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Abu-Hammad O, Arabiat D, Althagafi N, Eshky R, Abu-Hammad A, Jaber AR, Jaber AR, Dar-Odeh N. Sexually transmitted diseases and HIV co-infection among adult male patients in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatol Reports 2024; 16:9860. [PMID: 38957631 PMCID: PMC11216141 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2024.9860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis estimates sexually transmitted disease (STI) and HIV rates in male monkeypox patients during the 2022 outbreak. The study examines contextual factors that increase monkeypox risk. A systematic review of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to find observational studies on monkeypox patients' demographics and medical characteristics from the 2022 outbreak. This review's meta-analysis followed the System for the Unified Management, Assessment, and Review of Information - Joanna Briggs Institute (SUMARI JBI) guidelines. All HIV and STI prevalence data for male monkeypox patients was exported into the SUMARI JBI. For point prevalence of HIV and STIs, we used the Freeman-Tukey-type arcsine square root transformation to stabilize raw proportion variances. A fixed-effects model weighted and pooled all estimates by inverse variance. We then used a random model to account for sampling variation and reported fixed-effect model effect size heterogeneity across studies. Study heterogeneity was measured using the I2 test statistic and P-values. I2 test results were interpreted as low (25%), moderate (50%), and high (75%). Six Spanish and English studies qualified. These studies included 541 male monkeypox patients, 214 of whom had HIV and 255 with other STIs. HIV prevalence was estimated at 40% (95% CI = 0.31%, 0.50%; ᵡ2=15) and STIs at 43% (95% CI = 25%, 61%; ᵡ2=118). Overall, analyses showed moderate to high heterogeneity. Four in ten male monkeypox patients in 2022 had HIV or other STIs. To prevent HIV and other STIs, public health measures should target male and female monkeypox patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Arabiat
- School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nebras Althagafi
- College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawah Eshky
- College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Najla Dar-Odeh
- School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Hewel C, Schmidt H, Runkel S, Kohnen W, Schweiger-Seemann S, Michel A, Bikar SE, Lieb B, Plachter B, Hankeln T, Linke M, Gerber S. Nanopore adaptive sampling of a metagenomic sample derived from a human monkeypox case. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29610. [PMID: 38654702 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, a series of human monkeypox cases in multiple countries led to the largest and most widespread outbreak outside the known endemic areas. Setup of proper genomic surveillance is of utmost importance to control such outbreaks. To this end, we performed Nanopore (PromethION P24) and Illumina (NextSeq. 2000) Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of a monkeypox sample. Adaptive sampling was applied for in silico depletion of the human host genome, allowing for the enrichment of low abundance viral DNA without a priori knowledge of sample composition. Nanopore sequencing allowed for high viral genome coverage, tracking of sample composition during sequencing, strain determination, and preliminary assessment of mutational pattern. In addition to that, only Nanopore data allowed us to resolve the entire monkeypox virus genome, with respect to two structural variants belonging to the genes OPG015 and OPG208. These SVs in important host range genes seem stable throughout the outbreak and are frequently misassembled and/or misannotated due to the prevalence of short read sequencing or short read first assembly. Ideally, standalone standard Illumina sequencing should not be used for Monkeypox WGS and de novo assembly, since it will obfuscate the structure of the genome, which has an impact on the quality and completeness of the genomes deposited in public databases and thus possibly on the ability to evaluate the complete genetic reason for the host range change of monkeypox in the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hewel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanno Schmidt
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Runkel
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Transfusion Unit & Test Center, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kohnen
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Hygiene and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susann Schweiger-Seemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - André Michel
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Medical Management Department, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven-Ernö Bikar
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- StarSEQ GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Bodo Plachter
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Hankeln
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics & Genome Analysis, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Linke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Consortium Mainz, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Rabaan AA, Alshahrani FS, Garout M, Alissa M, Mashraqi MM, Alshehri AA, Alsaleh AA, Alwarthan S, Sabour AA, Alfaraj AH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, Abduljabbar WA, Aljeldah M, Alestad JH. Repositioning of anti-infective compounds against monkeypox virus core cysteine proteinase: a molecular dynamics study. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8. [PMID: 38652365 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) core cysteine proteinase (CCP) is one of the major drug targets used to examine the inhibitory action of chemical moieties. In this study, an in silico technique was applied to screen 1395 anti-infective compounds to find out the potential molecules against the MPXV-CCP. The top five hits were selected after screening and processed for exhaustive docking based on the docked score of ≤ -9.5 kcal/mol. Later, the top three hits based on the exhaustive-docking score and interaction profile were selected to perform MD simulations. The overall RMSD suggested that two compounds, SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate, showed a highly stable complex with a standard deviation of 0.18 and 0.23 nm, respectively. Later, the MM/GBSA binding free energies of complexes showed significant binding strength with ΔGTOTAL from -21.59 to -15 kcal/mol. This report reported the potential inhibitory activity of SC75741 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate against MPXV-CCP by competitively inhibiting the binding of the native substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, 31311, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Fatimah S Alshahrani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, 11362, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutaib M Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 61441, Najra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmonem A Alsaleh
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, 34222, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 34212, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Sabour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal H Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, 33261, Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical laboratory sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, 21134, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, 39831, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeehan H Alestad
- Immunology and Infectious Microbiology Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UK.
- Microbiology Department, Collage of Medicine, 46300, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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Agroia H, Smith E, Vaidya A, Rudman S, Roy M. Monkeypox (Mpox) Vaccine Hesitancy Among Mpox Cases: A Qualitative Study. Health Promot Pract 2023:15248399231215054. [PMID: 38102810 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231215054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Human mpox has been an increasing concern in the United States and California since late 2022. While the Jynneos vaccine offers a degree of cross-protection against the disease, vaccine hesitancy is common among those recommended for vaccination. The purpose of this study was to assess vaccine knowledge, facilitators, and barriers to vaccine uptake among individuals previously diagnosed with mpox, or mpox cases, in Santa Clara County, California. In-depth interviews were conducted by public health department staff among mpox cases diagnosed in Santa Clara County between July and September 2022. Responses were analyzed using a grounded theory data analysis approach. Among the 47 participants, 36 (77%) had heard of mpox before diagnosis, and of these, 20 (56%) did not think they were at risk of developing mpox, and 28 (78%) were aware that a vaccine was available. Those who did not receive the vaccine stated vaccine access and availability were the main barriers. Among the six participants not interested in the vaccine, the main hesitancies were lack of perceived risk, stigma of being branded by scarring and labeled gay, and vaccine safety. Overall, the following themes were attributed to reasons for vaccine hesitancy: (a) lack of awareness of the disease and vaccine, including perceived risks; (b) lack of vaccine availability and accessibility; and (c) stigma associated with receiving the vaccine, including being publicly labeled as "gay" and the scarring on forearm potentially seen as branding. We recommend tailoring outreach and educational campaigns to address reasons for mpox vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harit Agroia
- County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA
- San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Emily Smith
- County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Akanksha Vaidya
- County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Rudman
- County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Monika Roy
- County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, San Jose, CA, USA
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Colson P, Penant G, Delerce J, Boschi C, Wurtz N, Bedotto M, Branger S, Brouqui P, Parola P, Lagier JC, Cassir N, Tissot-Dupont H, Million M, Aherfi S, La Scola B. Sequencing of monkeypox virus from infected patients reveals viral genomes with APOBEC3-like editing, gene inactivation, and bacterial agents of skin superinfection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28799. [PMID: 37342884 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A large outbreak of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections has arisen in May 2022 in nonendemic countries. Here, we performed DNA metagenomics using next-generation sequencing with Illumina or Nanopore technologies for clinical samples from MPXV-infected patients diagnosed between June and July 2022. Classification of the MPXV genomes and determination of their mutational patterns were performed using Nextclade. Twenty-five samples from 25 patients were studied. A MPXV genome was obtained for 18 patients, essentially from skin lesions and rectal swabbing. All 18 genomes were classified in clade IIb, lineage B.1, and we identified four B.1 sublineages (B.1.1, B.1.10, B.1.12, B.1.14). We detected a high number of mutations (range, 64-73) relatively to a 2018 Nigerian genome (genome GenBank Accession no. NC_063383.1), which were harbored by a large part of a set of 3184 MPXV genomes of lineage B.1 recovered from GenBank and Nextstrain; and we detected 35 mutations relatively to genome ON563414.3 (a B.1 lineage reference genome). Nonsynonymous mutations occurred in genes encoding central proteins, among which transcription factors and core and envelope proteins, and included two mutations that would truncate a RNA polymerase subunit and a phospholipase d-like protein, suggesting an alternative start codon and gene inactivation, respectively. A large majority (94%) of nucleotide substitutions were G > A or C > U, suggesting the action of human APOBEC3 enzymes. Finally, >1000 reads were identified as from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes for 3 and 6 samples, respectively. These findings warrant a close genomic monitoring of MPXV to get a better picture of the genetic micro-evolution and mutational patterns of this virus, and a close clinical monitoring of skin bacterial superinfection in monkeypox patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Gwilherm Penant
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | | | - Céline Boschi
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Bedotto
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Branger
- Service de Médecine Interne Infectiologie Aïgue Polyvalente, Centre hospitalier d'Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Philippe Brouqui
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Nadim Cassir
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Tissot-Dupont
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Million
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Insights on Mpox virus infection immunopathogenesis. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2426. [PMID: 36738134 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An immunocompromised status has been associated with more odds of being infected with Mpox virus (MPXV) and progressing to severe disease. This aligns with the importance of immune competence for MPXV control and clearance. We and others have previously reviewed parallels between MPXV and other viruses belonging to the Poxviridae in affecting the immune system. This article reviews studies providing direct evidence of the MPXV-immune interactions. The wide-ranging effects of MPXV on the immune system, from stimulation to modulation to memory, are broadly categorised, followed by a detailing of these effects on the immune cells and molecules, including natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines, interferons, chemokines, and complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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AbdullGaffar B, Abdulrahman S. Monkeypox virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus skin coinfections. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28500. [PMID: 36653827 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Movahedi Nia Z, Bragazzi N, Asgary A, Orbinski J, Wu J, Kong J. Mpox panic, infodemic, and stigmatization of the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community: geospatial analysis, topic modeling, and sentiment analysis of a large, multilingual social media database (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e45108. [PMID: 37126377 DOI: 10.2196/45108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global Mpox (formerly, Monkeypox) outbreak is disproportionately affecting the gay and bisexual men having sex with men community. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use social media to study country-level variations in topics and sentiments toward Mpox and Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, Intersex, Asexual (2SLGBTQIAP+)-related topics. Previous infectious outbreaks have shown that stigma intensifies an outbreak. This work helps health officials control fear and stop discrimination. METHODS In total, 125,424 Twitter and Facebook posts related to Mpox and the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community were extracted from May 1 to December 25, 2022, using Twitter application programming interface academic accounts and Facebook-scraper tools. The tweets' main topics were discovered using Latent Dirichlet Allocation in the sklearn library. The pysentimiento package was used to find the sentiments of English and Spanish posts, and the CamemBERT package was used to recognize the sentiments of French posts. The tweets' and Facebook posts' languages were understood using the Twitter application programming interface platform and pycld3 library, respectively. Using ArcGis Online, the hot spots of the geotagged tweets were identified. Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA, and Dunn tests were used to compare the sentiment polarity of different topics and countries. RESULTS The number of Mpox posts and the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were 85% correlated (P<.001). Interestingly, the number of posts with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords had a higher correlation with the number of Mpox cases (correlation=0.36, P<.001) than the number of posts on Mpox (correlation=0.24, P<.001). Of the 10 topics, 8 were aimed at stigmatizing the 2SLGBTQIAP+ community, 3 of which had a significantly lower sentiment score than other topics (ANOVA P<.001). The Mann-Whitney U test shows that negative sentiments have a lower intensity than neutral and positive sentiments (P<.001) and neutral sentiments have a lower intensity than positive sentiments (P<.001). In addition, English sentiments have a higher negative and lower neutral and positive intensities than Spanish and French sentiments (P<.001), and Spanish sentiments have a higher negative and lower positive intensities than French sentiments (P<.001). The hot spots of the tweets with Mpox and 2SLGBTQIAP+ keywords were recognized as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Portugal, India, Ireland, and Italy. Canada was identified as having more tweets with negative polarity and a lower sentiment score (P<.04). CONCLUSIONS The 2SLGBTQIAP+ community is being widely stigmatized for spreading the Mpox virus on social media. This turns the community into a highly vulnerable population, widens the disparities, increases discrimination, and accelerates the spread of the virus. By identifying the hot spots and key topics of the related tweets, this work helps decision makers and health officials inform more targeted policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Movahedi Nia
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Asgary
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid-response Simulation, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - James Orbinski
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Jude Kong
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium, York University, North York, ON, Canada
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, North York, ON, Canada
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Vallée A. Sexual behaviors, cannabis, alcohol and monkeypox infection. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1054488. [PMID: 36733281 PMCID: PMC9887129 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1054488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak in 2022 is a worldwide health issue. The rapid increase of monkeypox cases caused the WHO to designate the escalating global monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23, 2022. The WHO has called on the group currently most affected by the virus, men who have sex with men (MSM), to limit their sexual partners. The diminution in number of sexual partners not only decreases the proportion of infected MSM but could also increases the number of days needed to reach a given infection level among the general population. Several behavioral factors could be associated with high levels of different sexual partners, such as cannabis use and alcohol consumption. Firstly, this review focuses on the association between cannabis and alcohol consumption and the number of sexual partners, and their possible impact on the current MPXV outbreak by impairing the immune responses. Secondly, this review investigated in the UK Biobank cohort the relationship between alcohol and cannabis use and the number of sexual partners. Among the 115,604 participants, 1.8% declared to be MSM, 1.9% to be WSW (women having sex with women), 43.3% men heterosexuals and 53.0% women heterosexuals. MSM and WSW showed higher lifetime sexual partners (N = 17.4 (SD:17.52) and N = 13.65 (SD: 13.21), respectively) compared to heterosexual men (N = 6.89 (SD: 9.47) and women (N = 5.19 (SD:6.56), p < 0.001. After adjustment for age, body mass index, lifetime sexual activity, educational and income levels, tobacco and cardiovascular diseases, cannabis use and alcohol consumption remained significantly associated with increase in the number of different sexual partners in all four subgroups. Thus, cannabis use and alcohol consumption may have two detrimental effects on the MPXV outbreak: by participating in the increase of the number of sexual partners which are mainly responsible for the augmentation of the number of new MPXV infected cases and by impairing the immune response to a viral infection. Health and safety policies should address the factors and practices, including chemsex, leading to an increase in risk of sexual behaviors responsible for MPXV dissemination in the worldwide population.
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