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Wanzeller ALM, da Silva FS, Hernández LHA, Barros LJL, Freitas MNO, Santos MM, Gonçalves EDJ, Pantoja JAS, Lima CDS, Lima MF, Costa LRO, das Chagas LL, Silva IF, da Cunha TCADS, do Nascimento BLS, Vasconcelos HB, da Rosa EST, Rodrigues SG, Azevedo RDSDS, Martins LC, Casseb LMN, Chiang JO, Nunes Neto JP, Cruz ACR, Carvalho VL, Vasconcelos PFDC, da Silva EVP. Isolation of Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses with Encephalitogenic Potential Diagnosed by Evandro Chagas Institute (Pará, Brazil) in the Period of 1954-2022: Six Decades of Discoveries. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040935. [PMID: 37112917 PMCID: PMC10146763 DOI: 10.3390/v15040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses with encephalitogenic potential can cause neurological conditions of clinical and epidemiological importance, such as Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus and West Nile virus. The objective of the present study was to determine the number of arboviruses with neuroinvasive potential isolated in Brazil that corresponds to the collection of viral samples belonging to the Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute (SAARB/IEC) of the Laboratory Network of National Reference for Arbovirus Diagnosis from 1954 to 2022. In the analyzed period, a total of 1,347 arbovirus samples with encephalitogenic potential were isolated from mice; 5,065 human samples were isolated exclusively by cell culture; and 676 viruses were isolated from mosquitoes. The emergence of new arboviruses may be responsible for diseases still unknown to humans, making the Amazon region a hotspot for infectious diseases due to its fauna and flora species characteristics. The detection of circulating arboviruses with the potential to cause neuroinvasive diseases is constant, which justifies the continuation of active epidemiological surveillance work that offers adequate support to the public health system regarding the virological diagnosis of circulating arboviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Monteiro Wanzeller
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Silva da Silva
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Almeida Hernández
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Landerson Junior Leopoldino Barros
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Nazaré Oliveira Freitas
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Maissa Maia Santos
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Ercília de Jesus Gonçalves
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Jamilla Augusta Sousa Pantoja
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Creuza de Sousa Lima
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Furtado Lima
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Oliveira Costa
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Liliane Leal das Chagas
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Iveraldo Ferreira Silva
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Alves da Silveira da Cunha
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lais Sena do Nascimento
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Helena Baldez Vasconcelos
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Salbe Travassos da Rosa
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Raimunda do Socorro da Silva Azevedo
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Lívia Carício Martins
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Lívia Medeiros Neves Casseb
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Jannifer Oliveira Chiang
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Lima Carvalho
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva
- Viral Isolation Laboratory, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil
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Chalhoub FLL, Horta MAP, Alcantara LCJ, Morales A, dos Santos LMB, Guerra-Campos V, Rodrigues CDS, Santos CC, Mares-Guia MAM, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, de Filippis AMB. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Saint Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses in Horses of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112459. [PMID: 36366557 PMCID: PMC9695862 DOI: 10.3390/v14112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with arboviruses are reported worldwide. Saint Louis encephalitis (SLEV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses are closely related flaviviruses affecting humans and animals. SLEV has been sporadically detected in humans, and corresponding antibodies have been frequently detected in horses throughout Brazil. WNV was first reported in western Brazil over a decade ago, has been associated with neurological disorders in humans and equines and its prevalence is increasing nationwide. Herein, we investigated by molecular and serological methods the presence of SLEV and WNV in equines from Rio de Janeiro. A total of 435 serum samples were collected from healthy horses and tested for specific neutralizing antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90). Additionally, samples (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, central nervous system tissue) from 72 horses, including horses with neurological disorders resulting in a fatal outcome or horses which had contact with them, were tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for both viruses. Adopting the criterion of four-fold antibody titer difference, 165 horses (38%) presented neutralizing antibodies for flaviviruses, 89 (20.4%) for SLEV and five (1.1%) for WNV. No evidence of SLEV and WNV infection was detected by RT-qPCR and, thus, such infection could not be confirmed in the additional samples. Our findings indicate horses of Rio de Janeiro were exposed to SLEV and WNV, contributing to the current knowledge on the distribution of these viruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alejandra Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Pergamino 2700, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Carolina C. Santos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e de Saúde Pública do Departamento de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
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Fritsch H, Pereira FM, Costa EA, Fonseca V, Tosta S, Xavier J, Levy F, de Oliveira C, Menezes G, Lima J, Santos L, Silva L, Nardy V, Astete MKG, Santos BSÁDS, Aguiar NR, Guedes MIMC, de Faria GC, Furtini R, Drumond SRM, Cunha GM, Souza MSPL, de Jesus R, Guimarães SAF, Nuno IC, de Santana ICB, de Sá JEU, Santos GR, Silva WS, Guedes TF, Araújo ELL, Said RFDC, de Albuquerque CFC, Peterka CRL, Romano APM, da Cunha RV, de Filippis AMB, Leal e Silva de Mello A, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ. Retrospective Investigation in Horses with Encephalitis Reveals Unnoticed Circulation of West Nile Virus in Brazil. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071540. [PMID: 35891521 PMCID: PMC9316658 DOI: 10.3390/v14071540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During these past years, several studies have provided serological evidence regarding the circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) in Brazil. Despite some reports, much is still unknown regarding the genomic diversity and transmission dynamics of this virus in the country. Recently, genomic monitoring activities in horses revealed the circulation of WNV in several Brazilian regions. These findings on the paucity of genomic data reinforce the need for prompt investigation of WNV infection in horses, which may precede human cases of encephalitis in Brazil. Thus, in this study, we retrospectively screened 54 suspicious WNV samples collected between 2017 and 2020 from the spinal cord and brain of horses with encephalitis and generated three new WNV genomes from the Ceará and Bahia states, located in the northeastern region of Brazil. The Bayesian reconstruction revealed that at least two independent introduction events occurred in Brazil. The first introduction event appears to be likely related to the North American outbreak, and was estimated to have occurred in March 2013.The second introduction event appears to have occurred in September 2017 and appears to be likely related to the South American outbreak. Together, our results reinforce the importance of increasing the priority of WNV genomic monitoring in equines with encephalitis in order to track the dispersion of this emerging pathogen through the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegger Fritsch
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Felicidade Mota Pereira
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Vagner Fonseca
- Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde/Organização Mundial de Saúde, Brasilia 37650-000, Brazil; (V.F.); (R.F.d.C.S.); (C.F.C.d.A.)
| | - Stephane Tosta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Joilson Xavier
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Flavia Levy
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.L.); (C.d.O.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.L.); (C.d.O.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Gabriela Menezes
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Jaqueline Lima
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Lenisa Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Luciana Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Vanessa Nardy
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Marcela Kelly Gómez Astete
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | | | - Nágila Rocha Aguiar
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (H.F.); (E.A.C.); (S.T.); (J.X.); (B.S.Á.d.S.S.); (N.R.A.); (M.I.M.C.G.)
| | - Guilherme Canhestro de Faria
- Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil; (G.C.d.F.); (R.F.); (S.R.M.D.)
| | - Ronaldo Furtini
- Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil; (G.C.d.F.); (R.F.); (S.R.M.D.)
| | - Safira Rachel Milanez Drumond
- Laboratório de Saúde Animal, Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Belo Horizonte 30110-005, Brazil; (G.C.d.F.); (R.F.); (S.R.M.D.)
| | - Gabriel Muricy Cunha
- Secretary of Health of the State of Bahia (SESAB), Salvador 40301-110, Brazil; (G.M.C.); (M.S.P.L.S.)
| | | | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde-Brazil, Brasília 70719-040, Brazil; (R.d.J.); (T.F.G.); (E.L.L.A.)
| | - Sara A. Franco Guimarães
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Italo Coelho Nuno
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Ian Carlos Brito de Santana
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - José Eduardo Ungar de Sá
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - George Roma Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Willadesmon Santos Silva
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
| | - Thiago Ferreira Guedes
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde-Brazil, Brasília 70719-040, Brazil; (R.d.J.); (T.F.G.); (E.L.L.A.)
| | - Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo
- Coordenação Geral dos Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde-Brazil, Brasília 70719-040, Brazil; (R.d.J.); (T.F.G.); (E.L.L.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Fabiano do Carmo Said
- Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde/Organização Mundial de Saúde, Brasilia 37650-000, Brazil; (V.F.); (R.F.d.C.S.); (C.F.C.d.A.)
| | | | - Cassio Roberto Leonel Peterka
- Coordenação Geral das Arboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (CGARB/SVS-MS), Brasilia 37650-000, Brazil; (C.R.L.P.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Alessandro Pecego Martins Romano
- Coordenação Geral das Arboviroses, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (CGARB/SVS-MS), Brasilia 37650-000, Brazil; (C.R.L.P.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | | | - Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.L.); (C.d.O.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Arabela Leal e Silva de Mello
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública Prof Goncalo Moniz, Salvador 41745-900, Brazil; (F.M.P.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (L.S.); (V.N.); (M.K.G.A.); (S.A.F.G.); (I.C.N.); (I.C.B.d.S.); (J.E.U.d.S.); (G.R.S.); (W.S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.e.S.d.M.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.L.); (C.d.O.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University of Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.L.e.S.d.M.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratorio de Flavivirus, lnstituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (F.L.); (C.d.O.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.e.S.d.M.); (M.G.); (L.C.J.A.)
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