1
|
Design, expression, purification and crystallization of human 14-3-3ζ protein chimera with phosphopeptide from proapoptotic protein BAD. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105707. [PMID: 32682909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 protein isoforms regulate multiple processes in eukaryotes, including apoptosis and cell division. 14-3-3 proteins preferentially recognize phosphorylated unstructured motifs, justifying the protein-peptide binding approach to study 14-3-3/phosphotarget complexes. Tethering of human 14-3-3σ with partner phosphopeptides via a short linker has provided structural information equivalent to the use of synthetic phosphopeptides, simultaneously facilitating purification and crystallization. Nevertheless, the broader applicability to other 14-3-3 isoforms and phosphopeptides was unclear. Here, we designed a novel 14-3-3ζ chimera with a conserved phosphopeptide from BAD, whose complex with 14-3-3 is a gatekeeper of apoptosis regulation. The chimera could be bacterially expressed and purified without affinity tags. Co-expressed PKA efficiently phosphorylates BAD within the chimera and blocks its interaction with a known 14-3-3 phosphotarget, suggesting occupation of the 14-3-3 grooves by the tethered BAD phosphopeptide. Efficient crystallization of the engineered protein suggests suitability of the "chimeric" approach for studies of other relevant 14-3-3 complexes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan B, Huang Y, Lan L, Zhang B, Ye L, Yan W, Wang F, Lin N. Bruceine D induces apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells through regulating JNK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109089. [PMID: 31226632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruceine D (BD) is the quassinoids isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Brucea javanica's fruit, which exhibits anti-cancer activity. Here, we demonstrated that BD inhibited human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines in vitro that were attributed to the induction of cell apoptosis. Human NSCLC H460 and A549 cell lines were treated with BD, and cell viability was conducted with CCK-8 assay. Cell clone formation was observed by clone formation assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using DAPI staining and flow cytometry. Protein levels was analyzed by western blot. The results showed BD inhibited the cell viability of H460 and A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 0.5 and 0.6 μmol/L, respectively, at 48 h of treatment. Treatment with BD (0.125-1.0 μmol/L) dose-dependently promoted chromatin condensation, Annexin V-positive cell population and caspase-dependent apoptosis in H460 and A549 cells. Mechanistically, BD stimulated the phosphorylation of JNK. Furthermore, the anti-cancer effects of BD were alleviated effectively by a specific JNK inhibitor SP600125 in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that BD exerted anti-cancer activity against NSCLC cells through JNK activation, which suggests its potent usefulness for prevention and treatment of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biqin Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Yuyu Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Lihua Lan
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Environmental Engineering, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Lijun Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nutritional Regulators of Bcl-xL in the Brain. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113019. [PMID: 30463183 PMCID: PMC6278276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) is an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein found in the mitochondrial membrane. Bcl-xL is reported to support normal brain development and protects neurons against toxic stimulation during pathological process via its roles in regulation of mitochondrial functions. Despite promising evidence showing neuroprotective properties of Bcl-xL, commonly applied molecular approaches such as genetic manipulation may not be readily applicable for human subjects. Therefore, findings at the bench may be slow to be translated into treatments for disease. Currently, there is no FDA approved application that specifically targets Bcl-xL and treats brain-associated pathology in humans. In this review, we will discuss naturally occurring nutrients that may exhibit regulatory effects on Bcl-xL expression or activity, thus potentially providing affordable, readily-applicable, easy, and safe strategies to protect the brain.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ren Z, Wang X, Yang F, Xu M, Frank JA, Wang H, Wang S, Ke ZJ, Luo J. Ethanol-induced damage to the developing spinal cord: The involvement of CCR2 signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2746-2761. [PMID: 28778590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol exposure during development causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). A large body of evidence shows that ethanol produces multiple abnormalities in the developing central nervous system (CNS), such as smaller brain size, reduced volume of cerebral white matter, permanent loss of neurons, and alterations in synaptogenesis and myelinogenesis. The effects of ethanol on the developing spinal cord, however, receive little attention and remain unclear. We used a third trimester equivalent mouse model to investigate the effect of ethanol on the developing spinal cord. Ethanol caused apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the dorsal horn neurons of mice of early postnatal days, which was accompanied by glial activation, macrophage infiltration, and increased expression of CCR2, a receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Ethanol-induced neuronal death during development resulted in permanent loss of spinal cord neurons in adult mice. Ethanol stimulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress, and activated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Knocking out MCP-1 or CCR2 made mice resistant to ethanol-induced apoptosis, ER stress, glial activation, and activation of GSK3β and JNK. CCR2 knock out offered much better protection against ethanol-induced damage to the spinal cord. Thus, developmental ethanol exposure caused permanent loss of spinal cord neurons and CCR2 signaling played an important role in ethanol neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ren
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Fanmuyi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jacqueline A Frank
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Zun-Ji Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu G, Huang YL, Li PL, Guo HM, Han XP. Neuroprotective effects of artemisinin against isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments and neuronal cell death involve JNK/ERK1/2 signalling and improved hippocampal histone acetylation in neonatal rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:684-697. [PMID: 28294340 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to assess the effect of artemisinin against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairment in neonatal rats. METHODS Artemisinin (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt/day; oral gavage) was administered to separate groups of neonatal rats starting from postnatal day 3 (P3) to postnatal day 21 (P21). On postnatal day 7 (P7), animals were exposed to inhalation anaesthetic isoflurane (0.75%) for 6 h. KEY FINDINGS Neuronal apoptosis following anaesthetic exposure was significantly reduced by artemisinin. Isoflurane-induced upregulated cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bad expression were downregulated. Western blotting analysis revealed that treatment with artemisinin significantly enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2, xIAP and survivin). Artemisinin increased the acetylation of H3K9 and H4K12 while reducing the expression of histone deacetlyases (HDACs) - HDAC-2 and HDAC-3. Isoflurane-induced activation of JNK signalling and downregulated ERK1/2 expression was effectively modulated by artemisinin. General behaviour of the animals in open-field and T-maze test were improved. Morris water maze test and object recognition test revealed better learning, working memory and also better memory retention on artemisinin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Artemisinin effectively inhibited neuronal apoptosis and improved cognition and memory via regulating histone acetylation and JNK/ERK1/2 signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun-Li Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping-le Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ping Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li W, Li DY, Zhao SM, Zheng ZJ, Hu J, Li ZZ, Xiong SB. Rutin attenuates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis via modulating JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2056-2064. [PMID: 28565808 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of infants and children undergo surgery and are exposed to anesthesia as a part of medical care each year. Isoflurane is a commonly used anesthetic in the pediatric population. However, previous studies have reported widespread isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairments in neonatal animal models, raising concerns over the administration of isoflurane in the pediatric population. The current study investigated the effects of rutin, a flavonoid, on isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in a neonatal rodent model. Groups of neonatal rat pups were administered rutin at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. On P7, pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 h. Rat pups in the control groups did not receive rutin, and did not receive anesthesia in one group. Neuroapoptosis following isoflurane exposure was determined by TUNEL assay. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death (Bad), phospho-Bad, Bax, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-xL and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)] signalling pathway proteins [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phospho-JNK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoERK1/2, p38, phospho-p38 and phospho-c-Jun], were determined by western blot analysis. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory of pups on P30 and P31. The present study found that rutin at the tested doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg significantly reduced (P<0.05) the isoflurane-induced elevation in apoptotic cell count. The expression levels of caspase-3, Bad, Bax and MAPK proteins, which were increased following isoflurane treatment, were rescued by rutin treatment. Furthermore, rutin prevented the increase in Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad expression following isoflurane treatment, and enhanced the memory of the rats. Rutin provided neuroprotection against isoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and improved the learning and memory of rats by effectively regulating the expression levels of proteins in the MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hubei Cooperative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - De-Yuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Si-Ming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Jun Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Zhe Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Bai Xiong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu H, Ning X, Tao X, Ren J, Song X, Tao W, Zhu L, Han L, Tao T, Yang J. MEKK1 Associated with Neuronal Apoptosis Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3308-3321. [PMID: 27662850 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The JNKs have been implicated in a variety of biological functions in mammalian cells, including apoptosis and the responses to stress. However, the physiological role of these pathways in the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK), MEKK1, may be involved in neuronal apoptosis in the processes of ICH through the activation of JNKs. From the results of western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, we obtained a significant up-regulation of MEKK1 in neurons adjacent to the hematoma following ICH. Increasing MEKK1 level was found to be accompanied with the up-regulation of p-JNK 3, p53, and c-jun. Besides, MEKK1 co-localized well with p-JNK in neurons, indicating its potential role in neuronal apoptosis. What's more, our in vitro study, using MEKK1 siRNA interference in PC12 cells, further confirmed that MEKK1 might exert its pro-apoptotic function on neuronal apoptosis through extrinsic pathway. Thus, MEKK1 may play a role in promoting the brain damage following ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojin Ning
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuelei Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianbing Ren
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinjian Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weidong Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lijian Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianbin Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Peoples Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang LY, Tang ZJ, Han YZ. Neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against sevoflurane‑induced neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of neonatal rats involve MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3403-12. [PMID: 27498600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of infants and children are exposed to anesthesia every year during medical care. Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic that is frequently used for pediatric anesthesia. However, previous reports have suggested that the administration of sevoflurane promotes neurodegeneration, raising concerns regarding the safety of its usage. The present study aimed to investigate caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and its protective effect against sevoflurane‑induced neurotoxicity in neonatal rats. Rat pups were administered with CAPE at 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P15. The P7 rats were exposed to sevoflurane (2.9%) for 6 h. Control group rats received no sevoflurane or CAPE. Neuronal apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‑end labeling assay. The expression levels of caspases (caspase‑3, ‑8 and ‑9), apoptotic pathway proteins [Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), B cell CCL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl‑2‑like 1 (Bcl‑xL), Bcl‑2‑associated agonist of cell death (Bad) and phosphorylated (p)‑Bad], mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway proteins [c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), p‑JNK, extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p‑ERK1/2, p38, p‑p38 and p‑c‑Jun] and the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt cascade were evaluated by western blotting following sevoflurane and CAPE treatment. In addition, the expression of cleaved caspase‑3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CAPE significantly reduced sevoflurane‑induced apoptosis, downregulated the expression levels of caspases and pro‑apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bad) and elevated the expression levels of Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑xL when compared with sevoflurane treatment. Furthermore, CAPE appeared to modify the expression levels of MAPKs and activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, the present study demonstrated that CAPE effectively inhibited sevoflurane‑induced neuroapoptosis by modulating the expression and phosphorylation of apoptotic pathway proteins and MAPKs, and by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tang
- Department of Orthopedics in Repair and Reconstruction, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zeng Han
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu JJ, Wu HH, Chen TH, Leung W, Liang YC. 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I from the Functional Food Salvia miltiorrhiza Exhibits Anticancer Activity in Human HL-60 Leukemia Cells: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19387-400. [PMID: 26287183 PMCID: PMC4581302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
15,16-Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) is extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge which is a functional food in Asia. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic effect of DHTS on the human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) type III HL-60 cell line. We found that treatment with 1.5 μg/mL DHTS increased proapoptotic Bax and Bad protein expressions and activated caspases-3, -8, and -9, thus leading to poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and resulting in cell apoptosis. DHTS induced sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and Fas ligand (FasL) expression. The anti-Fas blocking antibody reversed the DHTS-induced cell death, and the JNK-specific inhibitor, SP600125, inhibited DHTS-induced caspase-3, -8, -9, and PARP cleavage. In a xenograft nude mice model, 25 mg/kg DHTS showed a great effect in attenuating HL-60 tumor growth. Taken together, these results suggest that DHTS can induce HL-60 cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibit HL-60 cell growth in vivo; the underlying mechanisms might be mediated through activation of the JNK and FasL signal pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Hsia Wu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Ho Chen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wan Leung
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, No. 162 Cheng Kung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chih Liang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liao Z, Cao D, Han X, Liu C, Peng J, Zuo Z, Wang F, Li Y. Both JNK and P38 MAPK pathways participate in the protection by dexmedetomidine against isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 107:69-78. [PMID: 25026397 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2-adrenergic agonist, has been reported to attenuate isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment and neuroapoptosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was involved in dexmedetomidine-induced neuroprotection against isoflurane effects. Seven-day-old (P7) neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with various concentrations of dexmedetomidine, and then exposed to 0.75% isoflurane or air for 6h. Terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect neuronal apoptosis in their hippocampus. Activated caspase-3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-JNK and phospho-p38 proteins were detected by Western blotting in the hippocampus at the end of exposure. Also, P7 rats were pretreated with 75 μg/kg dexmedetomidine alone, or given the ERK inhibitor U0126 before dexmedetomidine pretreatment, or pretreated with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 alone, and then exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6h. Isoflurane induced significant neuroapoptosis, increased the protein expression of phospho-JNK, phospho-c-Jun, phospho-p38 and phospho-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), decreased the level of phospho-ERK1/2 protein and reduced the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax in the hippocampus. Dexmedetomidine pretreatment inhibited isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and restored proteins expression of MAPK pathways and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio after isoflurane exposure. Moreover, SB203580 and SP600125 also partly attenuated the isoflurane-induced protein changes. However, U0126 did not reverse dexmedetomidine-induced neuroprotection. Our results indicate that the JNK and p38 pathways, not the ERK pathway are involved in dexmedetomidine-induced neuroprotection against isoflurane effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Dexiong Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Foshan 528030, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0710, USA.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
JNK pathway may be involved in isoflurane-induced apoptosis in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 545:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Saito M, Saito M. Involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Brain Sci 2013; 3:670-703. [PMID: 24961420 PMCID: PMC4061845 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol-induced neuronal death during a sensitive period of brain development is considered one of the significant causes of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In rodent models, ethanol triggers robust apoptotic neurodegeneration during a period of active synaptogenesis that occurs around the first two postnatal weeks, equivalent to the third trimester in human fetuses. The ethanol-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent, involving Bax and caspase-3 activation. Such apoptotic pathways are often mediated by sphingolipids, a class of bioactive lipids ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cellular membranes. While the central role of lipids in ethanol liver toxicity is well recognized, the involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol neurotoxicity is less explored despite mounting evidence of their importance in neuronal apoptosis. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that ethanol-induced neuronal apoptosis in animal models of FASD is mediated or regulated by cellular sphingolipids, including via the pro-apoptotic action of ceramide and through the neuroprotective action of GM1 ganglioside. Such sphingolipid involvement in ethanol neurotoxicity in the developing brain may provide unique targets for therapeutic applications against FASD. Here we summarize findings describing the involvement of sphingolipids in ethanol-induced apoptosis and discuss the possibility that the combined action of various sphingolipids in mitochondria may control neuronal cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Mitsuo Saito
- Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kapfhamer D, King I, Zou ME, Lim JP, Heberlein U, Wolf FW. JNK pathway activation is controlled by Tao/TAOK3 to modulate ethanol sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50594. [PMID: 23227189 PMCID: PMC3515618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signal transduction by the JNK MAP kinase pathway is altered by a broad array of stimuli including exposure to the widely abused drug ethanol, but the behavioral relevance and the regulation of JNK signaling is unclear. Here we demonstrate that JNK signaling functions downstream of the Sterile20 kinase family gene tao/Taok3 to regulate the behavioral effects of acute ethanol exposure in both the fruit fly Drosophila and mice. In flies tao is required in neurons to promote sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant effects of acute ethanol exposure and to establish specific brain structures. Reduced expression of key JNK pathway genes substantially rescued the structural and behavioral phenotypes of tao mutants. Decreasing and increasing JNK pathway activity resulted in increased and decreased sensitivity to the locomotor stimulant properties of acute ethanol exposure, respectively. Further, JNK expression in a limited pattern of neurons that included brain regions implicated in ethanol responses was sufficient to restore normal behavior. Mice heterozygous for a disrupted allele of the homologous Taok3 gene (Taok3Gt) were resistant to the acute sedative effects of ethanol. JNK activity was constitutively increased in brains of Taok3Gt/+ mice, and acute induction of phospho-JNK in brain tissue by ethanol was occluded in Taok3Gt/+ mice. Finally, acute administration of a JNK inhibitor conferred resistance to the sedative effects of ethanol in wild-type but not Taok3Gt/+ mice. Taken together, these data support a role of a TAO/TAOK3-JNK neuronal signaling pathway in regulating sensitivity to acute ethanol exposure in flies and in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kapfhamer
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (FWW)
| | - Ian King
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mimi E. Zou
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jana P. Lim
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fred W. Wolf
- The Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (FWW)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heaton MB, Paiva M, Kubovic S, Kotler A, Rogozinski J, Swanson E, Madorsky V, Posados M. Differential effects of ethanol on c-jun N-terminal kinase, 14-3-3 proteins, and Bax in postnatal day 4 and postnatal day 7 rat cerebellum. Brain Res 2011; 1432:15-27. [PMID: 22169498 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
These studies investigated ethanol effects on upstream cellular elements and interactions which contribute to Bax-related apoptosis in neonatal rat cerebellum at ages of peak ethanol sensitivity (postnatal day 4 [P4]), compared to later ages of relative resistance (P7). Analyses were made of basal levels of the pro-apoptotic c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Bax, and the 14-3-3 anchoring proteins, as well as the responsiveness of these substances to ethanol at P4 versus P7. Dimerization of Bax with 14-3-3 was also investigated at the two ages following ethanol treatment, a process which sequesters Bax in the cytosol, thus inhibiting its mitochondrial translocation and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cultured cerebellar granule cells were used to examine the protective potential of JNK inhibition on ethanol-mediated cell death. Basal levels of JNK were significantly higher at P4 than P7, but no differences in the other proteins were found. Activated JNK, and cytosolic and mitochondrially-translocated Bax were increased in P4 but not P7 animals following ethanol exposure, while protective 14-3-3 proteins were increased only at P7. Ethanol treatment resulted in decreases in Bax:14-3-3 heterodimers at P4, but not at P7. Inhibition of JNK activity in vitro provided partial protection against ethanol neurotoxicity. Thus, differential temporal vulnerability to ethanol in this CNS region correlates with differences in both levels of apoptosis-related substances (e.g., JNK), and differential cellular responsiveness, favoring apoptosis at the most sensitive age and survival at the resistant age. The upstream elements contributing to this vulnerability can be targets for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Barrow Heaton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim N, Han JY, Roh GS, Kim HJ, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Park JY, Choi WS. Nuclear clusterin is associated with neuronal apoptosis in the developing rat brain upon ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:72-82. [PMID: 21762182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is often accompanied by reduced brain volumes, reflecting brain cell death induced by ethanol, but the molecular mechanisms were less elucidated. This study was set up to investigate whether clusterin (Clu) was involved in neuronal cell death in developing rats. METHODS Seven-day-old rats were subcutaneously injected with 20% ethanol in normal saline at 3 g/kg twice. The upregulation of Clu and cell death was detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence microscopy, and/or Western blotting. Protein-protein interaction was detected by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. To identify the isoform interacting with Bcl-XL, HT22 mouse hippocampal cells were transfected with nuclear Clu(nClu)- or secretory Clu-expressing vector, and confocal microscopy was performed. Clu transcripts were knocked down in primary cortical cells using siRNA. RESULTS We found that Clu increased in the cerebral cortex following acute ethanol treatment. The Clu upregulation was related to increased cell death, which was assessed by activated caspase-3 and TUNEL staining. The upregulated Clu was a nuclear isoform that was nuclear translocated upon ethanol exposure and interacted with Bcl-XL, mediating apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that nClu plays a pro-apoptotic role in ethanol-induced cell death in the developing brain, providing new insights for development of FASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Health Science Institute, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bice PJ, Liang T, Zhang L, Graves TJ, Carr LG, Lai D, Kimpel MW, Foroud T. Fine mapping and expression of candidate genes within the chromosome 10 QTL region of the high and low alcohol-drinking rats. Alcohol 2010; 44:477-85. [PMID: 20705418 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The high and low alcohol-drinking (HAD and LAD) rats were selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake. The HAD/LAD rats originated from the N/Nih heterogeneous stock developed from intercrossing eight inbred rat strains. The HAD×LAD F2 were genotyped, and a powerful analytical approach, using ancestral recombination and F2 recombination, was used to narrow a quantitative trait loci (QTL) for alcohol drinking to a 2-cM region on distal chromosome 10 that was in common in the HAD1/LAD1 and HAD2/LAD2 analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to examine mRNA expression of six candidate genes (Crebbp, Trap1, Gnptg, Clcn7, Fahd1, and Mapk8ip3) located within the narrowed QTL region in the HAD1/LAD1 rats. Expression was examined in five brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. All six genes showed differential expression in at least one brain region. Of the genes tested in this study, Crebbp and Mapk8ip3 may be the most promising candidates with regard to alcohol drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bice
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Research and Library Building, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang CS, Lee YR, Chen CS, Tu SH, Wang YJ, Lee CH, Chen LC, Chang HW, Chang CH, Chih-Ming S, Wu CH, Ho YS. Long-term ethanol exposure causes human liver cancer cells to become resistant to mitomycin C treatment through the inactivation of bad-mediated apoptosis. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:728-38. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
18
|
LIU J, LI C, XING G, ZHOU L, DONG M, GENG Y, LI X, LI J, WANG G, ZOU D, NIU Y. Beta-Asarone Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Beta Amyloid in Rat Hippocampus. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:737-46. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng LIU
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Chengchong LI
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Guihua XING
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Li ZHOU
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Miaoxian DONG
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Yutao GENG
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Xueyan LI
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Jiaming LI
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Gang WANG
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Dejia ZOU
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| | - Yingcai NIU
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sari Y, Zhang M, Mechref Y. Differential expression of proteins in fetal brains of alcohol-treated prenatally C57BL/6 mice: a proteomic investigation. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:483-96. [PMID: 20119957 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is known to impede the growth of the central nervous system and to induce neurodegeneration through cellular apoptosis. We have previously shown that moderate prenatal alcohol exposure results in brain defects at different stages of development. In this study, we further characterize the proteomic architecture underlying ethanol teratogenesis during early fetal brain development using chromatography in conjunction with a LC-MS/MS system. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed from embryonic day 7 (E7) to E13 with either a 25% ethanol derived calorie or pair-fed liquid diets. At E13, fetal brains were collected from five dams for each group. Individual brains were homogenized and the extracted proteins were then tryptically digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Label-free quantitative proteomic analyses were performed on proteomes extracted from fetal brains of both alcohol-treated (ALC) and pair-fed groups. These analyses demonstrated that prenatal alcohol exposure induced significant downregulation (p<0.001) of the expression of mitochondrial enzymes including ADP/ATP translocase 1, ATP synthase subunit alpha and ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductases. In addition, mitochondrial carrier homolog 1, which plays a role in apoptosis, was significantly downregulated (p<0.001) in the ALC group. Moreover, among the cytosolic proteins that were significantly downregulated (p<0.001) are Bcl-2, 14-3-3 protein and calmodulin. Significant downregulation (p<0.001) of proteins that are critical for fetal brain development was observed such as prohibitin and neuronal migration protein doublecortin. These findings provide information about possible mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Sari
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
More than 200 phosphorylated 14-3-3-binding sites in the literature were analysed to define 14-3-3 specificities, identify relevant protein kinases, and give insights into how cellular 14-3-3/phosphoprotein networks work. Mode I RXX(pS/pT)XP motifs dominate, although the +2 proline residue occurs in less than half, and LX(R/K)SX(pS/pT)XP is prominent in plant 14-3-3-binding sites. Proline at +1 is rarely reported, and such motifs did not stand up to experimental reanalysis of human Ndel1. Instead, we discovered that 14-3-3 interacts with two residues that are phosphorylated by basophilic kinases and located in the DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1)-interacting region of Ndel1 that is implicated in cognitive disorders. These data conform with the general findings that there are different subtypes of 14-3-3-binding sites that overlap with the specificities of different basophilic AGC (protein kinase A/protein kinase G/protein kinase C family) and CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) protein kinases, and a 14-3-3 dimer often engages with two tandem phosphorylated sites, which is a configuration with special signalling, mechanical and evolutionary properties. Thus 14-3-3 dimers can be digital logic gates that integrate more than one input to generate an action, and coincidence detectors when the two binding sites are phosphorylated by different protein kinases. Paired sites are generally located within disordered regions and/or straddle either side of functional domains, indicating how 14-3-3 dimers modulate the conformations and/or interactions of their targets. Finally, 14-3-3 proteins bind to members of several multi-protein families. Two 14-3-3-binding sites are conserved across the class IIa histone deacetylases, whereas other protein families display differential regulation by 14-3-3s. We speculate that 14-3-3 dimers may have contributed to the evolution of such families, tailoring regulatory inputs to different physiological demands.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim JH, Lee SS, Jung MH, Yeo HD, Kim HJ, Yang JI, Roh GS, Chang SH, Park DJ. N-acetylcysteine attenuates glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by regulating MAPKs and Bcl-2 family proteins. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 25:1435-43. [PMID: 20037173 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) accounts for about 10 to 40% of all cases of AKI. It is known that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is effective in various experimental renal injury models; however, little information is available about the rat model of glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis. In this study, we hypothesize that NAC plays a renoprotective role via the anti-apoptotic pathway. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (i) saline control group, (ii) NAC-treated group (N-acetylcysteine) (150 mg/kg), (iii) glycerol-treated group (50%, 8 ml/kg, IM) and (iv) NAC plus glycerol-treated group. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h after glycerol injection, and the blood and renal tissues were harvested. RESULTS Glycerol administration caused severe renal dysfunction, which included marked renal oxidative stress, significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. Histopathological findings, such as cast formation and tubular necrosis, confirmed renal impairment. We noted a marked activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p-38, in the glycerol-treated group. We also observed high expression of Bax and Bad but only weak expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in the glycerol-treated group. However, NAC pretreatment significantly improved renal function and decreased the activation of ERK, JNK, Bax and Bad, whereas it increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that NAC protects against renal dysfunction, morphological damage and biochemical changes via the anti-apoptotic pathway in the glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis model in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyun Kim
- Clinical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Surgucheva I, Shestopalov VI, Surguchov A. Effect of gamma-synuclein silencing on apoptotic pathways in retinal ganglion cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36377-85. [PMID: 18936092 PMCID: PMC2606004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806660200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Synuclein (Syn G) is highly expressed in retinal ganglion cells and the loss of these cells in glaucoma is associated with significant reduction of the intracellular Syn G level. However, a causative relationship between these two events has not been established. Here we show that the knockdown of Syn G results in a decreased viability of the immortalized retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5). The Syn G silencing reduces phosphorylation of serine 112 (Ser112) in Bad protein, a member of the Bcl-2 family that plays a critical role in apoptotic cell death signaling. Our gene expression analysis data suggests that changes in Bad phosphorylation status may be caused by a coordinated shift in activities of kinases controlling Bad phosphorylation and phosphatases catalyzing its dephosphorylation. Moreover, increased phosphorylation of Bad-sequestering protein 14-3-3 detected in these cells is also pro-apoptotic. These results suggest that the homeostatic level of Syn G in RGC-5 cells is required for transcriptional regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases, controlling phosphorylation of Bad and 14-3-3. Lowering Syn G causes Bad dephosphorylation, dissociation from phosphorylated 14-3-3, and translocation to mitochondria where it initiates apoptotic death cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Surgucheva
- Laboratory of Retinal Biology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|