1
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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Boccuni I, Fairless R. Retinal Glutamate Neurotransmission: From Physiology to Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:638. [PMID: 35629305 PMCID: PMC9147752 DOI: 10.3390/life12050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate neurotransmission and metabolism are finely modulated by the retinal network, where the efficient processing of visual information is shaped by the differential distribution and composition of glutamate receptors and transporters. However, disturbances in glutamate homeostasis can result in glutamate excitotoxicity, a major initiating factor of common neurodegenerative diseases. Within the retina, glutamate excitotoxicity can impair visual transmission by initiating degeneration of neuronal populations, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The vulnerability of RGCs is observed not just as a result of retinal diseases but has also been ascribed to other common neurodegenerative and peripheral diseases. In this review, we describe the vulnerability of RGCs to glutamate excitotoxicity and the contribution of different glutamate receptors and transporters to this. In particular, we focus on the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor as the major effector of glutamate-induced mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including impairment of calcium homeostasis, changes in gene expression and signalling, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the role of endoplasmic reticular stress. Due to recent developments in the search for modulators of NMDA receptor signalling, novel neuroprotective strategies may be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Boccuni
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Zhang YY, Feng BS, Zhang H, Yang G, Jin QR, Luo XQ, Ma N, Huang QM, Yang LT, Zhang GH, Liu DB, Yu Y, Liu ZG, Zheng PY, Yang PC. Modulating oxidative stress counteracts specific antigen-induced regulatory T-cell apoptosis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1748-1761. [PMID: 33811758 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-β to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-β precursor to its mature form, TGF-β. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Sui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huanping Zhang
- Department of Allergy Medicine, Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qian Luo
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Miao Huang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Li-Teng Yang
- Department of Respirology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Da-Bo Liu
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Research Center of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, P. R. China
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4
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Gonzales K, Feng V, Bikkina P, Landicho MA, Haas MJ, Mooradian AD. The effect of nicotine and dextrose on endoplasmic reticulum stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:284-291. [PMID: 33884179 PMCID: PMC8045581 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of coronary artery disease (CAD) as is diabetes. However, nicotine has been generally regarded as safe and is used in smoking cessation programs. This presumption of nicotine safety was examined in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was measured using the secreted alkaline phosphatase (SAP) assay. The ER stress markers inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), phospho-IRE1α, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phospho-PERK, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) were measured by western blot. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and crystal violet staining. Intact and cleaved caspase 3, BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) were measured by western blot. In cells transfected with the SAP expression plasmid, treatment with nicotine resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in SAP expression with no noticeable toxicity. Nicotine (10 nM) also increased IRE1α and PERK phosphorylation, and ATF6 and GRP78 expression. Although nicotine at concentrations up to 10 μM did not cause cell death, treatment of HCAEC with 10 nM nicotine in the presence of 13.8 mM dextrose aggravated ER stress, increased cell death, increased cleaved caspase 3 and BID, and decreased BCL2. Nicotine at concentrations commonly achieved in nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) significantly increased ER stress in HCAEC and aggravated dextrose-induced ER stress and cell apoptosis. People using electronic cigarettes and on NRT may be at increased risk for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Gonzales
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
| | - Victoria Feng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
| | - Priyanka Bikkina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
| | - Marie Angelica Landicho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
| | - Michael J Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
| | - Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, L14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209 USA
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5
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Wang S, Liu Y, Tan JW, Hu T, Zhang HF, Sorenson CM, Smith JA, Sheibani N. Tunicamycin-induced photoreceptor atrophy precedes degeneration of retinal capillaries with minimal effects on retinal ganglion and pigment epithelium cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107756. [PMID: 31421136 PMCID: PMC7412575 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is recognized as a contributing factor to various ocular neurovascular pathologies including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR). ER stress in particular is implicated in the development of DR, which is significantly influenced by inflammation driven retinal vascular degeneration and dysfunction. Ultimately, loss of vision occurs if left untreated. However, the identity of the target cells and their temporal involvement in diabetes-mediated dysfunction need further investigation. Early diabetes-induced stress in photoreceptor cells is proposed as the driver of inflammatory mediated neurovascular changes during diabetes. Although tunicamycin induced ER stress results in photoreceptor loss, its consequences for retinal vascular degeneration and retinal ganglion (RGC) and pigment epithelium (RPE) cell loss remains unclear. Here we show intravitreal delivery of tunicamycin primarily induced ER stress in photoreceptor cells resulting in their loss by apoptosis. This was concomitant with induced expression of the unfolded protein response marker CHOP in these cells. We also demonstrated significant degeneration of retinal capillaries following the loss of photoreceptor cells with minimal impact on loss of RGC and RPE cells. However, activation of retinal microglial and Muller cells were noticeable. Thus, our data support the notion that ER stress mediated dysfunction and/or loss of photoreceptor cells in response to inflammation and oxidative stress could precede retinal vascular and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Wang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yiping Liu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Wen Tan
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tiancheng Hu
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hao F Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith A Smith
- Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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Fahrenthold BK, Fernandes KA, Libby RT. Assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathway in excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4641. [PMID: 29545615 PMCID: PMC5854579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity leads to the activation of a cytotoxic cascade that causes neuronal death. In the retina, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die after an excitotoxic insult. Multiple pathways have been proposed to contribute to RGC death after an excitotoxic insult, including TNF signaling, JNK activation, and ER stress. To test the importance of these pathways in RGC death after excitotoxic injury, the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was intravitreally injected into mice deficient in components of these pathways. Absence of Tnf or its canonical downstream mediator, Bid, did not confer short- or long-term protection to RGCs. Despite known activation in RGCs and a prominent role in mediating RGC death after other insults, attenuating JNK signaling did not prevent RGC death after excitotoxic insult. Additionally, deficiency of the ER stress protein DDIT3 (CHOP), which has been shown to be involved in RGC death, did not lessen NMDA induced RGC death. Furthermore, absence of both Jun (JNK’s canonical target) and Ddit3, which together provide robust, long-term protection to RGC somas after axonal insult, did not lessen RGC death. Collectively, these results indicate that the drivers of excitotoxic injury remain to be identified and/or multiple cell death pathways are activated in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley K Fahrenthold
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Kimberly A Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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7
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Nakamura O, Moritoh S, Sato K, Maekawa S, Murayama N, Himori N, Omodaka K, Sogon T, Nakazawa T. Bilberry extract administration prevents retinal ganglion cell death in mice via the regulation of chaperone molecules under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1825-1834. [PMID: 29066860 PMCID: PMC5644593 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s145159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of bilberry extract anthocyanins on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after optic nerve crush. Additionally, to determine details of the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract anthocyanins and the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress suppression in the mouse retina. Materials and methods Anthocyanins in bilberry extract (100 mg/kg/day or 500 mg/kg/day) were administrated orally to C57BL/6J mice. The expression levels of various molecular chaperones were assessed with quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RGC survival was evaluated by measuring the gene expression of RGC markers and counting retrogradely labeled RGCs after optic nerve crush. Results The protein levels of Grp78 and Grp94 increased significantly in mice after bilberry extract administration. Increased Grp78 and Grp94 levels were detected in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of the retina, surrounding the RGCs. Gene expression of Chop, Bax, and Atf4 increased in mice after optic nerve crush and decreased significantly after oral bilberry extract administration. RGC survival after nerve crush also increased with bilberry extract administration. Conclusion These results indicate that oral bilberry extract administration suppresses RGC death. Bilberry extract administration increased Grp78 and Grp94 protein levels, an effect which may underlie the neuroprotective effect of bilberry extract after optic nerve crush. Thus, bilberry extract has a potential role in neuroprotective treatments for retinal injuries, such as those which occur in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoru Moritoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Maekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Namie Murayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sogon
- R&D Department, Wakasa Seikatsu Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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8
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Millan MJ. Linking deregulation of non-coding RNA to the core pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: An integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:1-68. [PMID: 28322921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes a vast repertoire of protein non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), some specific to the brain. MicroRNAs, which interfere with the translation of target mRNAs, are of particular interest since their deregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains challenging to link the complex body of observations on miRNAs and AD into a coherent framework. Using extensive graphical support, this article discusses how a diverse panoply of miRNAs convergently and divergently impact (and are impacted by) core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: neuroinflammation and oxidative stress; aberrant generation of β-amyloid-42 (Aβ42); anomalies in the production, cleavage and post-translational marking of Tau; impaired clearance of Aβ42 and Tau; perturbation of axonal organisation; disruption of synaptic plasticity; endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response; mitochondrial dysfunction; aberrant induction of cell cycle re-entry; and apoptotic loss of neurons. Intriguingly, some classes of miRNA provoke these cellular anomalies, whereas others act in a counter-regulatory, protective mode. Moreover, changes in levels of certain species of miRNA are a consequence of the above-mentioned anomalies. In addition to miRNAs, circular RNAs, piRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and other types of ncRNA are being increasingly implicated in AD. Overall, a complex mesh of deregulated and multi-tasking ncRNAs reciprocally interacts with core pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD. Alterations in ncRNAs can be detected in CSF and the circulation as well as the brain and are showing promise as biomarkers, with the ultimate goal clinical exploitation as targets for novel modes of symptomatic and course-altering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, institut de recherche Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
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9
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Retinal Diseases Associated with Oxidative Stress and the Effects of a Free Radical Scavenger (Edaravone). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9208489. [PMID: 28194256 PMCID: PMC5286467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9208489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in developing and accelerating retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). An excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to functional and morphological impairments in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), endothelial cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here we demonstrate that edaravone, a free radical scavenger, decreased apoptotic cell death, oxidative damage to DNA and lipids, and angiogenesis through inhibiting JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in AMD, glaucoma, DR, and RVO animal models. These data suggest that the therapeutic strategy for targeting oxidative stress may be important for the treatment of these ocular diseases, and edaravone may be useful for treating retinal diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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10
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Zou X, Qu Z, Fang Y, Shi X, Ji Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates sulforaphane-induced apoptosis of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:331-338. [PMID: 27959410 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent, which effectively inhibits proliferation of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via mitochondria‑mediated apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered the most important cause of cell apoptosis; therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether the endoplasmic reticulum pathway was involved in SFN-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. An MTT assay was used to detect the inhibitory effects of SFN on HepG2 cells. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the morphological changes in apoptotic cells, and western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip)/glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), X‑box binding protein‑1 (XBP‑1) and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid). Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells, and the protein expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)/growth arrest‑ and DNA damage‑inducible gene 153 (GADD153) and caspase-12 in HepG2 cells. The results indicated that SFN significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells; the half maximal inhibitory concentration values were 32.03±0.96, 20.90±1.96 and 13.87±0.44 µmol/l, following treatment with SFN for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Following 48 h of SFN treatment (10, 20 and 40 µmol/l), the apoptotic rates of HepG2 cells were 31.8, 61.3 and 77.1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 48 h of exposure to SFN, the cells presented typical morphological alterations of apoptosis, as detected under fluorescence microscopy. Treatment with SFN for 48 h also significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of Bip/GRP78, XBP‑1, caspase‑12, CHOP/GADD153 and Bid in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress may be considered the most important mechanism underlying SFN-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yueni Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shi
- Post Doctoral Research Center of Materia Medica, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Ji
- Post Doctoral Research Center of Materia Medica, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China
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11
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Levin LA, Crowe ME, Quigley HA. Neuroprotection for glaucoma: Requirements for clinical translation. Exp Eye Res 2016; 157:34-37. [PMID: 27955999 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Within the field of glaucoma research, neuroprotection is defined as slowing the functional loss in glaucoma by a mechanism independent of lowering of intraocular pressure. There is currently a great potential for research surrounding neuroprotection as it relates to glaucoma. Anatomical targets for neuroprotection should focus on upstream rather than downstream factors, and could include any part of the retinal ganglion cell, the glia, especially astrocytes or Muller cells, and vasculature. The great number of anatomical targets is exceeded only by the number of possible biochemical pathways and potential treatments. Successful treatment may be accomplished through the targeting of one or even a combination of multiple pathways. Once a treatment is shown effective in vitro, it should be evaluated in vivo with carefully chosen animal models and studied in sufficient numbers to detect statistically and clinically significant effects. Such a drug should have few systemic side effects and its delivery should be optimized so as to encourage compliance. There are still a multitude of possible screens available to test the efficacy of a neuroprotective drug and a single gold standard is ideal for the accurate assessment and comparison of new drugs. Future studies in neuroprotection should investigate the genetic component of the disease, novel pharmaceutical agents for new or known pathways, modulations of scleral biomechanics, and relation to research of other complex disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Megan E Crowe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Harry A Quigley
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Moserova I, Truxova I, Garg AD, Tomala J, Agostinis P, Cartron PF, Vosahlikova S, Kovar M, Spisek R, Fucikova J. Caspase-2 and oxidative stress underlie the immunogenic potential of high hydrostatic pressure-induced cancer cell death. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1258505. [PMID: 28197379 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1258505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) promotes key characteristics of immunogenic cell death (ICD), in thus far resembling immunogenic chemotherapy and ionizing irradiation. Here, we demonstrate that cancer cells succumbing to HHP induce CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-dependent protective immunity in vivo. Moreover, we show that cell death induction by HHP relies on the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing rapid establishment of the integrated stress response, eIF2α phosphorylation by PERK, and sequential caspase-2, -8 and -3 activation. Non-phosphorylatable eIF2α, depletion of PERK, caspase-2 or -8 compromised calreticulin exposure by cancer cells succumbing to HHP but could not inhibit death. Interestingly, the phagocytosis of HHP-treated malignant cells by dendritic cells was suppressed by the knockdown of caspase-2 in the former. Thus, caspase-2 mediates a key function in the interaction between dying cancer cells and antigen presenting cells. Our results indicate that the ROS→PERK→eIF2α→caspase-2 signaling pathway is central for the perception of HHP-driven cell death as immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Moserova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Medical Faculty and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Truxova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Medical Faculty and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jakub Tomala
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Medical Faculty and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; 2nd Medical Faculty and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Fuma S, Shimazawa M, Imamura T, Kanno Y, Takano N, Tsuruma K, Hara H. Neuroprotective Effect of Ocular Hypotensive Drugs: Latanoprost/Timolol in Combination Are More Effective than Each as Monotherapy in RGC-5. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:192-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tomoyo Imamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yusuke Kanno
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Norihito Takano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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14
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Tiwari M, Sharma LK, Vanegas D, Callaway DA, Bai Y, Lechleiter JD, Herman B. A nonapoptotic role for CASP2/caspase 2: modulation of autophagy. Autophagy 2015; 10:1054-70. [PMID: 24879153 PMCID: PMC4091168 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CASP2/caspase 2 plays a role in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The contributions of CASP2 have been attributed to its regulatory role in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes including the cell cycle, DNA repair, lipid biosynthesis, and regulation of oxidant levels in the cells. Previously, our lab demonstrated CASP2-mediated modulation of autophagy during oxidative stress. Here we report the novel finding that CASP2 is an endogenous repressor of autophagy. Knockout or knockdown of CASP2 resulted in upregulation of autophagy in a variety of cell types and tissues. Reinsertion of Caspase-2 gene (Casp2) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) lacking Casp2 (casp2(-/-)) suppresses autophagy, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of autophagy. Loss of CASP2-mediated autophagy involved AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy-related proteins, indicating the involvement of the canonical pathway of autophagy. The present study also demonstrates an important role for loss of CASP2-induced enhanced reactive oxygen species production as an upstream event in autophagy induction. Additionally, in response to a variety of stressors that induce CASP2-mediated apoptosis, casp2(-/-) cells demonstrate a further upregulation of autophagy compared with wild-type MEFs, and upregulated autophagy provides a survival advantage. In conclusion, we document a novel role for CASP2 as a negative regulator of autophagy, which may provide important insight into the role of CASP2 in various processes including aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna, India
| | - Lokendra K Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Danielle A Callaway
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Brian Herman
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
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15
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Zhang J, Singh N, Robinson-Taylor KS, Dorsett-Martin WA, Morris MW, Earl TM, Anderson CD. Hepatocyte autophagy is linked to C/EBP-homologous protein, Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death, and BH3-interacting domain death agonist gene expression. J Surg Res 2015; 195:588-95. [PMID: 25772147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy each play important roles in hepatocyte cell injury. We hypothesized that gene expression of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and the BH3 proteins Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) and BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) are involved in a complex interplay that regulates ER stress-induced autophagy and cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hepatocytes were cultured from lean Zucker rats. Confluent hepatocytes were incubated with single or combined small interfering RNA for CHOP, BIM, and/or BID for 24 h providing gene inhibition. Incubation with tunicamycin (TM) for another 24 h stimulated ER stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction determined the expression levels of CHOP, BIM, and BID. Immunostaining with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 measured autophagy activity. Trypan blue exclusion determined the cell viability. RESULTS TM treatment increased the messenger RNA levels of CHOP and BIM but decreased the messenger RNA levels of BID. TM increased autophagy and decreased cell viability. Individual inhibition of CHOP, BIM, or BID protected against autophagy and cell death. However, simultaneous treatment with any combination of CHOP, BIM, and BID small interfering RNAs reduced autophagy activity but increased cell death independent of ER stress induction. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy in hepatocytes results from acute ER stress and involves interplay, at the gene expression level, of CHOP, BIM, and BID. Inhibition of any one of these individual genes during acute ER stress is protective against cell death. Conversely, inhibition of any two of the three genes results in increased nonautophagic cell death independent of ER stress induction. This study suggests interplay between CHOP, BIM, and BID expression that can be leveraged for protection against ER stress-related cell death. However, disruption of the CHOP/BH3 gene expression homeostasis is detrimental to cell survival independent of other cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Nitesh Singh
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | | | - Michael W Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Truman M Earl
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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16
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Tiwari M, Sharma LK, Vanegas D, Callaway DA, Bai Y, Lechleiter JD, Herman B. A nonapoptotic role for CASP2/caspase 2: modulation of autophagy. Autophagy 2014. [PMID: 24879153 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28528.erratum.in:autophagy.2017;13(3):637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CASP2/caspase 2 plays a role in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The contributions of CASP2 have been attributed to its regulatory role in apoptotic and nonapoptotic processes including the cell cycle, DNA repair, lipid biosynthesis, and regulation of oxidant levels in the cells. Previously, our lab demonstrated CASP2-mediated modulation of autophagy during oxidative stress. Here we report the novel finding that CASP2 is an endogenous repressor of autophagy. Knockout or knockdown of CASP2 resulted in upregulation of autophagy in a variety of cell types and tissues. Reinsertion of Caspase-2 gene (Casp2) in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) lacking Casp2 (casp2(-/-)) suppresses autophagy, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of autophagy. Loss of CASP2-mediated autophagy involved AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy-related proteins, indicating the involvement of the canonical pathway of autophagy. The present study also demonstrates an important role for loss of CASP2-induced enhanced reactive oxygen species production as an upstream event in autophagy induction. Additionally, in response to a variety of stressors that induce CASP2-mediated apoptosis, casp2(-/-) cells demonstrate a further upregulation of autophagy compared with wild-type MEFs, and upregulated autophagy provides a survival advantage. In conclusion, we document a novel role for CASP2 as a negative regulator of autophagy, which may provide important insight into the role of CASP2 in various processes including aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna, India
| | - Lokendra K Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Danielle A Callaway
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Brian Herman
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; South Texas Research Facility; San Antonio, TX USA
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17
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Tadic V, Prell T, Lautenschlaeger J, Grosskreutz J. The ER mitochondria calcium cycle and ER stress response as therapeutic targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:147. [PMID: 24910594 PMCID: PMC4039088 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Although the etiology remains unclear, disturbances in calcium homoeostasis and protein folding are essential features of neurodegeneration in this disorder. Here, we review recent research findings on the interaction between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and its effect on calcium signaling and oxidative stress. We further provide insights into studies, providing evidence that structures of the ER mitochondria calcium cycle serve as a promising targets for therapeutic approaches for treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
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18
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Himori N, Maruyama K, Yamamoto K, Yasuda M, Ryu M, Omodaka K, Shiga Y, Tanaka Y, Nakazawa T. Critical neuroprotective roles of heme oxygenase-1 induction against axonal injury-induced retinal ganglion cell death. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1134-42. [PMID: 24799032 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although axonal damage induces significant retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, small numbers of RGCs are able to survive up to 7 days after optic nerve crush (NC) injury. To develop new treatments, we set out to identify patterns of change in the gene expression of axonal damage-resistant RGCs. To compensate for the low density of RGCs in the retina, we performed retrograde labeling of these cells with 4Di-10ASP in adult mice and 7 days after NC purified the RGCs with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Gene expression in the cells was determined with a microarray, and the expression of Ho-1 was determined with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Changes in protein expression were assessed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Additionally, the density of Fluoro-gold-labeled RGCs was counted in retinas from mice pretreated with CoPP, a potent HO-1 inducer. The microarray and qPCR analyses showed increased expression of Ho-1 in the post-NC RGCs. Immunohistochemistry also showed that HO-1-positive cells were present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and cell counting showed that the proportion of HO-1-positive cells in the GCL rose significantly after NC. Seven days after NC, the number of RGCs in the CoPP-treated mice was significantly higher than in the control mice. Combined pretreatment with SnPP, an HO-1 inhibitor, suppressed the neuroprotective effect of CoPP. These results reflect changes in HO-1 activity to RGCs that are a key part of RGC survival. Upregulation of HO-1 signaling may therefore be a novel therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
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19
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Sharma R, Callaway D, Vanegas D, Bendele M, Lopez-Cruzan M, Horn D, Guda T, Fajardo R, Abboud-Werner S, Herman B. Caspase-2 maintains bone homeostasis by inducing apoptosis of oxidatively-damaged osteoclasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93696. [PMID: 24691516 PMCID: PMC3972236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a silent disease, characterized by a porous bone micro-structure that enhances risk for fractures and associated disabilities. Senile, or age-related osteoporosis (SO), affects both men and women, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying senile osteoporosis are not fully known. Recent studies implicate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased oxidative stress as key factors in SO. Herein, we show that loss of caspase-2, a cysteine aspartate protease involved in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, results in total body and femoral bone loss in aged mice (20% decrease in bone mineral density), and an increase in bone fragility (30% decrease in fracture strength). Importantly, we demonstrate that genetic ablation or selective inhibition of caspase-2 using zVDVAD-fmk results in increased numbers of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and enhanced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. Conversely, transfection of osteoclast precursors with wild type caspase-2 but not an enzymatic mutant, results in a decrease in TRAP activity. We demonstrate that caspase-2 expression is induced in osteoclasts treated with oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and that loss of caspase-2 enhances resistance to oxidants, as measured by TRAP activity, and decreases oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of osteoclasts. Moreover, oxidative stress, quantified by assessment of the lipid peroxidation marker, 4-HNE, is increased in Casp2-/- bone, perhaps due to a decrease in antioxidant enzymes such as SOD2. Taken together, our data point to a critical and novel role for caspase-2 in maintaining bone homeostasis by modulating ROS levels and osteoclast apoptosis during conditions of enhanced oxidative stress that occur during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Danielle Callaway
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michelle Bendele
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marisa Lopez-Cruzan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Teja Guda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roberto Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sherry Abboud-Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian Herman
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Vannuvel K, Renard P, Raes M, Arnould T. Functional and morphological impact of ER stress on mitochondria. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1802-18. [PMID: 23629871 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, knowledge and evidence about the existence of crosstalks between cellular organelles and their potential effects on survival or cell death have been constantly growing. More recently, evidence accumulated showing an intimate relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. These close contacts not only establish extensive physical links allowing exchange of lipids and calcium but they can also coordinate pathways involved in cell life and death. It is now obvious that ER dysfunction/stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as mitochondria play major roles in apoptosis. However, while the effects of major ER stress on cell death have been largely studied and reviewed, it becomes more and more evident that cells might regularly deal with sublethal ER stress, a condition that does not necessarily lead to cell death but might affect the function/activity of other organelles such as mitochondria. In this review, we will particularly focus on these new, interesting and intriguing metabolic and morphological events that occur during the early adaptative phase of the ER stress, before the onset of cell death, and that remain largely unknown. Relevance and implication of these mitochondrial changes in response to ER stress conditions for human diseases such as type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleen Vannuvel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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21
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Takano N, Tsuruma K, Ohno Y, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Bimatoprost protects retinal neuronal damage via Akt pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:56-61. [PMID: 23395963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, prostaglandin analogs, such as bimatoprost, have become the major therapeutic class for medical treatment of glaucoma because of their efficacy and generally well tolerated systemic safety profile. However, the detailed mechanism of the direct action of bimatoprost on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) has rarely been understood. Thus, in this study, we elucidated the mechanism of the protective effects of bimatoprost on RGC against oxidative stress. To examine the protective effects of bimatoprost, cultured RGC with various concentrations of bimatoprost (in both free acid and amide form) were exposed to l-buthionin-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) plus glutamate or serum depletion in vitro and intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was used to induce retinal damage in vivo. To elucidate the protective mechanism of bimatoprost, we used western blot analysis to investigate the phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Bimatoprost significantly reduced BSO plus glutamate- and serum deprivation-induced death in concentration-dependent manners. Bimatoprost induced activation of Akt and ERK, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated the protective effect of bimatoprost. On the other hand, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, U0126, exhibited protective effect unexpectedly. Moreover, ERK was more phosphorylated by attenuation of Akt activity in cultured RGC. In an in vivo study, bimatoprost reduced NMDA-induced RGC death. Taken together, these findings indicate that bimatoprost has protective effects on in vitro and in vivo retinal damage, suggesting that the mechanism underlying may be via the Akt pathway, which may modulate the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Takano
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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22
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Tsuruma K, Shimazaki H, Nakashima KI, Yamauchi M, Sugitani S, Shimazawa M, Iinuma M, Hara H. Annatto prevents retinal degeneration induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:713-24. [PMID: 22648618 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds have been used as a colorant in butter and in a variety of other foods. In this study, we investigated the amelioration of retinal damage by an acetone extract of annatto (A-ext.), bixin (a main component of annatto), and four bixin derivatives (Bx-1, Bx-2, Bx-3, and Bx-4) that we have synthesized. METHODS AND RESULTS We used cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) to examine in vitro effects of A-ext. on stress pathways, focusing on intracellular oxidation induced by reactive oxygen species, expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins, caspase-3 activation, and cell membrane damage. In vivo retinal damage in mice following intravitreous injection of tunicamycin was evaluated by counting the cell numbers in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and measuring the thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONL). A-ext., bixin, and Bx-1 treatment inhibited both tunicamycin- and H₂O₂-induced cell death. Bixin derivatives also inhibited tunicamycin-induced cell death. Treatment with A-ext., bixin, and Bx-1 reduced tunicamycin-induced caspase-3 activity and inhibited the inversion of phosphatidylserine, an early apoptotic event without antioxidant effect or reduction of ER stress itself. A-ext., bixin, and Bx-1 significantly inhibited the tunicamycin-induced loss of cells from the GCL, and these materials also suppressed the tunicamycin-induced thinning of ONL. CONCLUSION A-ext., its main component bixin, and bixin derivatives may therefore be useful for preventive and therapeutic treatment of retinal-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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