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Allahham A, Rowe G, Stevenson A, Fear MW, Vallence AM, Wood FM. The impact of burn injury on the central nervous system. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkad037. [PMID: 38312739 PMCID: PMC10835674 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Burn injuries can be devastating, with life-long impacts including an increased risk of hospitalization for a wide range of secondary morbidities. One area that remains not fully understood is the impact of burn trauma on the central nervous system (CNS). This review will outline the current findings on the physiological impact that burns have on the CNS and how this may contribute to the development of neural comorbidities including mental health conditions. This review highlights the damaging effects caused by burn injuries on the CNS, characterized by changes to metabolism, molecular damage to cells and their organelles, and disturbance to sensory, motor and cognitive functions in the CNS. This damage is likely initiated by the inflammatory response that accompanies burn injury, and it is often long-lasting. Treatments used to relieve the symptoms of damage to the CNS due to burn injury often target inflammatory pathways. However, there are non-invasive treatments for burn patients that target the functional and cognitive damage caused by the burn, including transcranial magnetic stimulation and virtual reality. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms that underpin the impact of a burn injury on the CNS, burn severity thresholds required to inflict damage to the CNS, and acute and long-term therapies to ameliorate deleterious CNS changes after a burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Allahham
- Burn injury research unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Grant Rowe
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Stevenson
- Burn injury research unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn injury research unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Vallence
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth 6150, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch Perth 6150, Australia
- Burn Service of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, MNH (B), Level 4, 102-118 Murdoch Drive, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn injury research unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth 6150, Australia
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Kim SE, Kim YJ, Kim YW, Cheon YW. Heating Pretreatment of the Recipient Site Enhances Survival of Transplanted Fat in a Mouse Model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:787-795. [PMID: 36847665 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several studies about the preparation of the recipient site in fat grafting, optimizing techniques with clinical usefulness is still necessary. Through previous animal studies reporting that heat can increase tissue vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular permeability, the authors hypothesize that pretreatment heating of the recipient site will increase retention of grafted fat. METHODS Twenty 6-week-old female BALB/c mice had two pretreatment sites on their back, one for the experimental temperatures (44°C and 48°C) and the other for the control. A digitally controlled aluminum block was used to apply the contact thermal damage. Human fat (0.5 mL) was grafted on each site and harvested on days 7, 14, and 49. The percentage volume and weight, histologic changes, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression, a key regulator of adipogenesis, were measured by the water displacement method, light microscopy, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS The harvested percentage volumes were 74.0% ± 3.4%, 82.5% ± 5.0%, and 67.5% ± 9.6% for the control, 44°C-pretreatment, and 48°C-pretreatment groups, respectively. The percentage volume and weight of the 44°C-pretreatment group was higher than the other groups ( P < 0.05). The 44°C-pretreatment group exhibited significantly higher integrity with fewer cysts and vacuoles than the other groups. Both heating pretreatment groups showed markedly higher rates of vascularity than the control group ( P < 0.017), and also increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma over two-fold. CONCLUSION Heating preconditioning of the recipient site during fat grafting can increase the retention volume and improve the integrity, which is partly explained by increased adipogenesis in a short-term mouse model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Tanning could be an alternative pretreatment for fat grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Eung Kim
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine
| | - Yang Woo Kim
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine
| | - Young Woo Cheon
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine
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3
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Zhao X, Li X, Guo H, Liu P, Ma M, Wang Y. Resolvin D1 attenuates mechanical allodynia after burn injury: Involvement of spinal glia, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159970. [PMID: 36765459 PMCID: PMC9986910 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1) suppresses inflammatory, postoperative, and neuropathic pain. The present study assessed the roles and mechanisms of RvD1 in mechanical allodynia after burn injury. A rat model of burn injury was established for analyses, and RvD1 was injected intraperitoneally. Pain behavior and the expression levels of spinal dorsal horn Iba-1 (microglia marker), GFAP (astrocyte marker), p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were detected by behavioral and immunocytochemical assays. The results showed that RvD1 attenuated mechanical allodynia after burn injury, prevented microglial and astroglial activation, and downregulated p-p38 MAPK in microglia and BDNF/TrkB following burn injury. Similarly, inhibition of p38 MAPK and BDNF/TrkB signaling attenuated mechanical allodynia after burn injury. In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK prevented spinal microglial activation and downregulated BDNF/TrkB following burn injury. Furthermore, inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling prevented spinal microglial activation and downregulated p-p38 MAPK within spinal microglia. Taken together, this study demonstrated that RvD1 might attenuate mechanical allodynia after burn injury by inhibiting spinal cord glial activation, microglial p38 MAPK, and BDNF/TrkB signaling in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panmei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minyu Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, 191599The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Roy TK, Uniyal A, Tiwari V. Multifactorial pathways in burn injury-induced chronic pain: novel targets and their pharmacological modulation. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12121-12132. [PMID: 35842856 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Burn injuries are among the highly prevalent medical conditions worldwide that occur mainly in children, military veterans and victims of fire accidents. It is one of the leading causes of temporary as well as permanent disabilities in patients. Burn injuries are accompanied by pain that persists even after recovery from tissue damage which puts immense pressure on the healthcare system. The pathophysiology of burn pain is poorly understood due to its complex nature and lack of considerable preclinical and clinical shreds of evidence, that creates a substantial barrier to the development of new analgesics. Burns damage the skin layers supplied with nociceptors such as NAV1.7, TRPV1, and TRPA1. Burn injury-mediated co-localization and simultaneous activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in nociceptive primary afferent C-fibers which contributes to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Burn injuries are accompanied by central sensitization, a key feature of pain pathophysiology mainly driven by a series of cascades involving aberrations in the glutamatergic system, microglial activation, release of neuropeptides, cytokines, and chemokines. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, altered endogenous opioid signaling, and distorted genomic expression are other pathophysiological factors responsible for the development and maintenance of burn pain. Here we discuss comprehensive literature on molecular mechanisms of burn pain and potential targets that could be translated into near future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Roy
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, U.P, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, U.P, India.
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Spinal microglia-derived TNF promotes the astrocytic JNK/CXCL1 pathway activation in a mouse model of burn pain. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 102:23-39. [PMID: 35143878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injury-induced pain (BIP) is an extremely complicated condition usually resistant to analgesic drugs, while its pathogenesis remains unknown. Considerable attention has been attracted to elucidate the glial mechanisms in chronic pain. In this study, we initiatively used a mouse model of second-degree BIP to investigate the underlying non-neuronal mechanisms at the spinal cord level. Our behavioral results showed that hind-paw burn injury caused persistent allodynia and hyperalgesia for 2 weeks in mice. Further studies revealed that both microglia and astrocytes activated in a spatially- and temporally-dependent manner in spinal cord after burn injury. In addition, the phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release in spinal microglia is essentially attributed to the early stage of BIP, while the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK-dependent chemokine CXCL1 expression is mainly involved in the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity. Most strikingly, burn injury-induced pain symptoms and the activation of astrocytes were significantly suppressed by TNF inhibitor Thalidomide. On the contrary, intrathecal injection of TNF caused apparent pain hypersensitivity, accompanied by the activation of astrocytes and the upregulation of CXCL1 via the JNK MAPK signaling pathway, indicating that TNF is the key cytokine in the interaction between microglia and astrocytes at the spinal level. Moreover, treatment with the CXCR2 receptor antagonist SB225002 to block the biological activities of CXCL1 significantly attenuated the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in this BIP model. Taken together, this study indicates that intervention of glial pathways provides a new perspective in the management of BIP.
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Yin Q, Wang JF, Xu XH, Xie H. Effect of lycopene on pain facilitation and the SIRT1/mTOR pathway in the dorsal horn of burn injury rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173365. [PMID: 32712090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of intrathecal injection of lycopene on pain facilitation, glial activation, and the SIRT1/mTOR pathway in the dorsal horn of rats with burn injury pain (BIP). Here we found that the mechanical pain threshold increased in the lycopene group compared with that of the control group, (P < 0.05). Compared with expression in the sham group, mTOR, pS6, p4EBP, GFAP, and Iba-1 decreased and SIRT1 increased in the lycopene group (P < 0.01). Glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn of BIP rats was alleviated by lycopene (P < 0.01). The SIRT1 and mTOR were mainly distributed in neurons in the spinal dorsal horn in the BIP model. Intrathecal injection of 3-MA (a mTOR agonist) or EX-527 (an inhibitor of Sirt1) partially antagonized lycopene-induced analgesia. Intrathecal injection of rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) or SRT1720 (an agonist of Sirt1) induced analgesia in BIP rats. 3-MA abrogated the SRT1720-induced analgesic effects. The present data indicated that the SIRT1/mTOR pathway changed in the spinal dorsal horn of BIP rats; Lycopene alleviated the pain sensitization of BIP rats by regulating the SIRT1/mTOR pathway and glial activation in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yin
- The Second Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, PR China
| | | | - Xiao-Hua Xu
- The People's Hospital of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang 845350, PR China
| | - Hong Xie
- The Second Affliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 1055, Sanxiang Road, Suzhou 215004, China.
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Mai L, Zhu X, Huang F, He H, Fan W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and pain. Life Sci 2020; 256:117885. [PMID: 32485175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain is initiated by tissue inflammation and nerve injury, respectively. Both are characterized by increased activity in the peripheral and central nervous system, where multiple inflammatory cytokines and other active molecules activate different signaling pathways that involve in the development and/or maintenance of pain. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one member of the MAPK family, which is activated in neurons and glia and contributes importantly to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances made about the implication of p38 MAPK signaling cascade in pain. It can deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pain and may help to offer new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Haight ES, Forman TE, Cordonnier SA, James ML, Tawfik VL. Microglial Modulation as a Target for Chronic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside and Back. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:737-746. [PMID: 30883419 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With a widespread opioid epidemic and profound biopsychosocial implications, chronic pain is a multifaceted public health issue requiring urgent attention. The treatment of chronic pain is particularly important to anesthesiologists given our unique role as perioperative physicians and pain medicine specialists. The present review details the recent shift from a neuronal theory of chronic pain to one that includes complex neuron-glia interactions. In particular, we highlight microglia, the myeloid-lineage cells of the central nervous system, as initiators of a postinjury neuroimmune response that contributes to the acute to chronic pain transition. We discuss ever-advancing preclinical studies, wherein significant success has been made through pharmacologic and genetic modulation of microglia, and we emphasize where these approaches have made the transition to the clinical realm. Furthermore, we highlight the most current, novel efforts to visualize glial activation in vivo using positron emission tomography and improve the diagnosis of chronic pain through radiotracer binding of specific targets, like the 18 kDa translocator protein in microglia and myeloid-lineage cells. Our rapidly advancing knowledge about microglia and their involvement in pain suggests that the era of glial-targeted therapeutics is just beginning so long as we refocus our attention on optimizing preclinical studies using a clinically informed approach, before translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Haight
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Thomas E Forman
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stephanie A Cordonnier
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Michelle L James
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Eidson LN, Murphy AZ. Inflammatory mediators of opioid tolerance: Implications for dependency and addiction. Peptides 2019; 115:51-58. [PMID: 30890355 PMCID: PMC6863079 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Each year, over 50 million Americans suffer from persistent pain, including debilitating headaches, joint pain, and severe back pain. Although morphine is amongst the most effective analgesics available for the management of severe pain, prolonged morphine treatment results in decreased analgesic efficacy (i.e., tolerance). Despite significant headway in the field, the mechanisms underlying the development of morphine tolerance are not well understood. The midbrain ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is a primary neural substrate for the analgesic effects of morphine, as well as for the development of morphine tolerance. A growing body of literature indicates that activated glia (i.e., microglia and astrocytes) facilitate pain transmission and oppose morphine analgesia, making these cells important potential targets in the treatment of chronic pain. Morphine affects glia by binding to the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and opposition of morphine analgesia. Despite the established role of the vlPAG as an integral locus for the development of morphine tolerance, most studies have examined the role of glia activation within the spinal cord. Additionally, the role of TLR4 in the development of tolerance has not been elucidated. This review attempts to summarize what is known regarding the role of vlPAG glia and TLR4 in the development of morphine tolerance. These data, together, provide information about the mechanism by which central nervous system glia regulate morphine tolerance, and identify a potential therapeutic target for the enhancement of analgesic efficacy in the clinical treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori N Eidson
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30308, United States.
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Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is a debilitating condition that may result from spinal
cord injury (SCI). Nearly 75% of all SCI results in NP affecting 17,000 new
individuals in the United States every year, and an estimated 7–10% of
people worldwide. It is caused by damaged or dysfunctional nerve fibers
sending aberrant signals to pain centers in the central nervous system
causing severe pain that affects daily life and routine. The mechanisms
underlying NP are not fully understood, making treatment difficult.
Identification of specific molecular pathways that are involved in pain
syndromes and finding effective treatments has become a major priority in
current SCI research. Yoga has therapeutic applications may prove beneficial
in treating subjects suffering chronically with SCI induced NP, chronic back
and associated pains if necessary experimental data is generated Summary This review aims to discuss the implications of various mechanistic
approaches of yoga which can be tested by new study designs around various
nociceptive molecules including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),
cation-dependent chloride transporter (NKCC1) etc in SCI
induced NP patients. Key messages Thus, yogic practices could be used in managing SCI induced NP pain by
regulating the action of various mechanisms and its associated molecules.
Modern prescriptive treatment strategies combined with alternative
approaches like yoga should be used in rehabilitation centers and clinics in
order to ameliorate chronic NP. We recommend practical considerations of
careful yoga practice as part of an integrative medicine approach for NP
associated with SCI.
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Zychowska M, Rojewska E, Makuch W, Luvisetto S, Pavone F, Marinelli S, Przewlocka B, Mika J. Participation of pro- and anti-nociceptive interleukins in botulinum toxin A-induced analgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:377-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yin K, Deuis JR, Lewis RJ, Vetter I. Transcriptomic and behavioural characterisation of a mouse model of burn pain identify the cholecystokinin 2 receptor as an analgesic target. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916665366. [PMID: 27573516 PMCID: PMC5007901 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916665366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injury is a cause of significant mortality and morbidity worldwide and is frequently associated with severe and long-lasting pain that remains difficult to manage throughout recovery. We characterised a mouse model of burn-induced pain using pharmacological and transcriptomic approaches. Mechanical allodynia elicited by burn injury was partially reversed by meloxicam (5 mg/kg), gabapentin (100 mg/kg) and oxycodone (3 and 10 mg/kg), while thermal allodynia and gait abnormalities were only significantly improved by amitriptyline (3 mg/kg) and oxycodone (10 mg/kg). The need for relatively high opioid doses to elicit analgesia suggested a degree of opioid resistance, similar to that shown clinically in burn patients. We thus assessed the gene expression changes in dorsal root ganglion neurons and pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning burn injury-induced pain using a transcriptomic approach. Burn injury was associated with significantly increased expression of genes associated with axon guidance, neuropeptide signalling, behavioural defence response and extracellular signalling, confirming a mixed neuropathic and inflammatory aetiology. Notably, among the pain-related genes that were upregulated post-injury was the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (Cckbr), a G protein-coupled receptor known as a pain target involved in reducing opioid effectiveness. Indeed, the clinically used cholecystokinin receptor antagonist proglumide (30 mg/kg) was effective at reversing mechanical allodynia, with additional analgesia evident in combination with low-dose oxycodone (1 mg/kg), including significant reversal of thermal allodynia. These findings highlight the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning burn injury-induced pain and suggest that cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonists may be useful clinically as adjuvants to decrease opioid requirements and improve analgesic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Yin
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Cheng W, Wang JF, Yang CX, Wu L, Yin Q, Liu H, Fu ZJ. Intrathecal Injection of Resveratrol Attenuates Burn Injury Pain by Activating Spinal Sirtuin 1. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S201-5. [PMID: 27279707 PMCID: PMC4883079 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study sought to detect spinal sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and acetylation of histone H3 (Ac-H3) expression in rats with burn injury pain (BIP model). Procedures and Results: A BIP model was first established. BIP rats showed lower paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) from day 1, which persisted for 21 days following the burn injury. Spinal SIRT1/Ac-H3 expression increased following burn injury. The intrathecal use of resveratrol increased PWT and SIRT1 expression but induced down-regulation of Ac-H3 expression. We first demonstrated that the inhibition of SIRT1 significantly induced mechanical allodynia in naïve rats. The preinjection of SIRT1 inhibitor partly antagonized the analgesic effects of resveratrol in BIP rats. Conclusion: Inhibition of SIRT1 produces pain facilitation in the naïve rats. The expression of spinal SIRT1 increased after burn injury in the BIP model. The activation of spinal SIRT1 might mediate the resveratrol-induced analgesic effects. SUMMARY Burn injury resulted in pain facilitation Resveratrol attenuates pain facilitation induced by burn injury Intrathecal injection of resveratrol attenuates burn injury pain by increasing spinal sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression Inhibition of SIRT1 by selisistat, an SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated analgesic effects of resveratrol
Abbreviations used: SIRT1: Sirtuin 1, Ac-H3: Acetylation of histone H3, SD: Sprague-Dawley, EX527: Selisistat, an SIRT1 inhibitor, BIP: Burn injury pain, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, PWTs: Paw withdrawal thresholds
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Center for Pain Research and Treatment, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Center for Pain Research and Treatment, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Cong-Xian Yang
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Center for Pain Research and Treatment, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Center for Pain Research and Treatment, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jian Fu
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, PR China
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McIntyre MK, Clifford JL, Maani CV, Burmeister DM. Progress of clinical practice on the management of burn-associated pain: Lessons from animal models. Burns 2016; 42:1161-72. [PMID: 26906668 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Opioid-based analgesics provide the mainstay for attenuating burn pain, but they have a myriad of side effects including respiratory depression, nausea, impaired gastrointestinal motility, sedation, dependence, physiologic tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. To test and develop novel analgesics, validated burn-relevant animal models of pain are indispensable. Herein we review such animal models, which are mostly limited to rodent models of burn-induced, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. The latter two are pain syndromes that provide insight into the pain caused by systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and direct injury to nerves (e.g., after severe burn), respectively. To date, no single animal model optimally mimics the complex pathophysiology and pain that a human burn patient experiences. No currently available burn-pain model examines effects of pharmacological intervention on wound healing. As cornerstones of pain and wound healing, pro-inflammatory mediators may be utilized for insight into both processes. Moreover, common clinical concerns such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction remain unaddressed. For development of analgesics, these aberrations can significantly alter the potential efficacy and/or adverse effects of a prescribed analgesic following burn trauma. We therefore suggest that a multi-model strategy would be the most clinically relevant when evaluating novel analgesics for use in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K McIntyre
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - John L Clifford
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - Christopher V Maani
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia and Operative Services, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium (SAUSHEC) Anesthesia Residency Program, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
| | - David M Burmeister
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT1:Bldg 3610, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6315, United States.
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Electroacupuncture attenuates spinal nerve ligation-induced microglial activation mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 22:704-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of neuropathic pain after burn injury is a critical clinical issue. Autologous fat grafting has been shown to alleviate neuropathic pain in certain cases, but has not been shown to alleviate the pain associated with burn-induced scars. The authors assessed the effectiveness of autologous fat grafting for the management of pain in burn-induced scars. METHODS One paw of the experimental rats received a third-degree burn using a heated metal block. Neuropathic pain in the affected paw was assessed based on behavioral responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. A graft (0.4 ml of autologous fat or a sham graft) was administered by injection to the burn scar and sham-burned paw. The animals were killed 4 weeks after the fat graft treatments; Masson trichrome stain of hind-paw skin and expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 in the dorsal horns of the spinal cords were examined. RESULT The third-degree burns were completely healed at 4 weeks. Burn-induced scarring caused mechanical allodynia and increased the expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 in spinal cord dorsal horn microglial cells. Autologous fat grafting significantly alleviated mechanical allodynia (p < 0.05), and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of phosphorylated p38 and OX42 was significantly lower in spinal cord dorsal horn microglial cells 4 weeks after fat grafting (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Autologous fat grafting is used daily in clinical practice. It is an effective treatment for the relief of burn-induced mechanical allodynia in rats. Further investigation of the clinical use of autologous fat grafting in burn patients is warranted.
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Rojewska E, Korostynski M, Przewlocki R, Przewlocka B, Mika J. Expression profiling of genes modulated by minocycline in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2014; 10:47. [PMID: 25038616 PMCID: PMC4131481 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain are constantly being studied to create new opportunities to prevent or alleviate neuropathic pain. The aim of our study was to determine the gene expression changes induced by sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) that are modulated by minocycline, which can effectively diminish neuropathic pain in animal studies. The genes associated with minocycline efficacy in neuropathic pain should provide insight into the etiology of neuropathic pain and identify novel therapeutic targets. Results We screened the ipsilateral dorsal part of the lumbar spinal cord of the rat CCI model for differentially expressed genes. Out of 22,500 studied transcripts, the abundance levels of 93 transcripts were altered following sciatic nerve ligation. Percentage analysis revealed that 54 transcripts were not affected by the repeated administration of minocycline (30 mg/kg, i.p.), but the levels of 39 transcripts were modulated following minocycline treatment. We then selected two gene expression patterns, B1 and B2. The first transcription pattern, B1, consisted of 10 mRNA transcripts that increased in abundance after injury, and minocycline treatment reversed or inhibited the effect of the injury; the B2 transcription pattern consisted of 7 mRNA transcripts whose abundance decreased following sciatic nerve ligation, and minocycline treatment reversed the effect of the injury. Based on the literature, we selected seven genes for further analysis: Cd40, Clec7a, Apobec3b, Slc7a7, and Fam22f from pattern B1 and Rwdd3 and Gimap5 from pattern B2. Additionally, these genes were analyzed using quantitative PCR to determine the transcriptional changes strongly related to the development of neuropathic pain; the ipsilateral DRGs (L4-L6) were also collected and analyzed in these rats using qPCR. Conclusion In this work, we confirmed gene expression alterations previously identified by microarray analysis in the spinal cord and analyzed the expression of selected genes in the DRG. Moreover, we reviewed the literature to illustrate the relevance of these findings for neuropathic pain development and therapy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the roles of the individual genes in neuropathic pain and to determine the therapeutic role of minocycline in the rat neuropathic pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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A rat model of full thickness thermal injury characterized by thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, pronociceptive peptide release and tramadol analgesia. Burns 2014; 40:759-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moon JY, Roh DH, Yoon SY, Kang SY, Choi SR, Kwon SG, Choi HS, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Lee JH. Sigma-1 receptor-mediated increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation leads to the induction of mechanical allodynia in mice and neuropathic rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:383-91. [PMID: 23333567 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The direct activation of the spinal sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) produces mechanical allodynia (MA) and thermal hyperalgesia (TH) in mice. In addition, the blockade of the spinal Sig-1R prevents the induction of MA, but not TH in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic rats. The present study was designed to investigate whether the increase in spinal p38 MAPK phosphorylation (p-p38 MAPK) mediates Sig-1R-induced MA or TH in mice and the induction of MA in neuropathic rats. MA and TH were evaluated using von Frey filaments and a hot-plate apparatus, respectively. Neuropathic pain was produced by CCI of the right sciatic nerve in rats. Western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the changes of p-p38 MAPK expression in the spinal cord. Intrathecal (i.t.) injection of PRE084, a selective Sig-1R agonist, into naïve mice time-dependently increased the expression of p-p38 MAPK, which was blocked by pretreatment with BD1047, a Sig-1R antagonist. I.t. pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor also dose-dependently inhibited PRE084-induced MA, whereas TH induction was not affected. In CCI rats, i.t. injection of BD1047 during the induction phase (postoperative days 0 to 5) reduced the CCI-induced increase in p-p38 MAPK. In addition, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the induction phase also suppressed the development of CCI-induced MA, but not TH. Conversely, i.t. SB203580 treatment during the maintenance phase (postoperative days 15 to 20) had no effect on CCI-induced MA or TH. These results demonstrate that the increase in spinal p-p38 MAPK is closely associated with the induction of Sig-1R mediated MA, but not TH. Sigma-1 receptor modulation of p-p38 MAPK also plays an important role in the induction, but not the maintenance, of MA in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sung CS, Cherng CH, Wen ZH, Chang WK, Huang SY, Lin SL, Chan KH, Wong CS. Minocycline and fluorocitrate suppress spinal nociceptive signaling in intrathecal IL-1β-induced thermal hyperalgesic rats. Glia 2012; 60:2004-17. [PMID: 22972308 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that intrathecal IL-1β caused thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This study was conducted to examine the effects and cellular mechanisms of glial inhibitors on IL-1β-induced nociception in rats. The effects of minocycline (20 μg), fluorocitrate (1 nmol), and SB203580 (5 μg) on IL-1β (100 ng) treatment in rats were measured by nociceptive behaviors, western blotting of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, cerebrospinal fluid nitric oxide (NO) levels, and immunohistochemical analyses. The results demonstrated that intrathecal IL-1β activated microglia and astrocytes, but not neurons, in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord, as evidenced by morphological changes and increased immunoreactivity, phosphorylated p38 (P-p38) MAPK, and iNOS expression; the activation of microglia and astrocytes peaked at 30 min and lasted for 6 h. The immunoreactivities of microglia and astrocytes were significantly increased at 30 min (6.6- and 2.7-fold, respectively) and 6 h (3.3- and 4.0-fold, respectively) following IL-1β injection, as compared with saline controls at 30 min (all P < 0.01). IL-1β induced P-p38 MAPK and iNOS expression predominantly in microglia and less in astrocytes. Minocycline, fluorocitrate, or SB203580 pretreatment suppressed this IL-1β-upregulated P-p38 MAPK mainly in microglia and iNOS mainly in astrocytes; minocycline exhibited the most potent effect. Minocycline and fluorocitrate pretreatment abrogated IL-1β-induced NO release and thermal hyperalgesia in rats. In conclusion, minocycline, fluorocitrate, and SB203580 effectively suppressed the IL-1β-induced central sensitization and hyperalgesia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sung Sung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wilkerson JL, Gentry KR, Dengler EC, Wallace JA, Kerwin AA, Kuhn MN, Zvonok AM, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Immunofluorescent spectral analysis reveals the intrathecal cannabinoid agonist, AM1241, produces spinal anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in neuropathic rats exhibiting relief from allodynia. Brain Behav 2012; 2:155-77. [PMID: 22574283 PMCID: PMC3345359 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During pathological pain, the actions of the endocannabinoid system, including the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB(2)R), leads to effective anti-allodynia and modifies a variety of spinal microglial and astrocyte responses. Here, following spinal administration of the CB(2)R compound, AM1241, we examined immunoreactive alterations in markers for activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) as well as degradative endocannabinoid enzymes, and markers for altered glial responses in neuropathic rats. In these studies, the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were examined. AM1241 produced profound anti-allodynia with corresponding immunoreactive levels of p38 mitogen-activated kinase, IL-1β, IL-10, the endocannabinoid enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, and astrocyte activation markers that were similar to nonneuropathic controls. In contrast, spinal AM1241 did not suppress the increased microglial responses observed in neuropathic rats. The differences in fluorescent markers were determined within discrete anatomical regions by applying spectral analysis methods, which virtually eliminated nonspecific signal during the quantification of specific immunofluorescent intensity. These data reveal expression profiles that support the actions of intrathecal AM1241 control pathological pain through anti-inflammatory mechanisms by modulating critical glial factors, and additionally decrease expression levels of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Katherine R. Gentry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ellen C. Dengler
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - James A. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Audra A. Kerwin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Megan N. Kuhn
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Alexander M. Zvonok
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | - Erin D. Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Trauma, surgery, and burns are three common clinical scenarios that are associated with significant acute pain. This review describes the pathophysiology of acute pain utilizing three preclinical models: surgery, burn, and fracture. RECENT FINDINGS In general, there is greater interest directed toward peripheral mediators of acute pain. Studies indicate that treatment against nerve growth factor, interleukins, and ischemic-like mediators may provide valuable avenues for treatment of acute pain. By targeting the periphery, analgesic therapies may have reduced side-effects. SUMMARY Peripheral mediators of acute pain can vary depending upon the type of injury. Treatment aimed toward those mediators specific to the injury may improve acute pain management in the future. It will be important to translate these findings into clinical trials in the future.
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Effect of Electroacupuncture on Activation of p38MAPK in Spinal Dorsal Horn in Rats with Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:568273. [PMID: 21860653 PMCID: PMC3154491 DOI: 10.1155/2012/568273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially p38 MAPK, plays an important role in the development of central sensitization related to persistent inflammatory pain. Electroacupuncture (EA) is well known to relieve persistent inflammatory pain. However, little is known about relationship between EA and p38 MAPK. Inflammatory pain rat model was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Male adult SD rats were randomly divided into the saline group, CFA group, and CFA + EA group. EA (constant saquare wave, 2 Hz and 100 Hz alternating frequencies, intensities ranging from 1 to 2 mA) was applied to bilateral “Zusanli” (ST 36) and “Kunlun” acupoints (BL 60) for 30 min, once per day. The paw edema and paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were measured at preinjection and days postinjection 1, 3, and 14. Spinal p-p38MAPK- immunoreactivty (p-p38MAPK-IR) cells were detected by immunohistochemistry at postinjection day 3 and 14. EA significantly inhibited paw edema at postinjection days 14 and increased PWT at postinjection days 3 and 14. Moreover, the increasing number of spinal p-p38MAPK-IR cells which was induced by CFA injection was suppressed by EA stimulation. These results indicate that anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of EA might be associated with its inhibition of spinal p38 MAPK activation and thereby provide a potential mechanism for the treatment of inflammatory pain by EA.
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White JPM, Ko CW, Fidalgo AR, Cibelli M, Paule CC, Anderson PJ, Cruz C, Gomba S, Matesz K, Veress G, Avelino A, Nagy I. Severe burn injury induces a characteristic activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons. Eur J Pain 2011; 15:683-90. [PMID: 21371920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied scalding-type burn injury-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the spinal dorsal horn, which is a recognised marker for spinal nociceptive processing. At 5min after severe scalding injury to mouse hind-paw, a substantial number of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) immunopositive neurons were found in the ipsilateral dorsal horn. At 1h post-injury, the number of pERK1/2-labelled neurons remained substantially the same. However, at 3h post-injury, a further increase in the number of labelled neurons was found on the ipsilateral side, while a remarkable increase in the number of labelled neurons on the contralateral side resulted in there being no significant difference between the extent of the labelling on both sides. By 6h post-injury, the number of labelled neurons was reduced on both sides without there being significant difference between the two sides. A similar pattern of severe scalding injury-induced activation of ERK1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons over the same time-course was found in mice which lacked the transient receptor potential type 1 receptor (TRPV1) except that the extent to which ERK1/2 was activated in the ipsilateral dorsal horn at 5 min post-injury was significantly greater in wild-type animals when compared to TRPV1 null animals. This difference in activation of ERK1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons was abolished within 1h after injury, demonstrating that TRPV1 is not essential for the maintenance of ongoing spinal nociceptive processing in inflammatory pain conditions in mouse resulting from at least certain types of severe burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P M White
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369, Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
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Minocycline Attenuates Mechanical Allodynia and Central Sensitization Following Peripheral Second-Degree Burn Injury. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:1146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism of disinhibition in spinal synaptic transmission induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12844-55. [PMID: 20861388 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2437-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The mechanism by which TNFα modulates synaptic transmission in mouse substantia gelatinosa was studied using whole-cell patch clamp and immunohistochemistry. TNFα was confirmed to significantly increase the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) in spinal neurons and to also produce a robust decrease in the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs). The enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission by TNFα is in fact observed to be dependent on the suppression of sIPSCs, or disinhibition, in that blockade of inhibitory synaptic transmission prevents the effect of TNFα on sEPSCs but not vice versa. TNFα-induced inhibition of sIPSCs was blocked by neutralizing antibodies to TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) but not to TNFR2 and was abolished by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB202190 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole]. TNFα rapidly inhibited spontaneous action potentials in GABAergic neurons identified in transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein controlled by the GAD67 promoter. This inhibitory effect was also blocked by intracellular delivery of SB202190 to the targeted cells. The inhibition of spontaneous activity in GABAergic neurons by TNFα is shown as mediated by a reduction in the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih). These results suggest a novel TNFα-TNFR1-p38 pathway in spinal GABAergic neurons that may contribute to the development of neuropathic and inflammatory pain by TNFα.
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Peripheral inflammation induces tumor necrosis factor dependent AMPA receptor trafficking and Akt phosphorylation in spinal cord in addition to pain behavior. Pain 2010; 149:243-253. [PMID: 20202754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, intraplantar carrageenan induced increased mechanical allodynia, phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and GluR1 ser 845 (PKA site) as well as GluR1, but not GluR2 movement into neuronal membranes. This change in membrane GluR1/GluR2 ratio is indicative of Ca(2+) permeable AMPA receptor insertion. Pain behavior was reduced and biochemical changes blocked by spinal pretreatment, but not post-treatment, with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist, Etanercept (100microg). Pain behavior was also reduced by spinal inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) (wortmannin; 1 and 5microg) and LY294002; 50 and 100microg) and Akt (Akt inhibitor IV; 3microg). Phosphorylated Akt was found exclusively in neurons in grey matter and in oligodendrocytes in white matter. Interestingly, this increase was seen first in superficial dorsal horn and alpha-motor neurons (peak 45min) and later (peak 2h post-injection) in deep dorsal horn neurons. Akt and GluR1 phosphorylation, AMPA receptor trafficking and mechanical allodynia were all TNF dependent. Whether phosphorylation of Akt and of GluR1 are in series or in parallel or upstream of pain behavior remains to be determined. Certainly, TNF-mediated GluR1 trafficking appears to play a major role in inflammatory pain and TNF-mediated effects such as these could represent a path by which glia contribute to neuronal sensitization (spinal LTP) and pathological pain.
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Minocycline reduces the injury-induced expression of prodynorphin and pronociceptin in the dorsal root ganglion in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2010; 165:1420-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chang YW, Tan A, Saab C, Waxman S. Unilateral Focal Burn Injury Is Followed by Long-Lasting Bilateral Allodynia and Neuronal Hyperexcitability in Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:119-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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