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Liu X, Jia X. Neuroprotection of Stem Cells Against Ischemic Brain Injury: From Bench to Clinic. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:691-713. [PMID: 37415004 PMCID: PMC10771544 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurological injuries can have numerous debilitating effects on functional status including sensorimotor deficits, cognitive impairment, and behavioral symptoms. Despite the disease burden, treatment options remain limited. Current pharmacological interventions are targeted at symptom management but are ineffective in reversing ischemic brain damage. Stem cell therapy for ischemic brain injury has shown promising preclinical and clinical results and has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic option. Various stem cell sources (embryonic, mesenchymal/bone marrow, and neural stem cells) have been investigated. This review provides an overview of the advances made in our understanding of the various types of stem cells and progress made in the use of these stem cells for the treatment of ischemic brain injuries. In particular, the use of stem cell therapy in global cerebral ischemia following cardiac arrest and in focal cerebral ischemia after ischemic stroke are discussed. The proposed mechanisms of stem cells' neuroprotective effects in animal models (rat/mice, pig/swine) and other clinical studies, different routes of administration (intravenous/intra-arterial/intracerebroventricular/intranasal/intraperitoneal/intracranial) and stem cell preconditioning are discussed. Much of the promising data on stem cell therapies after ischemic brain injury remains in the experimental stage and several limitations remain unsettled. Future investigation is needed to further assess the safety and efficacy and to overcome the remaining obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Classification and Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms and Applications against Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:2602871. [PMID: 34795764 PMCID: PMC8595011 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2602871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a serious cerebral disease that often induces death and long-term disability. As a currently available therapy for recanalization after ischemic stroke, thrombolysis, including intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy, still cannot be applicable to all patients due to the narrow time window. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation therapy, which can trigger neuronal regeneration and repair, has been considered as a significant advance in treatment of ischemic stroke. MSC transplantation therapy has exhibited its potential to improve the neurological function in ischemic stroke. Our review describes the current progress and future perspective of MSC transplantation therapy in ischemic stroke treatment, including cell types, transplantation approaches, therapeutic mechanisms, and preliminary clinical trials of MSC transplantation, for providing us an update role of MSC transplantation in ischemic stroke treatment.
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The Poststroke Peripheral Immune Response Is Differentially Regulated by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Aged Male and Female Rodents. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8880244. [PMID: 33376583 PMCID: PMC7746465 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8880244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to determine whether leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes anti-inflammatory activity after stroke in a sex-dependent manner. Methods Aged (18-month-old) Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes underwent sham surgery or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals received three doses of intravenous LIF (125 μg/kg) or PBS at 6, 24, and 48 h before euthanization at 72 h. Spleen weights were measured immediately following euthanization. Western blot was used to measure protein levels of CCL8, CD11b, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL-12 p40, IL-3, and the LIF receptor (LIFR) in spleen tissue. ELISA was used to measure IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ in spleen tissue. A Griess Assay was used to indirectly quantify NO levels via measurement of nitrite. Levels of cellular markers and inflammatory mediators were normalized to the baseline (sham) group from each sex. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA and followed by Fisher's LSD post hoc test. Results Aged female rats showed a significantly lower spleen weight after MCAO, but showed a significant increase in spleen size after LIF treatment. This effect was observed in aged male rats, but not to as great of an extent. CD11b levels were significantly higher in the spleens of MCAO+PBS males compared to their female counterparts, but there was no significant difference in CD11b levels between MCAO+LIF males and females. LIF significantly increased CXCL9 after LIF treatment in aged male and female rats. LIFR and IL-3 were upregulated after LIF treatment in aged females. Splenic nitrate increased after MCAO but decreased after LIF treatment in aged females. Splenic nitrate levels did not increase after MCAO but did increase after LIF treatment in aged males. The following cytokines/chemokines were not altered by sex or treatment: TNFα, IL-6, IL-12 p40, CCL8, IFNγ, and CXCL10. Conclusions LIF treatment after permanent MCAO induces sex-dependent effects on the poststroke splenic response and the production of proinflammatory cytokines among aged rats.
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Foran EA, Leonardo CC, Ajmo CT, Pennypacker KR. Neuroprotective activity of leukemia inhibitory factor is relayed through myeloid zinc finger-1 in a rat model of stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:631-640. [PMID: 30612292 PMCID: PMC6810634 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exerts its neuroprotective effects through signal transduction of the transcription factor myeloid zinc finger-1 (MZF-1). According to the hypothesis of this study, MZF-1 mediates LIF-induced neuroprotective signaling during ELVO through increased expression and transcriptional activity. To determine the in vivo role of MZF-1 in LIF-induced neuroprotection, we used Genomatix software was used to MZF-1 sites in the promoter region of the rat superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) gene. Stroke was induced via middle cerebral artery occlusion, and animals were administered PBS or 125 μg/kg LIF at 6, 24, and 48 h after the injury. MZF-1 binding activity was measured using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and its expression/localization were determined using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. To determine whether MZF-1 relays LIF-induced neuroprotection in vitro, primary cultured neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) after treatment with PBS or LIF. MZF-1 expression was measured in vitro using real time PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Transfection with siRNA was used to determine whether LIF protected cultured neurons against OGD after silencing MZF-1 expression. Four MZF-1 binding sites were identified by Genomatix, and EMSA confirmed in vivo binding activity in brain after MCAO. LIF significantly increased MZF-1 protein levels compared to PBS treatment at 72 h post-MCAO. In vivo nuclear localization of MZF-1 as well as co-localization of SOD3 and MZF-1 was observed in the cortical neurons of LIF-treated rats. Primary cultured neurons treated with LIF had significantly higher levels of MZF-1 mRNA and protein after LIF treatment compared to neurons treated with PBS. Finally, knockdown MZF-1 using siRNA counteracted the neuroprotective effects of LIF in vitro. These data demonstrate that LIF-mediated neuroprotection is dependent upon MZF-1 activity. Furthermore, these findings identify a novel neuroprotective pathway that employs MZF-1, a transcription factor associated with hematopoietic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Elspeth A Foran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Craig T Ajmo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB Room B457, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Rikhtegar R, Yousefi M, Dolati S, Kasmaei HD, Charsouei S, Nouri M, Shakouri SK. Stem cell-based cell therapy for neuroprotection in stroke: A review. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8849-8862. [PMID: 30506720 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders, such as stroke, are triggered by a loss of neurons and glial cells. Ischemic stroke remains a substantial problem for industrialized countries. Over the previous few decades our understanding about the pathophysiology of stroke has enhanced, nevertheless, more awareness is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Existing therapies are incapable to adequately relief the disease outcome and are not appropriate to all patients. Meanwhile, the majority of patients continue to show neurological deficits even subsequent effective thrombolysis, recuperative therapies are immediately required that stimulate brain remodeling and repair once stroke damage has happened. Cell therapy is emergent as a hopeful new modality for increasing neurological recovery in ischemic stroke. Numerous types of stem cells from various sources have been identified and their possibility and efficiency for the treatment of stroke have been investigated. Stem cell therapy in patients with stroke using adult stem cells have been first practiced in clinical trials since 15 years ago. Even though stem cells have revealed a hopeful role in ischemic stroke in investigational studies besides early clinical pilot studies, cellular therapy in human is still at a primary stage. In this review, we summarize the types of stem cells, various delivery routes, and clinical application of stem cell-based therapy for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rikhtegar
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Delavar Kasmaei
- Department of Neurology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Charsouei
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Goodwin S, Lukins DE, Powell DK, Pennypacker KR. Efficacy of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic for permanent large vessel stroke differs among aged male and female rats. Brain Res 2018; 1707:62-73. [PMID: 30445025 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies using rodent models of stroke have had difficulty in translating their results to human patients. One possible factor behind this inability is the lack of studies utilizing aged rodents of both sexes. Previously, this lab showed that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted recovery after stroke through antioxidant enzyme upregulation. This study examined whether LIF promotes neuroprotection in aged rats of both sexes. LIF did not reduce tissue damage in aged animals, but LIF-treated female rats showed partial motor skill recovery. The LIF receptor (LIFR) showed membrane localization in young male and aged rats of both sexes after stroke. Although LIF increased neuronal LIFR expression in vitro, it did not increase LIFR in the aged brain. Levels of LIFR protein in brain tissue were significantly downregulated between young males and aged males/females at 72 h after stroke. These results demonstrated that low LIFR expression reduces the neuroprotective efficacy of LIF in aged rodents of both sexes. Furthermore, the ability of LIF to promote motor improvement is dependent upon sex in aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Sarah Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Douglas E Lukins
- Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - David K Powell
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Davis SM, Collier LA, Winford ED, Leonardo CC, Ajmo CT, Foran EA, Kopper TJ, Gensel JC, Pennypacker KR. Leukemia inhibitory factor modulates the peripheral immune response in a rat model of emergent large vessel occlusion. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:288. [PMID: 30322390 PMCID: PMC6190542 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migration of peripheral immune cells and splenocytes to the ischemic brain is one of the major causes of delayed neuroinflammation after permanent large vessel stroke. Other groups have demonstrated that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine that promotes neural cell survival through upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype in several types of immune cells. The goal of this study was to determine whether LIF treatment modulates the peripheral immune response after stroke. METHODS Young male (3 month) Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham surgery or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were administered LIF (125 μg/kg) or PBS at 6, 24, and 48 h prior to euthanization at 72 h. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with LIF (20 ng/ml) or PBS after stimulation with interferon gamma + LPS. Western blot was used to measure protein levels of CD11b, IL-12, interferon inducible protein-10, CD3, and the LIF receptor in spleen and brain tissue. ELISA was used to measure IL-10, IL-12, and interferon gamma. Isolectin was used to label activated immune cells in brain tissue sections. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Student's t test. A Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney tests was performed if data did not pass the D'Agostino-Pearson normality test. RESULTS LIF-treated rats showed significantly lower levels of the LIF receptor and interferon gamma in the spleen and CD11b levels in the brain compared to their PBS-treated counterparts. Fluorescence from isolectin-binding immune cells was more prominent in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum after PBS treatment compared to LIF treatment. MCAO + LIF significantly decreased splenic levels of CD11b and CD3 compared to sham surgery. MCAO + PBS treatment significantly elevated splenic levels of interferon inducible protein-10 at 72 h after MCAO, while LIF treatment after MCAO returned interferon inducible protein 10 to sham levels. LIF administration with interferon gamma + LPS significantly reduced the IL-12/IL-10 production ratio compared to macrophages treated with interferon gamma + LPS alone. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that LIF promotes anti-inflammatory signaling through alterations of the IL-12/interferon gamma/interferon inducible protein 10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB B457, Lexington, KY 40536-0905 USA
| | - Lisa A. Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB B457, Lexington, KY 40536-0905 USA
| | - Edric D. Winford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. Lexington, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Christopher C. Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd MDC 8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Craig T. Ajmo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd MDC 8, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Elspeth A. Foran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd MDC 7, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Timothy J. Kopper
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS508, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Repair Center, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB B463, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. MS508, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Repair Center, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB B463, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Keith R. Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone BBSRB B457, Lexington, KY 40536-0905 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St. Lexington, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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Zhao LR, Willing A. Enhancing endogenous capacity to repair a stroke-damaged brain: An evolving field for stroke research. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:5-26. [PMID: 29476785 PMCID: PMC6075953 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke represents a severe medical condition that causes stroke survivors to suffer from long-term and even lifelong disability. Over the past several decades, a vast majority of stroke research targets neuroprotection in the acute phase, while little work has been done to enhance stroke recovery at the later stage. Through reviewing current understanding of brain plasticity, stroke pathology, and emerging preclinical and clinical restorative approaches, this review aims to provide new insights to advance the research field for stroke recovery. Lifelong brain plasticity offers the long-lasting possibility to repair a stroke-damaged brain. Stroke impairs the structural and functional integrity of entire brain networks; the restorative approaches containing multi-components have great potential to maximize stroke recovery by rebuilding and normalizing the stroke-disrupted entire brain networks and brain functioning. The restorative window for stroke recovery is much longer than previously thought. The optimal time for brain repair appears to be at later stage of stroke rather than the earlier stage. It is expected that these new insights will advance our understanding of stroke recovery and assist in developing the next generation of restorative approaches for enhancing brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Alison Willing
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Protects Neurons from Ischemic Damage via Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase 3. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:608-622. [PMID: 26746670 PMCID: PMC5026633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been shown to protect oligodendrocytes from ischemia by upregulating endogenous antioxidants. The goal of this study was to determine whether LIF protects neurons during stroke by upregulating superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3). Animals were administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 125 μg/kg LIF at 6, 24, and 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. Neurons were isolated from rat pups on embryonic day 18 and used between 7 and 15 days in culture. Cells were treated with LIF and/or 10 μM Akt inhibitor IV with PBS and 0.1 % DMSO acting as vehicle controls. Neurons transfected with scrambled or SOD3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were subjected to 24-h ischemia after PBS or LIF treatment. LIF significantly increased superoxide dismutase activity and SOD3 expression in ipsilateral brain tissue compared to PBS. Following 24-h ischemia, LIF reduced cell death and increased SOD3 messenger RNA (mRNA) in vitro compared to PBS. Adding Akt inhibitor IV with LIF counteracted the decrease in cell death. Partially silencing the expression of SOD3 using siRNA prior to LIF treatment counteracted the protective effect of LIF-alone PBS treatment. These results indicate that LIF protects neurons in vivo and in vitro via upregulation of SOD3.
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Leonardo CC, Mendes M, Ahmad AS, Doré S. Efficacy of prophylactic flavan-3-ol in permanent focal ischemia in 12-mo-old mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H583-91. [PMID: 25576625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00239.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of flavan-3-ol-containing foods, including (-)-epicatechin (EC), has been linked to lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and stroke. We previously demonstrated nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) -dependent EC efficacy in reducing stroke-induced deficits in 2-mo-old mice; yet stroke is primarily a disease of the elderly. Because neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction are hallmarks of aging, we tested whether Nrf2 mediates EC efficacy in aging mice through modulation of glial responses and blood brain barrier permeability. First, we compared anastomosis in naïve wild-type and C57BL/6 Nrf2(-/-) mice to identify potential differences in cerebrovascular architecture. Data showed no significant differences in the number of anastomoses or mean intersection points, indicating similar gross vascular physiology. To assess efficacy and mechanisms of protection, wild-type or Nrf2(-/-) mice were administered the minimum effective EC dose established in our previous studies before the permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Similar to previous results with young mice, 12-mo-old wild types also showed significant reductions in infarct volume (41.01 ± 29.57%) and improved performance in removing adhesive tape relative to vehicle-treated controls, whereas a trend toward protection was observed in Nrf2(-/-). However, EC did not reduce immunoreactivity for the microglia/macrophage marker anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, suggesting that dampened activation/recruitment did not account for EC protection. Furthermore, there were no differences in mouse IgG extravasation or spontaneous hemorrhage between EC-treated groups. These data demonstrate that EC protection occurs independent of microglia/macrophage modulation or blood brain barrier preservation, suggesting that the glial cell responses in young mice are compensatory to another, and potentially novel, protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Monique Mendes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Abdullah S Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research and Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Chen J, Venkat P, Zacharek A, Chopp M. Neurorestorative therapy for stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:382. [PMID: 25018718 PMCID: PMC4072966 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is responsible for many deaths and long-term disability world wide. Development of effective therapy has been the target of intense research. Accumulating preclinical literature has shown that substantial functional improvement after stroke can be achieved using subacutely administered cell-based and pharmacological therapies. This review will discuss some of the latest findings on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), human umbilical cord blood cells, and off-label use of some pharmacological agents, to promote recovery processes in the sub-acute and chronic phases following stroke. This review paper also focuses on molecular mechanisms underlying the cell-based and pharmacological restorative processes, which enhance angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, neurogenesis, and white matter remodeling following cerebral ischemia as well as an analysis of the interaction/coupling among these restorative events. In addition, the role of microRNAs mediating the intercellular communication between exogenously administered cells and parenchymal cells, and their effects on the regulation of angiogenesis and neuronal progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and brain plasticity after stroke are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, MI , USA
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Physics, Oakland University , Rochester, MI , USA
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Seifert HA, Pennypacker KR. Molecular and cellular immune responses to ischemic brain injury. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:543-53. [PMID: 24895236 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive research into stroke pathology, there have not been any major recent advancements in stroke therapeutics. Animal models of cerebral ischemia and clinical data have been used to investigate the progressive neural injury that occurs after an initial ischemic insult. This has lead researchers to focus more on the peripheral immune response that is generated as a result of cerebral ischemia. The therapies that have been developed as a result of this research thus far have proven ineffective in clinical trials. The failure of these therapeutics in clinical trials is thought to be due to the broad immunosuppression elicited as a result of the treatments and the cerebral ischemia itself. Emerging evidence indicates a more selective modulation of the immune system following stroke could be beneficial. The spleen has been shown to exacerbate neural injury following experimental stroke and would provide a strong therapeutic target. Selecting facets of the immune system to target would allow the protective and regenerative properties of the immune response to remain intact while blunting the pro-inflammatory response generated towards the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Seifert
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd., MDC Box 8, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Monocytes are essential for the neuroprotective effect of human cord blood cells following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 59:76-84. [PMID: 24472845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) mononuclear cells (MNC) following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat reduces infarct size and, more importantly, restores motor function. The HUCB cell preparation is composed of immature T-cells, B-cells, monocytes and stem cells. In this study we examined whether the beneficial effects of HUCB injection were attributable to one of these cell types. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent permanent MCAO followed 48 h later by intravenous administration of HUCB MNC preparations depleted of either CD14(+) monocytes, CD133(+) stem cells, CD2(+) T-cells or CD19(+) B cells. Motor function was measured prior to MCAO and 30 days post-stroke. When CD14(+) monocytes were depleted from the HUCB MNC, activity and motor asymmetry were similar to the MCAO only treated animals. Monocyte depletion prevented HUCB cell treatment from reducing infarct size while monocyte enrichment was sufficient to reduce infarct size. Administration of monocyte-depleted HUCB cells did not suppress Iba1 labeling of microglia in the infarcted area relative to treatment with the whole HUCB preparation. These data demonstrate that the HUCB monocytes provide the majority of the efficacy in reducing infarct volume and promoting functional recovery.
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Paczkowska E, Kaczyńska K, Pius-Sadowska E, Rogińska D, Kawa M, Ustianowski P, Safranow K, Celewicz Z, Machaliński B. Humoral activity of cord blood-derived stem/progenitor cells: implications for stem cell-based adjuvant therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83833. [PMID: 24391835 PMCID: PMC3877125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) demonstrate neuro-regenerative potential that is dependent upon their humoral activity by producing various trophic factors regulating cell migration, growth, and differentiation. Herein, we compared the expression of neurotrophins (NTs) and their receptors in specific umbilical cord blood (UCB) SPC populations, including lineage-negative, CD34+, and CD133+ cells, with that in unsorted, nucleated cells (NCs). Methods and Results The expression of NTs and their receptors was detected by QRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining in UCB-derived SPC populations (i.e., NCs vs. lineage-negative, CD34+, and CD133+ cells). To better characterize, global gene expression profiles of SPCs were determined using genome-wide RNA microarray technology. Furthermore, the intracellular production of crucial neuro-regenerative NTs (i.e., BDNF and NT-3) was assessed in NCs and lineage-negative cells after incubation for 24, 48, and 72 h in both serum and serum-free conditions. We discovered significantly higher expression of NTs and NT receptors at both the mRNA and protein level in lineage-negative, CD34+, and CD133+ cells than in NCs. Global gene expression analysis revealed considerably higher expression of genes associated with the production and secretion of proteins, migration, proliferation, and differentiation in lineage-negative cells than in CD34+ or CD133+ cell populations. Notably, after short-term incubation under serum-free conditions, lineage-negative cells and NCs produced significantly higher amounts of BDNF and NT-3 than under steady-state conditions. Finally, conditioned medium (CM) from lineage-negative SPCs exerted a beneficial impact on neural cell survival and proliferation. Conclusions Collectively, our findings demonstrate that UCB-derived SPCs highly express NTs and their relevant receptors under steady-state conditions, NT expression is greater under stress-related conditions and that CM from SPCs favorable influence neural cell proliferation and survival. Understanding the mechanisms governing the characterization and humoral activity of subsets of SPCs may yield new therapeutic strategies that might be more effective in treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miłosz Kawa
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Ustianowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Celewicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Liu X, Ye R, Yan T, Yu SP, Wei L, Xu G, Fan X, Jiang Y, Stetler RA, Liu G, Chen J. Cell based therapies for ischemic stroke: from basic science to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:92-115. [PMID: 24333397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is emerging as a viable therapy to restore neurological function after stroke. Many types of stem/progenitor cells from different sources have been explored for their feasibility and efficacy for the treatment of stroke. Transplanted cells not only have the potential to replace the lost circuitry, but also produce growth and trophic factors, or stimulate the release of such factors from host brain cells, thereby enhancing endogenous brain repair processes. Although stem/progenitor cells have shown a promising role in ischemic stroke in experimental studies as well as initial clinical pilot studies, cellular therapy is still at an early stage in humans. Many critical issues need to be addressed including the therapeutic time window, cell type selection, delivery route, and in vivo monitoring of their migration pattern. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive synopsis of preclinical evidence and clinical experience of various donor cell types, their restorative mechanisms, delivery routes, imaging strategies, future prospects and challenges for translating cell therapies as a neurorestorative regimen in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Fan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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16
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Human umbilical cord blood cells alter blood and spleen cell populations after stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:491-9. [PMID: 23335948 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction is a mixed population of cells that induces functional repair in rodent models of stroke when injected intravenously (i.v.). The transplanted cells are found in the infarcted hemisphere and the spleen. The goal of this project was to determine the nature of the interaction between the HUCB MNCs cells and splenic immune cells. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received i.v. injection of either vehicle (MCAO only), HUCB MNCs or MNCs depleted of CD14+ monocytes, CD133+ stem cells or CD19+ B cells 48 hours post-stroke. At 72 hours post-MCAO, the animals were euthanized and the spleens and blood MNCs harvested for flow cytometry and mitogen proliferation assays. All HUCB cell preparations decreased the percentage of T cells in the spleen and monocytes in the blood (p < 0.05). MNCs depleted of CD14+ and CD19+ decreased the percentage of macrophage (p < 0.001), while CD133 depleted MNCs increased the percentage of macrophage in spleen (p < 0.001); MNC did not alter the macrophage population from the level observed after MCAO. Only HUCB MNC significantly decreased Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T cell stimulation (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the effects of HUCB MNC in the spleen are not due to a single HUCB population, but the interaction of all the subpopulations together.
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17
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Wasielewski B, Jensen A, Roth-Härer A, Dermietzel R, Meier C. Neuroglial activation and Cx43 expression are reduced upon transplantation of human umbilical cord blood cells after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Brain Res 2012; 1487:39-53. [PMID: 22796290 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells play a crucial role in the pathomechanism of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HI) and are involved in the maintenance of a chronic state of inflammation that causes delayed neuronal damage. Activation of astrocytes is one factor prolonging brain damage and contributing to the formation of a glial scar that limits neuronal plasticity. In this context, the major astrocytic gap junction protein Connexin 43 (Cx43) has been ascribed various functions including regulation of astrocytic migration and proliferation. Here, we investigate glial responses like microglia/macrophages and astrocytic activation in a rat model of neonatal HI and characterize changes of these parameters upon transplantation of human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCB). As an alleviation of motor function in lesioned rats has previously been described in transplanted animals, we analyze the putative correlation between motor function and glial activation over time. The lesion-induced impairment of motor function, assessed by forelimb use bias, muscle strength and distal spasticity, was alleviated upon transplantation of hUCB short and long term. HI induced an acute inflammatory reaction with activation of microglia/macrophages and reactive astrogliosis associated with perilesional upregulation of Cx43 that slowly declined during the chronic post-ischemic phase. hUCB transplantation accelerated the regression of inflammatory events, narrowed the perilesional astrocytic wall and led to a downregulation of the investigated astrocytic proteins. Thus, in the immature brain, hUCB may indirectly reduce secondary cell death upon hypoxia-ischemia and facilitate post-ischemic plasticity through the attenuation of reactive gliosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Electrical Synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Wasielewski
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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18
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Seifert HA, Leonardo CC, Hall AA, Rowe DD, Collier LA, Benkovic SA, Willing AE, Pennypacker KR. The spleen contributes to stroke induced neurodegeneration through interferon gamma signaling. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:131-41. [PMID: 22354752 PMCID: PMC4739736 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Delayed neuronal death associated with stroke has been increasingly linked to the immune response to the injury. Splenectomy prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is neuroprotective and significantly reduces neuroinflammation. The present study investigated whether splenic signaling occurs through interferon gamma (IFNγ). IFNγ was elevated early in spleens but later in the brains of rats following MCAO. Splenectomy decreased the amount of IFNγ in the infarct post-MCAO. Systemic administration of recombinant IFNγ abolished the protective effects of splenectomy with a concurrent increase in INFγ expression in the brain. These results suggest a role for spleen-derived IFNγ in stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A. Seifert
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Christopher C. Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Aaron A. Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Derrick D. Rowe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lisa A. Collier
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Alison E. Willing
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Keith R. Pennypacker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
Autologous umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a possible, but unproven, treatment for acute neonatal brain damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are present in UCB, are likely to be the treating cell type. UCB is effective in the treatment of neonatal rodent hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) and other types of brain injury when the cells are delivered acutely. Other types of adult stem cells are similarly effective. However, several negative studies have been reported. The most likely mechanisms of action are participation in blood vessel regeneration, improvement of survival of intrinsic cells, perhaps via neurotrophic factors, or suppression of the release of inflammatory cells from the spleen. In the latter case, the splenic inflammatory cells released at the time of injury are thought to have an adverse effect on brain injury. The timing of the administration of the UCB with respect to the time of the injury appears to be the most important issue: the earlier the better. The risks of autologous administration of UCB are minimal. Current clinical trials with UCB are in progress, but there are no peer-reviewed reports as yet. A multicenter trial with specific inclusion criteria is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Carroll
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia,
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20
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Rowe DD, Leonardo CC, Recio JA, Collier LA, Willing AE, Pennypacker KR. Human umbilical cord blood cells protect oligodendrocytes from brain ischemia through Akt signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4177-87. [PMID: 22158864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells protect the brain against ischemic injury, yet the mechanism of protection remains unclear. Using both in vitro and in vivo paradigms, this study examined the role of Akt signaling and peroxiredoxin 4 expression in human umbilical cord blood cell-mediated protection of oligodendrocytes from ischemic conditions. As previously reported, the addition of HUCB cells to oligodendrocyte cultures prior to oxygen glucose deprivation significantly enhanced oligodendrocyte survival. The presence of human umbilical cord blood cells also increased Akt phosphorylation and elevated peroxiredoxin 4 expression in oligodendrocytes. Blocking either Akt or peroxiredoxin 4 activity with Akt Inhibitor IV or a peroxiredoxin 4-neutralizing antibody, respectively, negated the protective effects of human umbilical cord blood cells. In vivo, systemic administration of human umbilical cord blood cells 48 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion increased Akt phosphorylation and peroxiredoxin 4 protein expression while reducing proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3 in oligodendrocytes residing in the ipsilateral external capsule. Moreover, human umbilical cord blood cells protected striatal white matter bundles from degeneration following middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results suggest that the soluble factors released from human umbilical cord blood cells converge on Akt to elevate peroxiredoxin 4 levels, and these effects contribute to oligodendrocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick D Rowe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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21
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Boltze J, Nitzsche B, Geiger KD, Schoon HA. Histopathological Investigation of Different MCAO Modalities and Impact of Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Administration in an Ovine Stroke Model. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:279-93. [PMID: 23440305 PMCID: PMC3574567 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translational researchers and clinicians recommend the use of large animal models in preclinical stroke research. This represents an important part of a strategy aiming to prevent past translational failures in future therapeutic developments. Thirty-five Merino rams were subjected to sham surgery (n = 3), one-branch middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, n = 8) or total MCAO (n = 24). Twelve animals from the latter group received intravenous administration of 4 × 106 autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells (BM MNC) per kilogram 24 h after total MCAO. Animals were sacrificed at day 49 post MCAO. Histological investigations were performed to reveal (1) the impact of different MCAO modalities on a cellular level and (2) the influence of BM MNC therapy following stroke. Clear differences between one-branch and total MCAO were observed histologically with results being comparable to those seen in human patients. BM MNC treatment reduced final lesion extension, lymphocytic infiltration and axonal degeneration after MCAO. The sheep model may represent a feasible tool for translational stroke research as pathohistological findings mimic the situation in humans. Histological evidence was found for beneficial impact of autologous BM MNC therapy. Further studies are needed to assess the neurofunctional impact of the approach in the gyrencephalic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- />Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- />Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- />Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- />Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- />Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin D. Geiger
- />Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinz-Adolf Schoon
- />Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Leonardo CC, Pennypacker KR. The splenic response to ischemic stroke: what have we learned from rodent models? Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:328-38. [PMID: 24323652 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The majority of promising experimental compounds have failed in clinical trials, highlighting the need for novel approaches to treat stroke. Much research has been devoted to elucidating the signaling pathways involved in delayed neuroinflammation that can be targeted at clinically relevant time points. The field of stroke research has benefited from experiments characterizing the temporal expression profiles of candidate cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and other putative pro-inflammatory molecules. Yet, these data have offered only a glimpse into the complex pathological sequelae and have not advanced the treatment of neuropathies. Upon recognition that peripheral immune cell activation is involved in penumbral expansion, the spleen has emerged as a novel target that mediates the peripheral immune response and promotes pro-inflammatory injury. Although the precise mechanisms have yet to be elucidated, accumulated evidence demonstrates that focal cerebral ischemia alters cytokine, chemokine, and immune cell profiles in the spleen. Additionally, removal of this peripheral lymphoid organ is neuroprotective, and the efficacy of several protective therapies has been linked to actions at the level of the spleen. Future experiments aimed at identifying the splenic lymphocyte populations that respond to ischemic stroke, as well as their signaling mechanisms, are critical in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Leonardo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA,
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