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Chakraborty R, Vijay Kumar MJ, Clement JP. Critical aspects of neurodevelopment. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107415. [PMID: 33647449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have the unique ability to adapt to their environment by making use of external inputs. In the process, the brain is shaped by experiences that go hand-in-hand with optimisation of neural circuits. As such, there exists a time window for the development of different brain regions, each unique for a particular sensory modality, wherein the propensity of forming strong, irreversible connections are high, referred to as a critical period of development. Over the years, this domain of neurodevelopmental research has garnered considerable attention from many scientists, primarily because of the intensive activity-dependent nature of development. This review discusses the cellular, molecular, and neurophysiological bases of critical periods of different sensory modalities, and the disorders associated in cases the regulators of development are dysfunctional. Eventually, the neurobiological bases of the behavioural abnormalities related to developmental pathologies are discussed. A more in-depth insight into the development of the brain during the critical period of plasticity will eventually aid in developing potential therapeutics for several neurodevelopmental disorders that are categorised under critical period disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India
| | - M J Vijay Kumar
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru. Karnataka. India.
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Odorant Sensory Input Modulates DNA Secondary Structure Formation and Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein Recruitment on the Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 1 Promoters in the Olfactory Bulb. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4778-4789. [PMID: 28411275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1363-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of neural circuits to changes in sensory input can modify several cellular processes within neurons, including neurotransmitter biosynthesis levels. For a subset of olfactory bulb interneurons, activity-dependent changes in GABA are reflected by corresponding changes in Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) expression levels. Mechanisms regulating Gad1 promoter activity are poorly understood, but here we show that a conserved G:C-rich region in the mouse Gad1 proximal promoter region both recruits heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that facilitate transcription and forms single-stranded DNA secondary structures associated with transcriptional repression. This promoter architecture and function is shared with Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), which is also modulated by odorant-dependent activity in the olfactory bulb. This study shows that the balance between DNA secondary structure formation and hnRNP binding on the mouse Th and Gad1 promoters in the olfactory bulb is responsive to changes in odorant-dependent sensory input. These findings reveal that Th and Gad1 share a novel transcription regulatory mechanism that facilitates sensory input-dependent regulation of dopamine and GABA expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adaptation of neural circuits to changes in sensory input can modify several cellular processes within neurons, including neurotransmitter biosynthesis levels. This study shows that transcription of genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes for GABA and dopamine biosynthesis (Gad1 and Th, respectively) in the mammalian olfactory bulb is regulated by G:C-rich regions that both recruit heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) to facilitate transcription and form single-stranded DNA secondary structures associated with repression. hnRNP binding and formation of DNA secondary structure on the Th and Gad1 promoters are mutually exclusive, and odorant sensory input levels regulate the balance between these regulatory features. These findings reveal that Th and Gad1 share a transcription regulatory mechanism that facilitates odorant-dependent regulation of dopamine and GABA expression levels.
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Grebbin BM, Hau AC, Groß A, Anders-Maurer M, Schramm J, Koss M, Wille C, Mittelbronn M, Selleri L, Schulte D. Pbx1 is required for adult subventricular zone neurogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2281-91. [PMID: 27226325 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TALE-homeodomain proteins function as components of heteromeric complexes that contain one member each of the PBC and MEIS/PREP subclasses. We recently showed that MEIS2 cooperates with the neurogenic transcription factor PAX6 in the control of adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis in rodents. Expression of the PBC protein PBX1 in the SVZ has been reported, but its functional role(s) has not been investigated. Using a genetic loss-of-function mouse model, we now show that Pbx1 is an early regulator of SVZ neurogenesis. Targeted deletion of Pbx1 by retroviral transduction of Cre recombinase into Pbx2-deficient SVZ stem and progenitor cells carrying floxed alleles of Pbx1 significantly reduced the production of neurons and increased the generation of oligodendrocytes. Loss of Pbx1 expression in neuronally committed neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream in a Pbx2 null background, by contrast, severely compromised cell survival. By chromatin immunoprecipitation from endogenous tissues or isolated cells, we further detected PBX1 binding to known regulatory regions of the neuron-specific genes Dcx and Th days or even weeks before the respective genes are expressed during the normal program of SVZ neurogenesis, suggesting that PBX1 might act as a priming factor to mark these genes for subsequent activation. Collectively, our results establish that PBX1 regulates adult neural cell fate determination in a manner beyond that of its heterodimerization partner MEIS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Moyo Grebbin
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Hau
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Anja Groß
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Marie Anders-Maurer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Jasmine Schramm
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Matthew Koss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christoph Wille
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), J. W. Goethe University Medical School, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heinrich-Hoffmann Str. 7, Frankfurt D-60528, Germany
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Ortega F, Costa MR. Live Imaging of Adult Neural Stem Cells in Rodents. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:78. [PMID: 27013941 PMCID: PMC4779908 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cells of the neural lineage within the brain is not restricted to early development. New neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes are produced in the adult brain throughout the entire murine life. However, despite the extensive research performed in the field of adult neurogenesis during the past years, fundamental questions regarding the cell biology of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) remain to be uncovered. For instance, it is crucial to elucidate whether a single aNSC is capable of differentiating into all three different macroglial cell types in vivo or these distinct progenies constitute entirely separate lineages. Similarly, the cell cycle length, the time and mode of division (symmetric vs. asymmetric) that these cells undergo within their lineage progression are interesting questions under current investigation. In this sense, live imaging constitutes a valuable ally in the search of reliable answers to the previous questions. In spite of the current limitations of technology new approaches are being developed and outstanding amount of knowledge is being piled up providing interesting insights in the behavior of aNSCs. Here, we will review the state of the art of live imaging as well as the alternative models that currently offer new answers to critical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ortega
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
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Abstract
Among the many forms of brain plasticity, changes in synaptic strength and changes in synapse number are particularly prominent. However, evidence for neurotransmitter respecification or switching has been accumulating steadily, both in the developing nervous system and in the adult brain, with observations of transmitter addition, loss, or replacement of one transmitter with another. Natural stimuli can drive these changes in transmitter identity, with matching changes in postsynaptic transmitter receptors. Strikingly, they often convert the synapse from excitatory to inhibitory or vice versa, providing a basis for changes in behavior in those cases in which it has been examined. Progress has been made in identifying the factors that induce transmitter switching and in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved. There are many intriguing questions to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Spitzer
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences & Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription by hnRNP K and DNA secondary structure. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5769. [PMID: 25493445 PMCID: PMC4264680 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene (Th) transcription is critical for specifying and maintaining the dopaminergic neuronal phenotype. Here we define a molecular regulatory mechanism for Th transcription conserved in tetrapod vertebrates. We show that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K is a transactivator of Th transcription. It binds to previously unreported and evolutionarily conserved G:C-rich regions in the Th proximal promoter. hnRNP K directly binds C-rich single DNA strands within these conserved regions and also associates with double-stranded sequences when proteins, such as CREB, are bound to an adjacent cis-regulatory element. The single DNA strands within the conserved G:C-rich regions adopt either G-quadruplex or i-motif secondary structures. We also show that small molecule-mediated stabilization of these secondary structures represses Th promoter activity. These data suggest that these secondary structures are targets for pharmacological modulation of the dopaminergic phenotype.
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Sequerra EB, Costa MR, Menezes JRL, Hedin-Pereira C. Adult neural stem cells: plastic or restricted neuronal fates? Development 2013; 140:3303-9. [PMID: 23900539 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the telencephalon is specified along its axis through morphogenetic gradients, leading to the positional-dependent generation of multiple neuronal types. After embryogenesis, however, the fate of neuronal progenitors becomes more restricted, and they generate only a subset of neurons. Here, we review studies of postnatal and adult neurogenesis, challenging the notion that fixed genetic programs restrict neuronal fate. We hypothesize that the adult brain maintains plastic neural stem cells that are capable of responding to changes in environmental cues and generating diverse neuronal types. Thus, the limited diversity of neurons generated under normal conditions must be actively maintained by the adult milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo B Sequerra
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Shriners Hospital for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Aumann T, Horne M. Activity‐dependent regulation of the dopamine phenotype in substantia nigra neurons. J Neurochem 2012; 121:497-515. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Aumann
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mal Horne
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Larsen CM, Grattan DR. Prolactin, neurogenesis, and maternal behaviors. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:201-9. [PMID: 21820505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated prolactin during pregnancy increases neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZ) of the maternal brain. Evidence from our laboratory has shown that low prolactin in early pregnancy, and the consequent suppression of neurogenesis in the SVZ in the adult brain, is associated with increased postpartum anxiety and markedly impaired maternal behavior. Daughters of low prolactin mothers also display increased anxiety and a significant delay in the onset of puberty, which is associated with epigenetic changes in neuronal development (see Fig. 1). This suggests that, in rodents, low prolactin in early pregnancy exerts long-term effects that influence maternal mood postpartum, and offspring development. This mini-review aims to summarize the evidence showing that the prolactin-induced increase in SVZ neurogenesis during pregnancy underlies normal postpartum maternal interactions with pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Larsen
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Bovetti S, Gribaudo S, Puche AC, De Marchis S, Fasolo A. From progenitors to integrated neurons: role of neurotransmitters in adult olfactory neurogenesis. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:304-16. [PMID: 21641990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is due to the persistence of pools of constitutive stem cells able to give rise to a progeny of proliferating progenitors. In rodents, adult neurogenic niches have been found in the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. SVZ progenitors undergo a unique process of tangential migration from the lateral ventricle to the olfactory bulb (OB) where they differentiate mainly into GABAergic interneurons in the granule and glomerular layers. SVZ progenitor proliferation, migration and differentiation into fully integrated neurons, are strictly related processes regulated by complex interactions between cell intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Numerous observations demonstrate that neurotrasmitters are involved in all steps of the adult neurogenic process, but the understanding of their role is hampered by their intricate mechanism of action and by the highly complex network in which neurotransmitters work. By considering the three main steps of olfactory adult neurogenesis (proliferation, migration and integration), this review will discuss recent advances in the study of neurotransmitters, highlighting the regulatory mechanisms upstream and downstream their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bovetti
- Department of Animal & Human Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
The ability to respond to a wide range of novel touch sensations and to habituate upon repeated exposures is fundamental for effective sensation. In this study we identified adult spinal cord neurogenesis as a potential novel player in the mechanism of tactile sensation. We demonstrate that a single exposure to a novel mechanosensory stimulus induced immediate proliferation of progenitor cells in the spinal dorsal horn, whereas repeated exposures to the same stimulus induced neuronal differentiation and survival. Most of the newly formed neurons differentiated toward a GABAergic fate. This touch-induced neurogenesis reflected the novelty of the stimuli, its diversity, as well as stimulus duration. Introducing adult neurogenesis as a potential mechanism of response to a novel stimulus and for habituation to repeated sensory exposures opens up potential new directions in treating hypersensitivity, pain and other mechanosensory disorders.
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Oland LA, Gibson NJ, Tolbert LP. Localization of a GABA transporter to glial cells in the developing and adult olfactory pathway of the moth Manduca sexta. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:815-38. [PMID: 20058309 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells have several critical roles in the developing and adult olfactory (antennal) lobe of the moth Manduca sexta. Early in development, glial cells occupy discrete regions of the developing olfactory pathway and processes of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons extend into some of these regions. Because GABA is known to have developmental effects in a variety of systems, we explored the possibility that the glial cells express a GABA transporter that could regulate GABA levels to which olfactory neurons and glial cells are exposed. By using an antibody raised against a characterized high-affinity M. sexta GABA transporter with high sequence homology to known mammalian GABA transporters (Mbungu et al. [1995] Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 318:489-497; Umesh and Gill [2002] J. Comp. Neurol. 448:388-398), we found that the GABA transporter is localized to subsets of centrally derived glial cells during metamorphic adult development. The transporter persists into adulthood in a subset of the neuropil-associated glial cells, but its distribution pattern as determined by light-and electron-microscopic-level immunocytochemistry indicates that it could not serve to regulate GABA concentration in the synaptic cleft. Instead, its role is more likely to regulate extracellular GABA levels within the glomerular neuropil. Expression in the sorting zone glial cells disappears after the period of olfactory receptor axon ingrowth, but may be important during ingrowth if GABA regulates axon growth. Glial cells take up GABA, and that uptake can be blocked by L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA). This is the first molecular evidence that the central glial cell population in this pathway is heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Oland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Akiba Y, Cave JW, Akiba N, Langley B, Ratan RR, Baker H. Histone deacetylase inhibitors de-repress tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:673-7. [PMID: 20170631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons are derived from neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate to the OB via the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Mature dopaminergic interneurons in the OB glomerular layer are readily identified by their synaptic activity-dependent expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Paradoxically, TH is not expressed in neural progenitors migrating in the RMS, even though ambient GABA and glutamate depolarize these progenitors. In forebrain slice cultures prepared from transgenic mice containing a GFP reporter gene under the control of the Th 9kb upstream regulatory region, treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (either sodium butyrate, Trichostatin A or Scriptaid) induced Th-GFP expression specifically in the RMS independently of depolarizing conditions in the culture media. Th-GFP expression in the glomerular layer was also increased in slices treated with Trichostatin A, but this increased expression was dependent on depolarizing concentrations of KCl in the culture media. Th-GFP expression was also induced in the RMS in vivo by intra-peritoneal injections with either sodium butyrate or valproic acid. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of neurosphere cultures confirmed that HDAC inhibitors de-repressed Th expression in SVZ-derived neural progenitors. Together, these findings suggest that HDAC function is critical for regulating Th expression levels in both neural progenitors and mature OB dopaminergic neurons. However, the differential responses to the combinatorial exposure of HDAC inhibitors and depolarizing culture conditions indicate that Th expression in mature OB neurons and neural progenitors in the RMS are regulated by distinct HDAC-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Akiba
- Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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Wilson DA, Baker H, Brunjes P, Gilbertson TA, Hermer L, Hill DL, Matsunami H, Meredith M, Mistretta CM, Smeets MAM, Stowers L, Zhuang H. Chemoreception scientists gather under the Florida sun: The 31st Annual Association for Chemoreception Sciences meeting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170 Suppl 1:1-11. [PMID: 19712224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 31st Annual Association for Chemoreception Sciences (AChemS) met in Sarasota, Florida April 22-26, 2009, attracting approximately 600 registrants and nearly 400 abstracts. In addition to poster and platform presentations, the program offered symposia, special lectures, and various National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored workshops, including one on computational approaches to olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Nathan Kline Institute and New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Johnson MA, Ables JL, Eisch AJ. Cell-intrinsic signals that regulate adult neurogenesis in vivo: insights from inducible approaches. BMB Rep 2009; 42:245-59. [PMID: 19470237 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The process by which adult neural stem cells generate new and functionally integrated neurons in the adult mammalian brain has been intensely studied, but much more remains to be discovered. It is known that neural progenitors progress through distinct stages to become mature neurons, and this progression is tightly controlled by cell-cell interactions and signals in the neurogenic niche. However, less is known about the cell-intrinsic signaling required for proper progression through stages of adult neurogenesis. Techniques have recently been developed to manipulate genes specifically in adult neural stem cells and progenitors in vivo, such as the use of inducible transgenic mice and viral-mediated gene transduction. A critical mass of publications utilizing these techniques has been reached, making it timely to review which molecules are now known to play a cell-intrinsic role in regulating adult neurogenesis in vivo. By drawing attention to these isolated molecules (e.g. Notch), we hope to stimulate a broad effort to understand the complex and compelling cascades of intrinsic signaling molecules important to adult neurogenesis. Understanding this process opens the possibility of understanding brain functions subserved by neurogenesis, such as memory, and also of harnessing neural stem cells for repair of the diseased and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine A Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9070, USA
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