibition of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and selective stimulation or inhibition of specific serotonergic receptors can mitigate colitis. Furthermore, it will be explained how indole metabolites supplementation, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), KMO and serotonin receptors can protect against colorectal cancer. Additionally, extensive molecular interactions between tryptophan metabolites and intracellular signaling pathways will be thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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17
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1-Methyl tryptophan, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor, attenuates cardiac and hepatic dysfunction in rats with biliary cirrhosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174309. [PMID: 34252442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine Pathway (KP) is the dominant metabolic route of tryptophan which is catalyzed by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). This pathway is upregulated in liver disease where the level of KP metabolites correlates with the severity of disease. Cirrhosis is associated with cardiac dysfunction, which manifests itself during severe physiological challenges such as liver transplantation. Cardiac dysfunction in cirrhosis is linked to systemic inflammation and impaired cardiac beta-adrenergic signaling pathways. The KP pathway is involved in modulation of cardiac signaling and is upregulated by systemic inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of IDO inhibition on development of cardiac dysfunction in an experimental model of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Experimental groups were given either 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT, 1, 3, 9 mg/kg), or saline. 28 days after BDL, cardiac chronotropic response to epinephrine was assessed ex vivo. HPLC was employed to measure hepatic and cardiac levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and kynurenic acid. Cirrhosis in rats was associated with impaired cardiac chronotropic responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation. 1-MT dose-dependently improved cirrhosis-induced chronotropic dysfunction as well as elevated serum levels of CRP and IL-6 in BDL rats. Hepatic and cardiac kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were elevated in cirrhotic rats and were reduced following 1-MT administration. Chronic administration of 1-MT could also reduce hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and ductular proliferation. 1-MT attenuates cardiac dysfunction in rats with biliary cirrhosis. This protective effect is not limited to the cardiac function as liver histopathologic changes were also improved following chronic 1-MT administration.
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Mo C, Xie S, Zeng T, Lai Y, Huang S, Zhou C, Yan W, Huang S, Gao L, Lv Z. Ginsenoside-Rg1 acts as an IDO1 inhibitor, protects against liver fibrosis via alleviating IDO1-mediated the inhibition of DCs maturation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153524. [PMID: 33667840 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been reported as a hallmark of hepatic fibrosis. Ginseng Rg1(G-Rg1) is a characterized bioactive component isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Ginseng) that used in China widely. However, the anti-hepatic fibrosis property of G-Rg1 and the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly reported. PURPOSE Here, we researched the effect of G-Rg1 on experimental liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We applied a CCL4-induced liver fibrosis in mice (wild-type and those overexpressing IDO1 by in vivo AAV9 vector) and HSC-T6 cells to detect the anti-hepatic fibrosis effect of G-Rg1 in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that G-Rg1 reduced serum levels of AST and ALT markedly. Histologic examination indicated that G-Rg1 dramatically improved the extent of liver fibrosis and suppressed the hepatic levels of fibrotic marker α-SMA in vivo and in vitro. The proliferation of HSC-T6 was significantly inhibited by G-Rg1 in vitro. Both TUNEL staining and flow cytometry demonstrated that G-Rg1 attenuated the levels of hepatocyte apoptosis in fibrotic mice. Additionally, G-Rg1 up-regulated the maturation of hepatic DCs via reducing the expression level of hepatic IDO1, which played an inverse role in the maturation of DCs. Furthermore, oral administration of G-Rg1 ameliorated IDO1 overexpression-induced worsen liver fibrosis as well as IDO1 overexpression-mediated more apparent inhibition of maturation of DCs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that G-Rg1, which exerts its antifibrotic properties via alleviating IDO1-mediated the inhibition of DCs maturation, may be a potential therapeutic drug in treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Chuying Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Weixin Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou510515, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China.
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de Brito WB, Queiroz MAF, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Lima SS, da Silva Conde SRS, dos Santos EJM, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. The TGFB1 -509C/T polymorphism and elevated TGF-β1 levels are associated with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:152002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Li B, Yan C, Zhu J, Chen X, Fu Q, Zhang H, Tong Z, Liu L, Zheng Y, Zhao P, Jiang W, Fang W. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Immunotherapy Employed in Treating Hepatitis B Virus Infection-Related Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32547550 PMCID: PMC7270402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is regarded as the main etiological risk factor in the process of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as it promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment that is partially mediated by the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling pathway. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of HBV-related HCC is indeed more immunosuppressive than microenvironments not associated with viruses. And compared to TME in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected HCC, TME of HBV-related HCC is less vascularized and presents different immune components resulting in similar immunosuppression. However, few studies are focusing on the specific side effects and efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in HBV-related HCC patients, as well as on the underlying mechanism. Herein, we reviewed the basic research focusing on potential TME alteration caused by HBV infection, especially in HCC patients. Moreover, we reviewed PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy clinical trials to clarify the safety and efficacy of this newly developed treatment in the particular circumstances of HBV infection. We found that patients with HBV-related HCC displayed an acceptable safety profile similar to those of non-infected HCC patients. However, we could not determine the antiviral activity of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade because standard anti-viral therapies were conducted in all of the current clinical trials, which made it difficult to distinguish the potential influence of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade on HBV infection. Generally, the objective response rates (ORRs) of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy did not differ significantly between virus-positive and virus-negative patients, except that disease control rates (DCRs) were obviously lower in HBV-infected HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qihan Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Leisch M, Greil R, Pleyer L. IDO in MDS/AML disease progression and its role in resistance to azacitidine: a potential new drug target? Br J Haematol 2020; 190:314-317. [PMID: 32419137 PMCID: PMC7496607 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Pleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute - Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg, Austria.,Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Barooah P, Saikia S, Kalita MJ, Bharadwaj R, Sarmah P, Bhattacharyya M, Goswami B, Medhi S. IL-10 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Predict Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurrence in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection from Northeast India. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:457-467. [PMID: 32352886 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to variable outcomes, ranging from prolonged slow hepatic damage leading to cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Polymorphism in cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 that impact the immune response to HCV infection may play a role in determining this outcome. This study was aimed to determine if polymorphisms in IL-10 and IL-12B contribute to HCV susceptibility and the risk of developing HCC in patients from Northeast India. IL-10 - 1082, -819, -592 polymorphisms and IL-12B -1188 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in a total of 266 HCV-infected patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. In the HCV-infected subjects, 110 patients had chronic hepatitis C (CHC), 96 with liver cirrhosis, and 60 with HCC. Serum levels of IL-10 were also measured and correlated with disease severity. Haplotype analysis for IL-10 polymorphisms was carried out. Statistical data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0. The frequency of IL-10 - 592 AA genotype/A allele was significantly higher in HCC patients than in CHC patients. The intermediate IL-10-producing ACC haplotype was significantly more frequent in HCC and cirrhotic patients than in CHC patients. No significant association was found for IL-10 - 819, -592 and IL-12B -1188 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to HCV infection or occurrence of HCC in HCV-infected patients. IL-10 - 592 CA polymorphism and IL-10 ACC haplotype are significant biomarkers of HCC in HCV-infected patients from Northeast India. Higher serum levels of IL-10 were also linked to higher disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajjalendra Barooah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Snigdha Saikia
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Manas Jyoti Kalita
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rituraj Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Preeti Sarmah
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Mallika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Bhabadev Goswami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, India
| | - Subhash Medhi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
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Huang YS, Ogbechi J, Clanchy FI, Williams RO, Stone TW. IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:388. [PMID: 32194572 PMCID: PMC7066259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the kynurenine pathway in normal immune system function has led to an appreciation of its possible contribution to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity exerts a protective function, limiting the severity of experimental arthritis, whereas deletion or inhibition exacerbates the symptoms. Other chronic disorder with an inflammatory component, such as atherosclerosis, are also suppressed by IDO activity. It is suggested that this overall anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by a change in the relative production or activity of Th17 and regulatory T cell populations. Kynurenines may play an anti-inflammatory role also in CNS disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, in which signs of inflammation and neurodegeneration are involved. The possibility is discussed that in Huntington's disease kynurenines interact with other anti-inflammatory molecules such as Human Lymphocyte Antigen-G which may be relevant in other disorders. Kynurenine involvement may account for the protection afforded to animals with cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis when they are treated with an inhibitor of kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO). There is some evidence that changes in IL-10 may contribute to this protection and the relationship between kynurenines and IL-10 in arthritis and other inflammatory conditions should be explored. In addition, metabolites of kynurenine downstream of KMO, such as anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid can influence inflammation, and the ratio of these compounds is a valuable biomarker of inflammatory status although the underlying molecular mechanisms of the changes require clarification. Hence it is essential that more effort be expended to identify their sites of action as potential targets for drug development. Finally, we discuss increasing awareness of the epigenetic regulation of IDO, for example by DNA methylation, a phenomenon which may explain differences between individuals in their susceptibility to arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Nicholas DA, Salto LM, Lavelle K, Wilson J, Beeson WL, Firek A, Langridge WHR, Cordero-MacIntyre Z, De Leon M. En Balance: The Contribution of Physical Activity to the Efficacy of Spanish Diabetes Education of Hispanic Americans with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4826704. [PMID: 32377521 PMCID: PMC7191357 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4826704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE En Balance, a culturally sensitive diabetes education program, improves glycemic control in Hispanics with type 2 diabetes. The program emphasized diet, physical activity, and other factors important for glycemic control. However, the individual contributions of these education factors are unclear. The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of physical activity to the success of En Balance in improving the health of Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted with plasma samples collected pre- and post-3-month study. Samples from 58 (18 males and 40 females) Hispanic subjects with type 2 diabetes were analyzed for the concentration of kynurenines, known to decrease in response to exercise. After three months, health outcomes for the active group (decreased kynurenines) and the rest of the cohort were evaluated by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Half of the subjects had increased kynurenine levels at the end of the educational program. We found that the subjects in the active group with decreased kynurenine concentrations displayed statistically greater improvements in fasting blood glucose, A1C, cholesterol, and triglycerides despite weight loss being higher in the group with increased kynurenine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS En Balance participants with decreased kynurenine levels had significantly improved glycemic control. These data suggest that physical activity significantly contributes to the success of the En Balance education program. This analysis indicates that diabetes public health educators should emphasize the benefit of physical activity on glycemic control even in the absence of major weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequina A. Nicholas
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lorena M. Salto
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kristen Lavelle
- California Pacific Medical Center, 2333 Buchanan Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Joy Wilson
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - W. Lawrence Beeson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 24951 North Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Anthony Firek
- Section of Endocrinology, JL Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
| | - William H. R. Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Zaida Cordero-MacIntyre
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Whittier College, 13406 E Philadelphia Street, Whittier, CA 90602, USA
| | - Marino De Leon
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Division of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School Medicine, California, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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25
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The advantage of Sirolimus in amplifying regulatory B cells and regulatory T cells in liver transplant patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 869:172872. [PMID: 31846626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sirolimus has been shown to ameliorate steroid-resistant rejection and induce long-term immune tolerance among liver transplant patients. However, the detailed mechanism of how Sirolimus achieve these advantages is still lacking. This study attempts to reveal some possible mechanisms by investigating regulatory B cells (Bregs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and some cytokines in liver transplant recipients whose Tacrolimus was partially converted to Sirolimus. The results showed that CD19+CD24+CD38+Bregs and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs increased significantly during the first month after drug conversion (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The percentages of IL-10+Bregs and TGF-β1+Bregs were also elevated (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and the same trend was observed in the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). However, in the observation period, these investigated lymphocyte subsets and cytokines didn't change significantly in patients without Sirolimus usage. The incidence of biliary stenosis in the conversion group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). At the same time, in vitro experiments showed that Sirolimus could significantly amplify Bregs and Tregs (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01) while Tacrolimus did not show the amplifications effects. Sirolimus' function of amplifying Bregs was weakened, and its function of amplifying Tregs even disappeared after IL-10 and TGF-β1 were neutralized. In conclusion, Sirolimus could amplify Bregs and Tregs among liver transplant recipient, which might be benefit to mitigate the immune response, decrease chances of rejection and alleviate biliary complication. IL-10 and TGF-β1 may play important roles during this process.
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26
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Platelets and Hepatocellular Cancer: Bridging the Bench to the Clinics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101568. [PMID: 31618961 PMCID: PMC6826649 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing interest is recently being focused on the role played by the platelets in favoring hepatocellular cancer (HCC) growth and dissemination. The present review reports in detail both the experimental and clinical evidence published on this topic. Several growth factors and angiogenic molecules specifically secreted by platelets are directly connected with tumor progression and neo-angiogenesis. Among them, we can list the platelet-derived growth factor, the vascular endothelial growth factor, the endothelial growth factor, and serotonin. Platelets are also involved in tumor spread, favoring endothelium permeabilization and tumor cells’ extravasation and survival in the bloodstream. From the bench to the clinics, all of these aspects were also investigated in clinical series, showing an evident correlation between platelet count and size of HCC, tumor biological behavior, metastatic spread, and overall survival rates. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the platelet–tumor axis represents a paramount aspect for optimizing both current tumor treatment and development of new therapeutic strategies against HCC.
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27
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Cao G, Zhu R, Jiang T, Tang D, Kwan HY, Su T. Danshensu, a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1 inhibitor, exerts anti-hepatic fibrosis effects via inhibition of JAK2-STAT3 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 63:153055. [PMID: 31377585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an important intracellular rate-limiting enzyme in the development of Hepatic fibrosis (HF), and has been proposed as a hallmark of HF. Danshensu (DSS) is a major bioactive component that isolated from a edible traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen), while, the anti-HF mode and mechanism of action of DSS have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat HF model and TGF-β1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) model were employed to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-HF effects of DSS. HSC-T6 cells stably expressing IDO1, a constitutively active IDO1 mutant, was used to determine the role of JAK2-STAT3 signaling in the DSS's anti-HF effects. RESULTS We found that intragastric administration of DSS potently reduced fibrosis, inhibited IDO1 expression and STAT3 activity both in vitro and in vivo. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis, DSS was identified as a novel IDO1 inhibitor. Mechanistic studies indicated that DSS inhibited JAK2-STAT3 signaling, it reduced IDO1 expression, STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 nuclear localization. More importantly, overexpression of IDO1 diminished DSS's anti-HF effects. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a pharmacological justification for the clinical use of DSS in treating HF, and suggest that DSS has the potential to be developed as a modern alternative and/or complimentary agent for HF treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxin Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Ye Z, Yue L, Shi J, Shao M, Wu T. Role of IDO and TDO in Cancers and Related Diseases and the Therapeutic Implications. J Cancer 2019; 10:2771-2782. [PMID: 31258785 PMCID: PMC6584917 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is a significant metabolic pathway of tryptophan (Trp). The metabolites of the Kyn pathway are closely correlated with numerous diseases. Two main enzymes, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO or TDO2), regulate the first and rate-limiting step of the Kyn pathway. These enzymes are directly or indirectly involved in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes, and mental disorders. Presently, an increasing number of potential mechanisms have been revealed. In the present review, we depict the structure of IDO and TDO and explicate their functions in various diseases to facilitate a better understanding of them and to indicate new therapeutic plans to target them. Moreover, we summarize the inhibitors of IDO/TDO that are currently under development and their efficacy in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Ye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linxiu Yue
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Shao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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29
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Clària J, Moreau R, Fenaille F, Amorós A, Junot C, Gronbaek H, Coenraad MJ, Pruvost A, Ghettas A, Chu-Van E, López-Vicario C, Oettl K, Caraceni P, Alessandria C, Trebicka J, Pavesi M, Deulofeu C, Albillos A, Gustot T, Welzel TM, Fernández J, Stauber RE, Saliba F, Butin N, Colsch B, Moreno C, Durand F, Nevens F, Bañares R, Benten D, Ginès P, Gerbes A, Jalan R, Angeli P, Bernardi M, Arroyo V. Orchestration of Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway, Acute Decompensation, and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2019; 69:1686-1701. [PMID: 30521097 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation (SI) is involved in the pathogenesis of acute decompensation (AD) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in cirrhosis. In other diseases, SI activates tryptophan (Trp) degradation through the kynurenine pathway (KP), giving rise to metabolites that contribute to multiorgan/system damage and immunosuppression. In the current study, we aimed to characterize the KP in patients with cirrhosis, in whom this pathway is poorly known. The serum levels of Trp, key KP metabolites (kynurenine and kynurenic and quinolinic acids), and cytokines (SI markers) were measured at enrollment in 40 healthy subjects, 39 patients with compensated cirrhosis, 342 with AD (no ACLF) and 180 with ACLF, and repeated in 258 patients during the 28-day follow-up. Urine KP metabolites were measured in 50 patients with ACLF. Serum KP activity was normal in compensated cirrhosis, increased in AD and further increased in ACLF, in parallel with SI; it was remarkably higher in ACLF with kidney failure than in ACLF without kidney failure in the absence of differences in urine KP activity and fractional excretion of KP metabolites. The short-term course of AD and ACLF (worsening, improvement, stable) correlated closely with follow-up changes in serum KP activity. Among patients with AD at enrollment, those with the highest baseline KP activity developed ACLF during follow-up. Among patients who had ACLF at enrollment, those with immune suppression and the highest KP activity, both at baseline, developed nosocomial infections during follow-up. Finally, higher baseline KP activity independently predicted mortality in patients with AD and ACLF. Conclusion: Features of KP activation appear in patients with AD, culminate in patients with ACLF, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACLF, clinical course, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Clària
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Paris, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, ComUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alex Amorós
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Henning Gronbaek
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, INRA Université Paris Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Plateforme SMArt-MS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Ghettas
- CEA, INRA Université Paris Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Plateforme SMArt-MS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emeline Chu-Van
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Karl Oettl
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Pavesi
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Deulofeu
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Gustot
- CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Javier Fernández
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Faouzi Saliba
- Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Moreno
- CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Durand
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Paris, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, ComUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rafael Bañares
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pere Ginès
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital LMU Munich, Liver Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Angeli
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Padoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Goyal L, Zheng H, Abrams TA, Miksad R, Bullock AJ, Allen JN, Yurgelun MB, Clark JW, Kambadakone A, Muzikansky A, Knowles M, Galway A, Afflitto AJ, Dinicola CF, Regan E, Hato T, Mamessier E, Shigeta K, Jain RK, Duda DG, Zhu AX. A Phase II and Biomarker Study of Sorafenib Combined with Modified FOLFOX in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:80-89. [PMID: 30190369 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sorafenib is a standard first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The phase III SHARP trial showed a median time-to-progression (mTTP) of 5.5 months, overall response rate (ORR) of 2%, and median overall survival (mOS) of 10.7 months with sorafenib. FOLFOX4 has shown modest activity in advanced HCC. We evaluated the combination of sorafenib and modified (m)FOLFOX in a single-arm, multicenter phase II study. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included Child-Pugh A patients with advanced HCC and no prior systemic therapies. Patients received sorafenib 400 mg twice a day for 2 weeks, followed by concurrent mFOLFOX [5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 1,200 mg/m2/day for 46 hours, leucovorin 200 mg/m2, and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 biweekly]. The primary endpoint was mTTP with an alternative hypothesis of 7 months, and secondary endpoints included ORR, mOS, and circulating biomarkers. RESULTS The study enrolled 40 patients: HCV/EtOH/HBV, 43%/28%/13%; Child-Pugh A5, 70%. Notable grade 3/4 adverse events (AE) included AST/ALT elevation (28%/15%), diarrhea (13%), hyperbilirubinemia (10%), hand-foot syndrome (8%), and bleeding (8%). mTTP was 7.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4-8.9], ORR 18%, and mOS 15.1 months (7.9-16.9). Sorafenib + mFOLFOX increased plasma PlGF, VEGF-D, sVEGFR1, IL12p70, and CAIX and CD4+ and CD8+ effector T lymphocytes and decreased plasma sVEGFR2 and s-c-KIT and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Shorter TTP was associated with high baseline sVEGFR1. Shorter TTP and OS were associated with increases in Tregs and CD56Dim natural killer (NK) cells after sorafenib alone and plasma sMET after combination treatment (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Sorafenib + mFOLFOX met the prespecified endpoint with encouraging efficacy but moderate hepatotoxicity. Thus, this regimen may be effective in select patients with adequate liver reserve. Biomarker evaluations suggested a correlation between time-to-progression (TTP) and angiogenic biomarkers and circulating Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas A Abrams
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Miksad
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea J Bullock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jill N Allen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey W Clark
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avinash Kambadakone
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michelle Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aralee Galway
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony J Afflitto
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline F Dinicola
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eileen Regan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tai Hato
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kohei Shigeta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan G Duda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew X Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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