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Zhang C, Jiao B, Cao X, Zhang W, Yu S, Zhang K, Zhang M, Zhang X. NTRK1-mediated protection against manganese-induced neurotoxicity and cell apoptosis via IGF2 in SH-SY5Y cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115889. [PMID: 37984302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive manganese (Mn) exposure has been linked to neurotoxicity, cognitive impairments. Neurotrophic Receptor Kinase 1 (NTRK1) encodes Tropomyosin kinase A (TrkA), a neurotrophic receptor, as a mediator of neuron differentiation and survival. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a pivotal member of the insulin gene family, plays a crucial role in brain development and neuroprotection. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanisms through which NTRK1 and IGF2 influence cell responses to Mn-induced neuronal damage remain elusive. METHODS Cell apoptosis was assessed using CCK8, TUNEL staining, and Western blot analysis of cleaved Caspase-3. Lentiviral vectors facilitated NTRK1 overexpression, while small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) facilitated IGF2 knockdown. Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) determined gene expression levels, while Western blotting measured protein expression. RESULTS The study reveals that NTRK1 inhibits MnCl2-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. NTRK1 overexpression significantly upregulated IGF2 expression, and subsequent siRNA-IGF2 experiments confirmed IGF2's pivotal role in NTRK1-mediated neuroprotection. Notably, the study identifies that NTRK1 regulates the expression of IGF2 in the neuroprotective mechanism with the involvement of ER stress pathways. DISCUSSION The study reveals NTRK1's neuroprotective role via IGF2 against Mn-induced neurotoxicity and ER stress modulation in SH-SY5Y cells. These findings offer insights into potential therapies for neurodegenerative disorders related to Mn exposure and NTRK1 dysfunction, driving future research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueqin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shangchen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Mechanisms underlying unidirectional laminar shear stress-mediated Nrf2 activation in endothelial cells: Amplification of low shear stress signaling by primary cilia. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102103. [PMID: 34425388 PMCID: PMC8379703 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are sensitive to mechanical stress and respond differently to oscillatory flow versus unidirectional flow. This review highlights the mechanisms by which a wide range of unidirectional laminar shear stress induces activation of the redox sensitive antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cultured endothelial cells. We propose that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) are potential Nrf2 activators induced by laminar shear stress. Shear stress-dependent secretion of FGF-2 and its receptor-mediated signaling is tightly controlled, requiring neutrophil elastase released by shear stress, αvβ3 integrin and the cell surface glycocalyx. We speculate that primary cilia respond to low laminar shear stress (<10 dyn/cm2), resulting in secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which facilitates αvβ3 integrin-dependent FGF-2 secretion. Shear stress induces generation of heparan-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which contributes to FGF-2 secretion and gene expression. Furthermore, HB-EGF signaling modulates FGF-2-mediated NADPH oxidase 1 activation that favors casein kinase 2 (CK2)-mediated phosphorylation/activation of Nrf2 associated with caveolin 1 in caveolae. Higher shear stress (>15 dyn/cm2) induces vesicular exocytosis of BDNF from endothelial cells, and we propose that BDNF via the p75NTR receptor could induce CK2-mediated Nrf2 activation. Unidirectional laminar shear stress upregulates gene expression of FGF-2 and BDNF and generation of 15d-PGJ2, which cooperate in sustaining Nrf2 activation to protect endothelial cells against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Expression Levels of Nerve Growth Factor and Its Receptors in Anterior Vaginal Wall in Postmenopausal Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2021; 27:457-461. [PMID: 32740468 DOI: 10.1097/spv.0000000000000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors TrkA and p75NTR in the anterior vaginal wall of postmenopausal patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS The tissues of anterior vaginal wall of the patients (n = 31) with POP and patients (n = 16) with nonpelvic floor dysfunction were collected during the operation. The expressions of NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS The expression levels of mRNA and protein of NGF and its receptors in vaginal anterior wall tissues of postmenopausal POP patients were significantly decrease compared with those of the control group. The ratio of p75NTR/TrkA expression in POP patients was significantly increase compared with that in the control group and was proportional to the degree of prolapse. CONCLUSIONS The decreased expression of NGF and its receptors p75NTR and TrkA in vaginal anterior wall tissue of postmenopausal POP patients and the change of the ratio of 2 receptors may be related to the occurrence and development of POP.
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Ong WY, Herr DR, Farooqui T, Ling EA, Farooqui AA. Role of sphingomyelinases in neurological disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1725-42. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Zhao XC, Wang LL, Wang YQ, Song FH, Li YQ, Fu R, Zheng WH, Wu W, Zhou LH. Activation of phospholipase-Cγ and protein kinase C signal pathways helps the survival of spinal motoneurons injured by root avulsion. J Neurochem 2012; 121:362-72. [PMID: 22339041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The signaling transduction processes involved in avulsion-induced motoneuron (MN) death have not been elucidated. Using the brachial plexus root avulsion rat model, we showed that avulsion-activated phosphorylation of phospholipase-Cγ (PLCγ) and protein kinase C (PKC) occurred in injured spinal MNs within 72 h of injury. Moreover, some MNs positive for PLCγ and PKC are also positive for avulsion-induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Inhibition of PLCγ/PKC signal pathway, either with PLCγ inhibitor, 1-[6-((17β-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl) amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, or with PLCγ siRNA augmented avulsion-induced MN death. 1-[6-((17β-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl) amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione also inhibited PKC phosphorylation and exacerbated avulsion-induced reductions in the nNOS protein level in injured spinal segments. Moreover, activation of PLCγ/PKC signal pathway with PKC activator, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, decreased avulsion-induced MN death. The temporal profile of PLCγ/PKC signaling appears to be crucial for the survival of spinal MNs after root avulsion. Our data suggest that PLCγ mediates, while PKC and nNOS are associated with, the avulsion-induced MN death in brachial plexus root avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Chun Zhao
- Zhong Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Calissano P, Matrone C, Amadoro G. Nerve growth factor as a paradigm of neurotrophins related to Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:372-83. [PMID: 20186703 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence on the possible connection between NGF signaling and Alzheimer's diseases (AD) are unraveling new facets which could depict this neurotrophin (NTF) in a more central role. AD animal models have provided evidence that a shortage of NGF supply may induce an AD-like syndrome. In vitro experiments, moreover, are delineating a possible temporal and causal link between APP amiloydogenic processing and altered post-translational tau modifications. After NGF signaling interruption, the pivotal upstream players of the amyloid cascade (APP, beta-secretase, and active form of gamma-secretase) are up-regulated, leading to an increased production of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) and to its intracellular aggregation in molecular species of different sizes. Contextually, the Abeta released pool generates an autocrine toxic loop in the same healthy neurons. At the same time tau protein undergoes anomalous, GSKbeta-mediated, phosphorylation at specific pathogenetic sites (Ser262 and Thr 231), caspase(s) and calpain- I- mediated truncation, detachment from microtubules with consequent cytoskeleton collapse and axonal transport impairment. All these events are inhibited when the amyloidogenic processing is reduced by beta and gamma secretase inhibitors or anti-Abeta antibodies and appear to be causally correlated to TrkA, p75CTF, Abeta, and PS1 molecular association in an Abeta-mediated fashion. In this scenario, the so-called trophic action exerted by NGF (and possibly also by other neurotrophins) in these targets neurons is actually the result of an anti-amyloidogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calissano
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, C.N.R. Fondazione Santa Lucia, Italy.
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key mediator of inflammation. Inhibitors of IL-6 or of its signal transducing receptor gp130 constitute a novel class of anti-inflammatory drugs, which raise great hopes for improved treatments of painful inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. IL-6 and gp130 may enhance pain not only indirectly through their proinflammatory actions but also through a direct action on nociceptors (i.e., on neurons activated by painful stimuli). We found indeed that the IL-6/gp130 ligand-receptor complex induced heat hypersensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. This process was mediated by activation of PKC-delta via Gab1/2/PI(3)K and subsequent regulation of TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels. To assess the relevance of this direct pain promoting effect of IL-6, we generated conditional knock-out mice, which lack gp130 specifically in nociceptors, and tested them in models of inflammatory and tumor-induced pain. These mice showed significantly reduced levels of inflammatory and tumor-induced pain but no changes in immune reactions or tumor growth. Our results uncover the significance of gp130 expressed in peripheral pain sensing neurons in the pathophysiology of major clinical pain disorders and suggest their use as novel pain relieving agents in inflammatory and tumor pain.
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Esper RM, Loeb JA. Neurotrophins induce neuregulin release through protein kinase Cdelta activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26251-60. [PMID: 19648576 PMCID: PMC2785313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper, graded communication between different cell types is essential for normal development and function. In the nervous system, heart, and for some cancer cells, part of this communication requires signaling by soluble and membrane-bound factors produced by the NRG1 gene. We have previously shown that glial-derived neurotrophic factors activate a rapid, localized release of soluble neuregulin from neuronal axons that can, in turn promote proper axoglial development (Esper, R. M., and Loeb, J. A. (2004) J. Neurosci. 24, 6218-6227). Here we elucidate the mechanism of this localized, regulated release by implicating the delta isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). Blocking the PKC delta isoform with either rottlerin, a selective antagonist, or small interference RNA blocks the regulated release of neuregulin from both transfected cells and primary neuronal cultures. PKC activation also leads to the rapid phosphorylation of the pro-NRG1 cytoplasmic tail on serine residues adjacent to the membrane-spanning segment, that, when mutated markedly reduce the rate of NRG1 activity release. These findings implicate this specific PKC isoform as an important factor for the cleavage and neurotrophin-regulated release of soluble NRG1 forms that have important effects in nervous system development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M. Esper
- the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jeffrey A. Loeb
- From the Department of Neurology and
- the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Jeske NA, Patwardhan AM, Henry MA, Milam SB. Fibronectin stimulates TRPV1 translocation in primary sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 108:591-600. [PMID: 19012739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are highly variable in their composition and receptor recognition. Their ubiquitous expression profile has been linked to roles in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recent work has identified certain ECM molecules that serve as dynamic signal modulators, versus the more-recognized role of chronic modulation of signal transduction. In this study, we investigated the role that fibronectin (FN) plays in the dynamic modulation of transient receptor potential family V type 1 receptor (TRPV1) translocation to the plasma membrane in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons. Confocal immunofluorescence analyses identify co-expression of the TRPV1 receptor with integrin subunits that bind FN. TG neurons cultured upon or treated with FN experienced a leftward shift in the EC(50) of capsaicin-stimulated neuropeptide release. This FN-induced increase in TRPV1 sensitivity to activation is coupled by an increase in plasma membrane expression of TRPV1, as well as an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of TRPV1 in TG neurons. Furthermore, TG neurons cultured on FN demonstrated an increase in capsaicin-mediated Ca(2+) accumulation relative to neurons cultured on poly-D-lysine. Data presented from these studies indicate that FN stimulates tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent translocation of the TRPV1 receptor to the plasma membrane, identifying FN as a critical component of the ECM capable of sensory neuron sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Jeske
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Most of the previous work on the sphingolipid ceramide has been devoted to its function as an apoptosis inducer. Recent studies, however, have shown that in stem cells, ceramide has additional nonapoptotic functions. In this article, ceramide signaling will be reviewed in light of 'systems interface biology': as an interconnection of sphingolipid metabolism, membrane biophysics and cell signaling. The focus will be on the metabolic interconversion of ceramide and sphingomyelin or sphingosine-1-phosphate. Lipid rafts and sphingolipid-induced protein scaffolds will be discussed as a membrane interface for lipid-controlled cell signaling. Ceramide/sphingomyelin and ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate-interdependent cell-signaling pathways are significant for the regulation of cell polarity, apoptosis and/or proliferation, and as novel pharmacologic targets in cancer and stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & Genetics, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Room CB-2803, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Li H, Costantini C, Scrable H, Weindruch R, Puglielli L. Egr-1 and Hipk2 are required for the TrkA to p75(NTR) switch that occurs downstream of IGF1-R. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:2010-20. [PMID: 18378044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aging program mediated by IGF1-R is responsible for a naturally occurring TrkA to p75(NTR) switch that leads to activation of the second messenger ceramide and increased production of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-peptide. Biochemical and genetic approaches that target IGF1-R signaling, p75(NTR), or ceramide are able to block the above events. Here, we show that the transcription factors Egr-1 and Hipk2 are required elements for the TrkA to p75(NTR) switch downstream of IGF1-R signaling. Specifically, Egr-1 is required for the upregulation of p75(NTR), whereas Hipk2 is required for the downregulation of TrkA. In fact, gene silencing of Egr-1 abolished the ability of IGF1 to upregulate p75(NTR), whereas similar approaches directed against Hipk2 blocked the downregulation of TrkA. In addition, IGF1 treatment favored binding of Egr-1 and Hipk2 to the promoter of p75(NTR) and TrkA, respectively. Finally, the expression levels of both Egr-1 and Hipk2 are upregulated in an age-dependent fashion. Such an event is opposed by caloric restriction, a model of delayed aging, and favored by the p44 transgene in p44(+/+) animals, a model of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Bieberich E. Smart drugs for smarter stem cells: making SENSe (sphingolipid-enhanced neural stem cells) of ceramide. Neurosignals 2008; 16:124-39. [PMID: 18253053 DOI: 10.1159/000111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide and its derivative sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are important signaling sphingolipids for neural stem cell apoptosis and differentiation. Most recently, our group has shown that novel ceramide analogs can be used to eliminate teratoma (stem cell tumor)-forming cells from a neural stem cell graft. In new studies, we found that S1P promotes survival of specific neural precursor cells that undergo differentiation to cells expressing oligodendroglial markers. Our studies suggest that a combination of novel ceramide and S1P analogs eliminates tumor-forming stem cells and at the same time, triggers oligodendroglial differentiation. This review discusses recent studies on the function of ceramide and S1P for the regulation of apoptosis, differentiation, and polarity in stem cells. We will also discuss results from ongoing studies in our laboratory on the use of sphingolipids in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The effects of neurotrophins during the middle and late stages of development are well known. It was previously thought that neurotrophins had no role during early development, but this is not the case and is the subject of this review article. The earliest neurotrophin receptor expressed is that for neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). TrkC is detected in the neural plate and is present in the neural tube. Initially, the distribution of TrkC is homogenous, but it becomes localized to specific regions of the neural tube as the neural tube differentiates. The receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), TrkB, is detected somewhat later than TrkC in the neural tube where it is also differentially localized. In contrast, the NGF receptor, TrkA, was not detected during early development. Both NT-3 and BDNF have been shown to have effects in vitro during early development. NT-3 caused an increase in neurite outgrowth and apoptosis in neural plate explants, and promoted differentiation of progenitors into motoneurons. BDNF increased the number of motoneurons in neural tube explants. These data suggest that NT-3 and BDNF may play a role during early development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Bernd
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Freund-Michel V, Frossard N. The nerve growth factor and its receptors in airway inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:52-76. [PMID: 17915332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the neurotrophin family and induces its effects through activation of 2 distinct receptor types: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) receptor, carrying an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in its intracellular domain, and the receptor p75 for neurotrophins (p75NTR), belonging to the death receptor family. Through activation of its TrkA receptor, NGF activates signalling pathways, including phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the small G protein Ras, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Through its p75NTR receptor, NGF activates proapoptotic signalling pathways including the MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ceramides, and the small G protein Rac, but also activates pathways promoting cell survival through the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). NGF was first described by Rita Levi-Montalcini and collaborators as an important factor involved in nerve differentiation and survival. Another role for NGF has since been established in inflammation, in particular of the airways, with increased NGF levels in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will first describe NGF structure and synthesis and NGF receptors and their signalling pathways. We will then provide information about NGF in the airways, describing its expression and regulation, as well as pointing out its potential role in inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodelling process observed in airway inflammatory diseases, in particular in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund-Michel
- EA 3771 Inflammation and Environment in Asthma, University Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, Faculty of Pharmacy, Illkirch, France.
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15
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Abstract
Neurotrophin stimulation of tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) and p75 receptors influences cellular processes such as proliferation, growth, differentiation, and other cell-specific functions, as well as regeneration. In contrast to Trk receptors, which have a well-defined trophic role, p75 has activities ranging from trophism to apoptosis. Continued neurotrophin stimulation of differentiating neurons transforms the initially trophic character of p75 signaling into negative growth control and overstimulation leads to apoptosis. This function shift reflects the signaling effects of ceramide that is generated upon stimulation of p75. The use of ceramide signaling by p75 may provide a key to understanding the cell-biological role of p75. The review presents arguments that the control of cell shape formation and cell selection can serve as an organizing principle of p75 signaling. Concurrent stimulation by neurotrophins of p75 and Trk receptors constitutes a dual growth control with antagonistic and synergistic elements aimed at optimal morphological and functional integration of cells and cell populations into their context.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blöchl
- Biochemie II, Fakultät Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Puglielli L. Aging of the brain, neurotrophin signaling, and Alzheimer's disease: is IGF1-R the common culprit? Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:795-811. [PMID: 17313996 PMCID: PMC2387053 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has revealed that the lifespan of an organism can be modulated by the signaling pathway that acts downstream of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors (IR/IGF1-R), indicating that there is a "program" that drives the process of aging. New results have now linked the same pathway to the neurogenic capacities of the aging brain, to neurotrophin signaling, and to the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, a common signaling cascade now seems to link aging to age-associated pathologies of the brain, suggesting that pharmacologic approaches aimed at the modulation of this pathway can serve to delay the onset of age-associated disorders and improve the quality of life. Work from a wide range of fields performed with different approaches has already identified some of the signaling molecules that act downstream of IGF1-R, and has revealed that a delicate checkpoint exists to balance excessive growth/"immortality" and reduced growth/"senescence" of a cell. Future research will determine how far the connection goes and how much of it we can influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, VAH-GRECC 11G, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Zhu W, Oxford GS. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways mediate acute NGF sensitization of TRPV1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:689-700. [PMID: 17324588 PMCID: PMC2699283 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces an acute sensitization of nociceptive DRG neurons, in part, through sensitization of the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 via the high affinity trkA receptor. The mechanisms linking trkA and TRPV1 remain controversial with several candidate signaling pathways proposed. Utilizing adult rat and mouse DRG neurons and CHO cells co-expressing trkA and TRPV1, we have investigated the signaling events underlying acute TRPV1 sensitization by NGF combining biochemical, electrophysiological, pharmacological, mutational and genetic knockout approaches. Pharmacological interference with p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), but not PLC abrogated sensitization of capsaicin responses. Co-expression of TRPV1 with wild-type or Y785F (PLC signal deficient) mutant human trkA reconstituted NGF sensitization. In contrast, TRPV1 co-expressed with MAPK signaling deficient Y490A or PI3K signaling deficient Y751F trkA mutants exhibited weaker sensitization. Biochemical analysis of p42/p44 and Akt phosphorylation confirmed the specificity of pharmacological agents and trkA mutants. Finally, NGF sensitization of capsaicin responses was greatly reduced in neurons from p85alpha (regulatory subunit of PI3K) null mice. These data strongly suggest that PI3K and MAPK pathways, but not the PLC pathway underlie the acute sensitization of TRPV1 by NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Zhu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, Room 402 Research II Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Posse de Chaves EI. Sphingolipids in apoptosis, survival and regeneration in the nervous system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1995-2015. [PMID: 17084809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate are key regulators of diverse cellular functions. Their roles in the nervous system are supported by extensive evidence derived primarily from studies in cultured cells. More recently animal studies and studies with human samples have revealed the importance of ceramide and its metabolites in the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. The roles of sphingolipids in neurons and glial cells are complex, cell dependent, and many times contradictory. In this review I will summarize the effects elicited by ceramide and ceramide metabolites in cells of the nervous system, in particular those effects related to cell survival and death, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms involved. I also discuss recent evidence for the implication of sphingolipids in the development and progression of certain dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Posse de Chaves
- Centre for Alzheimer and Neurodegenerative Research, Signal Transduction Research Group and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7.
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Costantini C, Scrable H, Puglielli L. An aging pathway controls the TrkA to p75NTR receptor switch and amyloid beta-peptide generation. EMBO J 2006; 25:1997-2006. [PMID: 16619032 PMCID: PMC1456930 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the brain is characterized by marked changes in the expression levels of the neurotrophin receptors, TrkA and p75(NTR). An expression pattern in which TrkA predominates in younger animals switches to one in which p75(NTR) predominates in older animals. This TrkA-to-p75(NTR) switch is accompanied by activation of the second messenger ceramide, stabilization of beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), and increased production of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). Here, we show that the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1-R), the common regulator of lifespan and age-related events in many different organisms, is responsible for the TrkA-to-p75(NTR) switch in both human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary neurons from mouse brain. The signaling pathway that controls the level of TrkA and p75(NTR) downstream of the IGF1-R requires IRS2, PIP3/Akt, and is under the control of PTEN and p44, the short isoform of p53. We also show that hyperactivation of IGF1-R signaling in p44 transgenic animals, which show an accelerated form of aging, is characterized by early TrkA-to-p75(NTR) switch and increased production of Abeta in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Veterans Administration Hospital (GRECC 11G), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi Scrable
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Veterans Administration Hospital (GRECC 11G), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, VAH-GRECC 11G, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA. Tel.: +1 608 2561901 ext. 11569; Fax: +1 608 2807291; E-mail:
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Costantini C, Weindruch R, Della Valle G, Puglielli L. A TrkA-to-p75NTR molecular switch activates amyloid beta-peptide generation during aging. Biochem J 2006; 391:59-67. [PMID: 15966860 PMCID: PMC1237139 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the single most important risk factor for AD (Alzheimer's disease). However, the molecular events that connect normal aging to AD are mostly unknown. The abnormal accumulation of Abeta (amyloid beta-peptide) in the form of senile plaques is one of the main characteristics of AD. In the present study, we show that two members of the neurotrophin receptor superfamily, TrkA (tyrosine kinase receptor A) and p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor), differentially regulate the processing of APP (amyloid precursor protein): TrkA reduces, whereas p75NTR activates, beta-cleavage of APP. The p75NTR-dependent effect requires NGF (nerve growth factor) binding and activation of the second messenger ceramide. We also show that normal aging activates Abeta generation in the brain by 'switching' from the TrkA to the p75NTR receptor system. Such an effect is abolished in p75NTR 'knockout' animals, and can be blocked by both caloric restriction and inhibitors of nSMase (neutral sphingomyelinase). In contrast with caloric restriction, which prevents the age-associated up-regulation of p75NTR expression, nSMase inhibitors block the activation of ceramide. When taken together, these results indicate that the p75NTR-ceramide signalling pathway activates the rate of Abeta generation in an age-dependent fashion, and provide a new target for both the understanding and the prevention of late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantini
- *Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A
| | - Richard Weindruch
- *Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A
| | | | - Luigi Puglielli
- *Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Oliva JL, Griner EM, Kazanietz MG. PKC isozymes and diacylglycerol-regulated proteins as effectors of growth factor receptors. Growth Factors 2005; 23:245-52. [PMID: 16338787 DOI: 10.1080/08977190500366043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors exert their cellular effects through signal transduction pathways that are initiated by the ligation of growth factors to their cell surface receptors. One of the well-established effectors of growth factor receptors is protein kinase C (PKC), a family of serine-threonine kinases that have been known for years as the main target of the phorbol ester tumor promoters. While there is abundant information regarding downstream PKC effectors and partners, how individual PKC isozymes become activated by growth factors and the regulation of receptor function by PKCs is only partially understood. Moreover, the identification of novel "non-kinase" DAG-binding proteins has added a new level of complexity to the field of DAG signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Oliva
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pharmacology, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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