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Teng L, Qin Q, Zhou Z, Zhou F, Cao C, Yang J, Ding J. Glutamate secretion by embryonic stem cells as an autocrine signal to promote proliferation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19069. [PMID: 37925518 PMCID: PMC10625544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, has also been found to play a role in embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the exact mechanism and function of glutamatergic signaling in ES cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a glutamatergic transmission circuit in ES cells that operates through an autocrine mechanism and regulates cell proliferation. We performed biological analyses to identify the key components involved in glutamate biosynthesis, packaging for secretion, reaction, and reuptake in ES cells, including glutaminase, vesicular glutamate transporter, glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and cell membrane excitatory amino-acid transporter (EAAT). We directly quantified the released glutamate signal using microdialysis-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (MD-HPLC-MS-MS). Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous glutamate release and the resulting tonic activation of NMDA receptors significantly affected ES cell proliferation, suggesting that ES cells establish a glutamatergic autocrine niche via releasing and responding to the transmitter for their own regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microencironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital/The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No. 183 Yiling Road, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
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Xu T, Yin D. The unlocking neurobehavioral effects of environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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3
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Köhidi T, Jády AG, Markó K, Papp N, Andrási T, Környei Z, Madarász E. Differentiation-Dependent Motility-Responses of Developing Neural Progenitors to Optogenetic Stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:401. [PMID: 29311832 PMCID: PMC5742229 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neural tissue genesis, neural stem/progenitor cells are exposed to bioelectric stimuli well before synaptogenesis and neural circuit formation. Fluctuations in the electrochemical potential in the vicinity of developing cells influence the genesis, migration and maturation of neuronal precursors. The complexity of the in vivo environment and the coexistence of various progenitor populations hinder the understanding of the significance of ionic/bioelectric stimuli in the early phases of neuronal differentiation. Using optogenetic stimulation, we investigated the in vitro motility responses of radial glia-like neural stem/progenitor populations to ionic stimuli. Radial glia-like neural stem cells were isolated from CAGloxpStoploxpChR2(H134)-eYFP transgenic mouse embryos. After transfection with Cre-recombinase, ChR2(channelrhodopsin-2)-expressing and non-expressing cells were separated by eYFP fluorescence. Expression of light-gated ion channels were checked by patch clamp and fluorescence intensity assays. Neurogenesis by ChR2-expressing and non-expressing cells was induced by withdrawal of EGF from the medium. Cells in different (stem cell, migrating progenitor and maturing precursor) stages of development were illuminated with laser light (λ = 488 nm; 1.3 mW/mm2; 300 ms) in every 5 min for 12 h. The displacement of the cells was analyzed on images taken at the end of each light pulse. Results demonstrated that the migratory activity decreased with the advancement of neuronal differentiation regardless of stimulation. Light-sensitive cells, however, responded on a differentiation-dependent way. In non-differentiated ChR2-expressing stem cell populations, the motility did not change significantly in response to light-stimulation. The displacement activity of migrating progenitors was enhanced, while the motility of differentiating neuronal precursors was markedly reduced by illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Köhidi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila G Jády
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Markó
- Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Noémi Papp
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Andrási
- Lendület Laboratory of Network Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emília Madarász
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Kemp PJ, Rushton DJ, Yarova PL, Schnell C, Geater C, Hancock JM, Wieland A, Hughes A, Badder L, Cope E, Riccardi D, Randall AD, Brown JT, Allen ND, Telezhkin V. Improving and accelerating the differentiation and functional maturation of human stem cell-derived neurons: role of extracellular calcium and GABA. J Physiol 2017; 594:6583-6594. [PMID: 27616476 DOI: 10.1113/jp270655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons differentiated from pluripotent stem cells using established neural culture conditions often exhibit functional deficits. Recently, we have developed enhanced media which both synchronize the neurogenesis of pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and accelerate their functional maturation; together these media are termed SynaptoJuice. This pair of media are pro-synaptogenic and generate authentic, mature synaptic networks of connected forebrain neurons from a variety of induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cell lines. Such enhanced rate and extent of synchronized maturation of pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells generates neurons which are characterized by a relatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, higher spontaneous and induced action potential activity, enhanced synaptic activity, more complete development of a mature inhibitory GABAA receptor phenotype and faster production of electrical network activity when compared to standard differentiation media. This entire process - from pre-patterned neural progenitor to active neuron - takes 3 weeks or less, making it an ideal platform for drug discovery and disease modelling in the fields of human neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kemp
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David J Rushton
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Charlene Geater
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jane M Hancock
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | | | - Alis Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luned Badder
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Cope
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Andrew D Randall
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jonathan T Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
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5
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Jády AG, Nagy ÁM, Kőhidi T, Ferenczi S, Tretter L, Madarász E. Differentiation-Dependent Energy Production and Metabolite Utilization: A Comparative Study on Neural Stem Cells, Neurons, and Astrocytes. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:995-1005. [PMID: 27116891 PMCID: PMC4931359 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is evident that the metabolic machinery of stem cells should be fairly different from that of differentiated neurons, the basic energy production pathways in neural stem cells (NSCs) or in neurons are far from clear. Using the model of in vitro neuron production by NE-4C NSCs, this study focused on the metabolic changes taking place during the in vitro neuronal differentiation. O2 consumption, H(+) production, and metabolic responses to single metabolites were measured in cultures of NSCs and in their neuronal derivatives, as well as in primary neuronal and astroglial cultures. In metabolite-free solutions, NSCs consumed little O2 and displayed a higher level of mitochondrial proton leak than neurons. In stem cells, glycolysis was the main source of energy for the survival of a 2.5-h period of metabolite deprivation. In contrast, stem cell-derived or primary neurons sustained a high-level oxidative phosphorylation during metabolite deprivation, indicating the consumption of own cellular material for energy production. The stem cells increased O2 consumption and mitochondrial ATP production in response to single metabolites (with the exception of glucose), showing rapid adaptation of the metabolic machinery to the available resources. In contrast, single metabolites did not increase the O2 consumption of neurons or astrocytes. In "starving" neurons, neither lactate nor pyruvate was utilized for mitochondrial ATP production. Gene expression studies also suggested that aerobic glycolysis and rapid metabolic adaptation characterize the NE-4C NSCs, while autophagy and alternative glucose utilization play important roles in the metabolism of stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gy Jády
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary .,2 Roska Tamás Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám M Nagy
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Kőhidi
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilamér Ferenczi
- 4 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tretter
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emília Madarász
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Rushton DJ, Mattis VB, Svendsen CN, Allen ND, Kemp PJ. Stimulation of GABA-induced Ca2+ influx enhances maturation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81031. [PMID: 24278369 PMCID: PMC3838360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal use of patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling neuronal diseases is crucially dependent upon the proper physiological maturation of derived neurons. As a strategy to develop defined differentiation protocols that optimize electrophysiological function, we investigated the role of Ca2+ channel regulation by astrocyte conditioned medium in neuronal maturation, using whole-cell patch clamp and Ca2+ imaging. Standard control medium supported basic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, as assayed by the ability to fire simple, single, induced action potentials. In contrast, treatment with astrocyte conditioned medium elicited complex and spontaneous neuronal activity, often with rhythmic and biphasic characteristics. Such augmented spontaneous activity correlated with astrocyte conditioned medium-evoked hyperpolarization and was dependent upon regulated function of L-, N- and R-type Ca2+ channels. The requirement for astrocyte conditioned medium could be substituted by simply supplementing control differentiation medium with high Ca2+ or γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). Importantly, even in the absence of GABA signalling, opening Ca2+ channels directly using Bay K8644 was able to hyperpolarise neurons and enhance excitability, producing fully functional neurons. These data provide mechanistic insight into how secreted astrocyte factors control differentiation and, importantly, suggest that pharmacological modulation of Ca2+ channel function leads to the development of a defined protocol for improved maturation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Rushton
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia B. Mattis
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Allen
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJK); (NDA)
| | - Paul J. Kemp
- Divisions of Pathophysiology & Repair and Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (PJK); (NDA)
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7
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Functional analysis of histone demethylase Jmjd2b on lipopolysaccharide-treated murine neural stem cells (NSCs). Neurotox Res 2012; 23:154-65. [PMID: 22890720 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) neurogenesis is the formation of new neurons by which the brain maintains its lifelong plasticity in response to extrinsic and intrinsic changes. Here, we show the effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as an in vitro model of inflammation on NSCs to determine whether the inflammatory mediators can epigenetically affect NSCs and alter their proliferation and differentiation abilities. To study the effect of LPS on NSCs, we used an immortalized mouse neuroectodermal stem cell line, NE-4C. We found that Jmjd2b, histone-3 lysine-9 di-/tri-methyl (H3K9me2/3) demethylase, is functional following LPS treatment and is crucial in multiple signaling pathways and biological processes. The global gene expression levels were detected in Jmjd2b-knockdown (kd) NE-4C cells and in LPS-stimulated Jmjd2b-kd NE-4C cells using an Affymetrix GeneChip(®) Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array. In addition, the datasets were analyzed using MetaCore Pathway Analysis (GeneGo). The attenuation of Jmjd2b in NE-4C cells significantly affected the p65, iNOS, Bcl2, and TGF-β expression levels and had downstream effects on related signaling pathways. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Jmjd2b-kd could inhibit the Notch1, IL-1β, and IL-2 genes by recruiting repressive H3K9me3 to their promoters. Moreover, this study highlights Jmjd2b role in LPS-mediated inflammation, which suggests an epigenetic regulation in NE-4C cells. Finally, this study establishes novel Jmjd2b targets that potentiate a biological rationale involving Jmjd2b in NSC inflammation.
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Kozubenko N, Turnovcova K, Kapcalova M, Butenko O, Anderova M, Rusnakova V, Kubista M, Hampl A, Jendelova P, Sykova E. Analysis of in Vitro and in Vivo Characteristics of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors. Cell Transplant 2010. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x484707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, much progress has been made in developing protocols for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into a neural phenotype. The appropriate agent for cell therapy is neural precursors (NPs). Here, we demonstrate the derivation of highly enriched and expandable populations of proliferating NPs from the CCTL14 line of hESCs. These NPs could differentiate in vitro into functionally active neurons, as confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and electrophysiological analysis. Neural cells differentiated in vitro from hESCs exhibit broad cellular heterogeneity with respect to developmental stage and lineage specification. To analyze the population of the derived NPs, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and characterized the expression of several pluripotent and neural markers, such as Nanog, SSEA-4, SSEA-1, TRA-1-60, CD24, CD133, CD56 (NCAM), β-III-tubulin, NF70, nestin, CD271 (NGFR), CD29, CD73, and CD105 during long-term propagation. The analyzed cells were used for transplantation into the injured rodent brain; the tumorigenicity of the transplanted cells was apparently eliminated following long-term culture. These results complete the characterization of the CCTL14 line of hESCs and provide a framework for developing cell selection strategies for neural cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Kozubenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Turnovcova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Kapcalova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Butenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Rusnakova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- TATAA Biocenter, Lundberg Laboratory, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ales Hampl
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sykova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell Therapy and Tissue Repair, Charles University, Second Medical Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Zangiacomi V, Balon N, Maddens S, Tiberghien P, Versaux-Botteri C, Deschaseaux F. Human cord blood-derived hematopoietic and neural-like stem/progenitor cells are attracted by the neurotransmitter GABA. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:1369-78. [PMID: 19327013 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of stem/progenitor cells is a crucial event for homing toward tissue where cells need to be renewed. The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to have a crucial role in migration of neuronal stem/progenitor cells. Since human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) contains stem/progenitor cells able to generate either neuronal or hematopoietic cells, we evaluated the effect of GABA on this type of cells. While whole fraction of mononuclear cells expressed GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor subunits (GABA-R), only GABA(B)R subunits were found to be expressed on immature CD133+ cells. Functional experiments revealed that both cell fractions of HUCB were attracted by a gradient of GABA concentration and furthermore were blocked by specific antagonists of GABA(A)R and GABA(B)R bicuculline and saclofen, respectively. Moreover, through GABA(B)R activation the migrating fraction was highly enriched by both hematopoietic progenitors and cells able to generate neuron- like cells in culture. Therefore, GABA is a potent chemoattractant of HUCB stem/progenitor cells specifically through GABA(B)R activation.
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Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from the Embryonic Dorsal Telencephalon of D6/GFP Mice Differentiate Primarily into Neurons After Transplantation into a Cortical Lesion. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:199-218. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Varga B, Markó K, Hádinger N, Jelitai M, Demeter K, Tihanyi K, Vas A, Madarász E. Translocator protein (TSPO 18kDa) is expressed by neural stem and neuronal precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:257-62. [PMID: 19545604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by its earlier name, is a mitochondrial membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial permeability pore. While the function of the protein is not properly understood, it is known to play roles in necrotic and apoptotic processes of the neural tissue. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression is restricted to glial cells. In developing or damaged neural regions, however, TSPO appears in differentiating/regenerating neurons. Using immunocytochemical, molecular biological and cell biological techniques, we demonstrate that TSPO mRNA and protein, while missing from mature neurons, are present in neural stem cells and also in postmitotic neuronal precursors. Investigating some distinct stages of in vitro differentiation of NE-4C neural stem cells, TSPO 18 kDa was found to be repressed in a relatively late phase of neuron formation, when mature neuron-specific features appear. This timing indicates that mitochondria in fully developed neurons display specific characteristics and provides an additional marker for characterising neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Hádinger N, Varga BV, Berzsenyi S, Környei Z, Madarász E, Herberth B. Astroglia genesis in vitro: distinct effects of retinoic acid in different phases of neural stem cell differentiation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:365-75. [PMID: 19460631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing CNS, the manifestation of the macro-glial phenotypes is delayed behind the formation of neurons. The "neurons first--glia second" principle seems to be valid for neural tissue differentiation throughout the neuraxis, but the reasons behind are far from clear. In the presented study, the mechanisms of this timing were investigated in vitro, in the course of the neural differentiation of one cell derived NE-4C neuroectodermal stem and P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The data demonstrated that astrocyte formation coincided in time with the maturation of postmitotic neurons, but the close vicinity of neurons did not initiate astrocyte formation before schedule. All-trans retinoic acid, a well-known inducer of neuronal differentiation, on the other hand, blocked effectively the astroglia production if present in defined stages of the in vitro neuroectodermal cell differentiation. According to the data, retinoic acid plays at least a dual role in astrogliogenesis: while it is needed for committing neural progenitors for a future production of astrocytes, it prevents premature astrogliogenesis by inhibiting the differentiation of primed glial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Hádinger
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Varga BV, Hádinger N, Gócza E, Dulberg V, Demeter K, Madarász E, Herberth B. Generation of diverse neuronal subtypes in cloned populations of stem-like cells. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:89. [PMID: 18808670 PMCID: PMC2556672 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The central nervous tissue contains diverse subtypes of neurons with characteristic morphological and physiological features and different neurotransmitter phenotypes. The generation of neurons with defined neurotransmitter phenotypes seems to be governed by factors differently expressed along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral body axes. The mechanisms of the cell-type determination, however, are poorly understood. Selected neuronal phenotypes had been generated from embryonic stem (ES) cells, but similar results were not obtained on more restricted neural stem cells, presumably due to the lack of homogeneous neural stem cell populations as a starting material. Results In the presented work, the establishment of different neurotransmitter phenotypes was investigated in the course of in vitro induced neural differentiation of a one-cell derived neuroectodermal cell line, in conjunction with the activation of various region-specific genes. For comparison, similar studies were carried out on the R1 embryonic stem (ES) and P19 multipotent embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells. In response to a short treatment with all-trans retinoic acid, all cell lines gave rise to neurons and astrocytes. Non-induced neural stem cells and self-renewing cells persisting in differentiated cultures, expressed "stemness genes" along with early embryonic anterior-dorsal positional genes, but did not express the investigated CNS region-specific genes. In differentiating stem-like cell populations, on the other hand, different region-specific genes, those expressed in non-overlapping regions along the body axes were activated. The potential for diverse regional specifications was induced in parallel with the initiation of neural tissue-type differentiation. In accordance with the wide regional specification potential, neurons with different neurotransmitter phenotypes developed. Mechanisms inherent to one-cell derived neural stem cell populations were sufficient to establish glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal phenotypes but failed to manifest cathecolaminergic neurons. Conclusion The data indicate that genes involved in positional determination are activated along with pro-neuronal genes in conditions excluding any outside influences. Interactions among progenies of one cell derived neural stem cells are sufficient for the activation of diverse region specific genes and initiate different routes of neuronal specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs V Varga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Effects of GABA and GABA receptor inhibition on differentiation of mesencephalic precursors into dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1549-59. [PMID: 17525990 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters have been shown to control CNS neurogenesis, and GABA-mediated signaling is thought to be involved in the regulation of nearly all key developmental stages. Generation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons from stem/precursor cells for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease has become a major focus of research. However, the possible effects of GABA on generation of DA neurons from proliferating neurospheres of mesencephalic precursors have not been studied. In the present study, GABA(A), and GABA(B) receptors were found to be located in DA cells. Treatment of cultures with GABA did not cause significant changes in generation of DA cells from precursors. However, treatment with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (10(-5) M) led to a significant increase in the number DA cells, and treatment with the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP 55845 (10(-5) M) to a significant decrease. Simultaneous treatment with bicuculline and CGP 55845 did not induce significant changes. Apoptotic cell death studies and bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry indicated that the aforementioned differences in generation of DA neurons are not due to changes in survival or proliferation of DA cells, but rather to increased or decreased differentiation of mesencephalic precursors towards the DA phenotype. The results suggest that these effects are exerted via GABA receptors located on DA precursors, and are not an indirect consequence of effects on the serotonergic or glial cell population. Administration of GABA(A) receptor antagonists in the differentiation medium may help to obtain higher rates of DA neurons for potential use in cell therapy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Balarama Kaimal S, Gireesh G, Paulose CS. Decreased GABAA Receptor Function in the Brain Stem during Pancreatic Regeneration in Rats. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1813-22. [PMID: 17701353 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gamma amino butyric acid is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In the present study we have investigated the alteration of GABA receptors in the brain stem of rats during pancreatic regeneration. Three groups of rats were used for the study: sham operated, 72 h and 7 days partially pancreatectomised. GABA was quantified by [(3)H]GABA receptor displacement method. GABA receptor kinetic parameters were studied by using the binding of [(3)H]GABA as ligand to the Triton X-100 treated membranes and displacement with unlabelled GABA. GABA(A) receptor activity was studied by using the [(3)H]bicuculline and displacement with unlabelled bicuculline. GABA content significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the brain stem during the regeneration of pancreas. The high affinity GABA receptor binding showed a significant decrease in B(max) (P < 0.01) and K(d) (P < 0.05) in 72 h and 7 days after partial pancreatectomy. [(3)H]bicuculline binding showed a significant decrease in B(max) and K(d) (P < 0.001) in 72 h pancreatectomised rats when compared with sham where as B(max) and K(d) reversed to near sham after 7 days of pancreatectomy. The results suggest that GABA through GABA receptors in brain stem has a regulatory role during active regeneration of pancreas which will have immense clinical significance in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balarama Kaimal
- Molecular Neurobiology and Cell Biology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, India
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16
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Jelitai M, Anderová M, Chvátal A, Madarász E. Electrophysiological characterization of neural stem/progenitor cells during in vitro differentiation: Study with an immortalized neuroectodermal cell line. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1606-17. [PMID: 17455290 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the accumulating data on the molecular and cell biological characteristics of neural stem/progenitor cells, their electrophysiological properties are not well understood. In the present work, changes in the membrane properties and current profiles were investigated in the course of in vitro-induced neuron formation in NE-4C cells. Induction by retinoic acid resulted in neuronal differentiation of about 50% of cells. Voltage-dependent Na+ currents appeared early in neuronal commitment, often preceding any morphological changes. A-type K+ currents were detected only at the stage of network formation by neuronal processes. Flat, epithelial- like, nestin-expressing progenitors persisted beside differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Stem/progenitor cells were gap junction coupled and displayed large, symmetrical, voltage-independent currents. By the blocking of gap junction communication, voltage-independent conductance was significantly reduced, and delayed-rectifying K+ currents became detectable. Our data indicate that voltage-independent symmetrical currents and gap junction coupling are characteristic physiological features of neural stem and progenitor cells regardless of the developmental state of their cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jelitai
- Laboratory of Neural Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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17
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Fujioka H, Yamanouchi K, Akema T, Nishihara M. The Effects of GABA on embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in rat hypothalamic primary culture. J Reprod Dev 2006; 53:323-31. [PMID: 17179652 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.18103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons arise in the olfactory placode, migrate into the preoptic area (POA), and then extend axons to the median eminence during embryogenesis. Little information is available concerning the properties of GnRH neurons during the late gestational period when GnRH neurons reach the POA and form neuronal networks, although many studies have examined such properties during earlier developmental stages or the postnatal period. The present study was performed to elucidate the involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the major neurotransmitters modifying GnRH neural activity, in regulation of GnRH gene expression on embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) using transgenic rats expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of GnRH promoter. First, using RT-PCR, the mRNA of two isoforms of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD65 and GAD67 was detected in E18.5 embryonic POA-containing tissues. GAD67-positive cells were also demonstrated in close vicinity to GnRH-positive cells by immunohistochemistry, and immunoreactivity for both the GABA-A and GABA-B receptor subunits was detected in GnRH neurons. Next, primary cultures derived from anterior hypothalamic tissue of E18.5 embryos were prepared, and the effects of GABA and its agonists on GnRH promoter activity were evaluated using EGFP expression as a marker. GABA and the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol, but not the GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen, significantly increased the EGFP-positive/GnRH-positive cell ratio. These results suggest that GABA plays a role in stimulating GnRH gene expression through GABA-A receptors in embryonic GnRH neurons in late gestational stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Fujioka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Schmitz C, van Kooten IAJ, Hof PR, van Engeland H, Patterson PH, Steinbusch HWM. Autism: neuropathology, alterations of the GABAergic system, and animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 71:1-26. [PMID: 16512344 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Cellular Neuroscience Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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19
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Anderová M, Kubinová S, Jelitai M, Neprasová H, Glogarová K, Prajerová I, Urdzíková L, Chvátal A, Syková E. Transplantation of embryonic neuroectodermal progenitor cells into the site of a photochemical lesion: Immunohistochemical and electrophysiological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 66:1084-100. [PMID: 16838369 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
GFP labeled/NE-4C neural progenitor cells cloned from primary neuroectodermal cultures of p53- mouse embryos give rise to neurons when exposed to retinoic acid in vitro. To study their survival and differentiation in vivo, cells were transplanted into the cortex of 6-week-old rats, 1 week after the induction of a photochemical lesion or into noninjured cortex. The electrophysiological properties of GFP/NE-4C cells were studied in vitro (8-10 days after differentiation induction) and 4 weeks after transplantation using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out. After transplantation into a photochemical lesion, a large number of cells survived, some of which expressed the astrocytic marker GFAP. GFP/GFAP-positive cells, with an average resting membrane potential (Vrest) of -71.9 mV, displayed passive time- and voltage-independent K+ currents and, additionally, voltage-dependent A-type K+ currents (KA) and/or delayed outwardly rectifying K+ currents (KDR). Numerous GFP-positive cells expressed NeuN, betaIII-tubulin, or 68 kD neurofilaments. GFP/betaIII-tubulin-positive cells, with an average Vrest of -61.6 mV, were characterized by the expression of KA and KDR currents and tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ currents. GFP/NE-4C cells also gave rise to oligodendrocytes, based on the detection of oligodendrocyte-specific markers. Our results indicate that GFP/NE-4C neural progenitors transplanted into the site of a photochemical lesion give rise to neurons and astrocytes with membrane properties comparable to those transplanted into noninjured cortex. Therefore, GFP/NE-4C cells provide a suitable model for studying neuro- and gliogenesis in vivo. Further, our results suggest that embryonic neuroectodermal progenitor cells may hold considerable promise for the repair of ischemic brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Anderová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Herberth B, Minkó K, Csillag A, Jaffredo T, Madarász E. SCL, GATA-2 and Lmo2 expression in neurogenesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:449-63. [PMID: 16011889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SCL, Lmo2 and GATA factors form common transcription complexes during hematopoietic differentiation. The overlapping expression of SCL with GATA-2 and GATA-3 in the developing brain indicated that these factors might collaborate also in the course of neural tissue differentiation. The expression pattern of Lmo2 in the developing CNS, however, is not well understood. Here, we show that neural cells in the early embryonic chick mid- and hindbrain express SCL and GATA-2, while Lmo2 is expressed only in vascular elements. The lack of Lmo2 transcripts in neural cells demonstrated that SCL and GATA-2 cannot form common complexes with Lmo2 in the developing brain. In the course of neural tissue genesis, GATA-2 mRNA appeared prior to the SCL transcript. While GATA-2 expression decreased with maturation, SCL expression persisted at a high level also in post-neurogenic periods. The temporal pattern of SCL and GATA-2/3 expression was investigated also in vitro, in the course of induced neurogenesis by NE-4C neural stem cells. While GATA-2 expression increased from the very beginning of differentiation, SCL expression appeared only in more differentiated cells expressing proneural genes. GATA-3 expression, on the other hand, was detected only in advanced stages of the neuronal maturation, which were characterised by the activation of the Math2 neuronal gene. Similarly to the hematopoietic differentiation, GATA-2 expression precedes the activation of both SCL and GATA-3, and may play roles in the activation of the SCL gene in neuronal development. In contrast to hematopoietic differentiation, however, our results failed to demonstrate co-assembling of GATA factors or SCL with Lmo2. While overlapping expression of GATA-2/3 and SCL was detected, Lmo2 activation could not be demonstrated in neural cells in the investigated period of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Herberth
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Neural Cell Biology Group, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Demeter K, Zádori A, Agoston VA, Madarász E. Studies on the use of NE-4C embryonic neuroectodermal stem cells for targeting brain tumour. Neurosci Res 2005; 53:331-42. [PMID: 16183159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells were suggested to migrate to and invade intracranial gliomas. In the presented studies, interactions of NE-4C embryonic neural stem cells were investigated with C6 and Gl261, LL and U87, glioblastoma cells or with primary astrocytes. Glioma-derived humoral factors did not influence the proliferation of stem cells. NE-4C-derived humoral factors did not alter the proliferation of Gl261 and U87 cells, but increased the mitotic activity of C6 cells and that of astrocytes. In chimera-aggregates, all types of glioma cells co-aggregated with astrocytes, but most of them segregated from stem cells. Complete intercalation of stem and tumour cells was detected only in chimera-aggregates of Gl261 glioma and NE-4C cells. If mixed suspensions of NE-4C and Gl261 cells were injected into the brain, stem cells survived and grew inside the tumour mass. NE-4C stem cells, however, did not migrate towards the tumour, if implanted near to Gl261 tumours established in the adult mouse forebrain. The observations indicate that not all types of stem cells could be used for targeting all sorts of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Demeter
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Neural Cell Biology, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Aligianis IA, Johnson CA, Gissen P, Chen D, Hampshire D, Hoffmann K, Maina EN, Morgan NV, Tee L, Morton J, Ainsworth JR, Horn D, Rosser E, Cole TRP, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Fieggen K, Clayton-Smith J, Mégarbané A, Shield JP, Newbury-Ecob R, Dobyns WB, Graham JM, Kjaer KW, Warburg M, Bond J, Trembath RC, Harris LW, Takai Y, Mundlos S, Tannahill D, Woods CG, Maher ER. Mutations of the catalytic subunit of RAB3GAP cause Warburg Micro syndrome. Nat Genet 2005; 37:221-3. [PMID: 15696165 DOI: 10.1038/ng1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Warburg Micro syndrome (WARBM1) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities of the eye and central nervous system and by microgenitalia. We identified homozygous inactivating mutations in RAB3GAP, encoding RAB3 GTPase activating protein, a key regulator of the Rab3 pathway implicated in exocytic release of neurotransmitters and hormones, in 12 families with Micro syndrome. We hypothesize that the underlying pathogenesis of Micro syndrome is a failure of exocytic release of ocular and neurodevelopmental trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Aligianis
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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23
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Jelitai M, Madarasz E. The role of GABA in the early neuronal development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2005; 71:27-62. [PMID: 16512345 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jelitai
- Laboratory of Neural Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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