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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Mendes-Correa MC, Linhares IM, de Cássia Raymundi V, de Oliveira Paião HG, Barbosa EMG, Luna-Muschi A, Honorato L, Correa GF, da Costa AC, Costa SF, Witkin SS. Association between development of severe COVID-19 and a polymorphism in the CIAS1 gene that codes for an inflammasome component. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11252. [PMID: 37438453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response is associated with severe life-threatening symptoms in individuals with Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID). The inflammasome is an intracellular structure responsible for generation of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. NALP3, a product of the CIAS1 gene, is the rate-limiting component for inflammasome activity. We evaluated if a CIAS1 42 base pair length polymorphism (rs74163773) was associated with severe COVID. DNA from 93 individuals with severe COVID, 38 with mild COVID, and 98 controls were analyzed for this polymorphism. The 12 unit repeat allele is associated with the highest inflammasome activity. Five alleles, corresponding to 6, 7, 9, 12 or 13 repeat units, divided into 12 genotypes were identified. The frequency of the 12 unit repeat allele was 45.3% in those with severe disease as opposed to 30.0% in those with mild disease and 26.0% in controls (p < 0.0001, severe vs. controls). In contrast, the 7 unit repeat allele frequency was 30.1% in controls as opposed to 14.0% and 12.5% in those with severe or mild disease, respectively (p ≤ 0.0017). We conclude that individuals positive for the CIAS1 12 allele may be at elevated risk for development of severe COVID due to an increased level of induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania R Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Moreno Linhares
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Cássia Raymundi
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heuder Gustavo de Oliveira Paião
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erick Matheus Garcia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Luna-Muschi
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla Honorato
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Francisco Correa
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Figueiredo Costa
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Laboratório de Virologia LIM 52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Inactivation of replication-competent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on common surfaces by disinfectants. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:504-506. [PMID: 35078553 PMCID: PMC8828396 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This experimental laboratory-based study evaluated two disinfectants' efficacy against replication-competent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on three surfaces. Disinfectants were effictive at eliminating the presence, viability, and subsequent replication of SARS-CoV-2 on all surfaces. Although SARS-CoV-2 likely spreads primarily via airborne transmission, layered mitigation should include high-touch surface disinfection.
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8122. [PMID: 35897696 PMCID: PMC9368024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The relentless, protracted evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus imposes tremendous pressure on herd immunity and demands versatile adaptations by the human host genome to counter transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic alterations associated with a wide range of short- and long-term manifestations during acute infection and post-acute recovery, respectively. To promote viral replication during active infection and viral persistence, the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein regulates host cell microenvironment including pH and ion concentrations to maintain a high oxidative environment that supports template switching, causing extensive mitochondrial damage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling cascades. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial distress induce dynamic changes to both the host and viral RNA m6A methylome, and can trigger the derepression of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1), resulting in global hypomethylation, epigenetic changes, and genomic instability. The timely application of melatonin during early infection enhances host innate antiviral immune responses by preventing the formation of "viral factories" by nucleocapsid liquid-liquid phase separation that effectively blockades viral genome transcription and packaging, the disassembly of stress granules, and the sequestration of DEAD-box RNA helicases, including DDX3X, vital to immune signaling. Melatonin prevents membrane depolarization and protects cristae morphology to suppress glycolysis via antioxidant-dependent and -independent mechanisms. By restraining the derepression of LINE1 via multifaceted strategies, and maintaining the balance in m6A RNA modifications, melatonin could be the quintessential ancient molecule that significantly influences the outcome of the constant struggle between virus and host to gain transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic dominance over the host genome during acute infection and PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Kong M, Li L, Eilts SM, Li L, Hogan CJ, Pope ZC. Localized and Whole-Room Effects of Portable Air Filtration Units on Aerosol Particle Deposition and Concentration in a Classroom Environment. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2022; 2:653-669. [PMID: 37552723 PMCID: PMC8864773 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In indoor environments with limited ventilation, recirculating portable air filtration (PAF) units may reduce COVID-19 infection risk via not only the direct aerosol route (i.e., inhalation) but also via an indirect aerosol route (i.e., contact with the surface where aerosol particles deposited). We systematically investigated the impact of PAF units in a mock classroom, as a supplement to background ventilation, on localized and whole-room surface deposition and particle concentration. Fluorescently tagged particles with a volumetric mean diameter near 2 μm were continuously introduced into the classroom environment via a breathing simulator with a prescribed inhalation-exhalation waveform. Deposition velocities were inferred on >50 horizontal and vertical surfaces throughout the classroom, while aerosol concentrations were spatially monitored via optical particle spectrometry. Results revealed a particle decay rate consistent with expectations based upon the reported clean air delivery rates of the PAF units. Additionally, the PAF units reduced peak concentrations by a factor of around 2.5 compared to the highest concentrations observed and led to a statistically significant reduction in deposition velocities for horizontal surfaces >2.5 m from the aerosol source. Our results not only confirm that PAF units can reduce particle concentrations but also demonstrate that they may lead to reduced particle deposition throughout an indoor environment when properly positioned with respect to the location of the particle source(s) within the room (e.g., where the largest group of students sit) and the predominant air distribution profile of the room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Kong
- Well Living Lab, Rochester,
Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Linhao Li
- Well Living Lab, Rochester,
Minnesota 55902, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Eilts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Zachary C. Pope
- Well Living Lab, Rochester,
Minnesota 55902, United States
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and
Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United
States
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Pope ZC, Kottke TJ, Shah A, Vile RG, Rizza SA. Inactivation of Replication-Competent Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate on Common Surfaces by Disinfectants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7714. [PMID: 34300163 PMCID: PMC8304672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface disinfection is part of a larger mitigation strategy to prevent the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Research evaluating the time, nature, and extent of surface disinfection of replication-competent viruses is needed. We evaluated the efficacy of two disinfectants against a replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate on three common public surfaces. Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein (VSV-GFP) was our replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 surrogate. Disinfection occurred using Super Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Wipes and Oxivir Tb spray per manufacturer instructions to test the efficacy at reducing the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP on stainless steel, laminate wood, and porcelain surfaces using standardized methods after recovery and toxicity testing. During the main trials, we placed 100 µL spots of VSV-GFP at viral titers of 108, 107, and 106 PFU/mL on each surface prior to disinfection. Trials were completed in triplicate and post-disinfection measurements on each surface were compared to the measurements of non-disinfected surfaces. Disinfectants were considered efficacious when ≥3-log10 reduction in the number of infectious VSV-GFP virus units was observed on a given surface during all trials. Both disinfectants produced a ≥3.23-log10 reduction in infectious VSV-GFP virus unit numbers, with all trials showing no viable, replication-competent VSV-GFP present on any tested surface. The two disinfectants eliminated the presence, viability, and later replication of VSV-GFP, our SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, on all surfaces. This information suggests that, if following manufacturer instructions, overcleaning surfaces with multiple disinfectant solutions may be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Pope
- Well Living Lab, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy J. Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (T.J.K.); (R.G.V.)
| | - Aditya Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Richard G. Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (T.J.K.); (R.G.V.)
| | - Stacey A. Rizza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (A.S.); (S.A.R.)
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