Association between molecular markers of COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease

The viral hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease: SARS-CoV-2 on the cusp

Increasing evidence highlights that infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has long-term effects on cognitive function, which may cause neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the future. We performed an analysis of a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and AD risk and proposed several hypotheses for its possible mechanism, including systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, vascular endothelial injury, direct viral infection, and abnormal amyloid precursor protein metabolism. The purpose of this review is to highlight the impact of infection with SASR-CoV-2 on the future risk of AD, to provide recommendations on medical strategies during the pandemic, and to propose strategies to address the risk of AD induced by SASR-CoV-2. We call for the establishment of a follow-up system for survivors to help researchers better understand the occurrence, natural history, and optimal management of SARS-CoV-2-related AD and prepare for the future.

Tangled quest of post-COVID-19 infection-caused neuropathology and what 3P nano-bio-medicine can solve?

COVID-19-caused neurological problems are the important post-CoV-2 infection complications, which are recorded in ~ 40% of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Neurodegeneration (ND) is one of the most serious complications. It is necessary to understand its molecular mechanism(s), define research gaps to direct research to, hopefully, design new treatment modalities, for predictive diagnosis, patient stratification, targeted prevention, prognostic assessment, and personalized medical services for this type of complication. Individualized nano-bio-medicine combines nano-medicine (NM) with clinical and molecular biomarkers based on omics data to improve during- and post-illness management or post-infection prognosis, in addition to personalized dosage profiling and drug selection for maximum treatment efficacy, safety with least side-effects. This review will enumerate proteins, receptors, and enzymes involved in CoV-2 entrance into the central nervous system (CNS) via the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and list the repercussions after that entry, ranging from neuroinflammation to neurological symptoms disruption mechanism. Moreover, molecular mechanisms that mediate the host effect or viral detrimental effect on the host are discussed here, including autophagy, non-coding RNAs, inflammasome, and other molecular mechanisms of CoV-2 infection neuro-affection that are defined here as hallmarks of neuropathology related to COVID-19 infection. Thus, a couple of questions are raised; for example, “What are the hallmarks of neurodegeneration during COVID-19 infection?” and “Are epigenetics promising solution against post-COVID-19 neurodegeneration?” In addition, nano-formulas might be a better novel treatment for COVID-19 neurological complications, which raises one more question, “What are the challenges of nano-bio-based nanocarriers pre- or post-COVID-19 infection?” especially in the light of omics-based changes/challenges, research, and clinical practice in the framework of predictive preventive personalized medicine (PPPM / 3P medicine).