1
|
Yu J, Du Q, Li X, Wei W, Fan Y, Zhang J, Chen J. Potential role of endothelial progenitor cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of cerebral aneurysm. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1456775. [PMID: 39193428 PMCID: PMC11348393 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1456775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is a significant health concern that results from pathological dilations of blood vessels in the brain and can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions. While the pathogenesis of CA is complex, emerging studies suggest that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a crucial role. In this paper, we conducted a comprehensive literature review to investigate the potential role of EPCs in the pathogenesis and treatment of CA. Current research indicates that a decreased count and dysfunction of EPCs disrupt the balance between endothelial dysfunction and repair, thus increasing the risk of CA formation. Reversing these EPCs abnormalities may reduce the progression of vascular degeneration after aneurysm induction, indicating EPCs as a promising target for developing new therapeutic strategies to facilitate CA repair. This has motivated researchers to develop novel treatment options, including drug applications, endovascular-combined and tissue engineering therapies. Although preclinical studies have shown promising results, there is still a considerable way to go before clinical translation and eventual benefits for patients. Nonetheless, these findings offer hope for improving the treatment and management of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuncun Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Laifeng County People’s Hospital, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramirez-Velandia F, Mensah E, Salih M, Wadhwa A, Young M, Muram S, Taussky P, Ogilvy CS. Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis and Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:25. [PMID: 38886284 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in vascular diseases, focusing on their involvement in the pathogenesis and their contributions to enhancing the efficacy of endovascular treatments for intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Initially discovered as CD34+ bone marrow-derived cells implicated in angiogenesis, EPCs have been linked to vascular repair, vasculogenesis, and angiogenic microenvironments. The origin and differentiation of EPCs have been subject to debate, challenging the conventional notion of bone marrow origin. Quantification methods, including CD34+ , CD133+ , and various assays, reveal the influence of factors, like age, gender, and comorbidities on EPC levels. Cellular mechanisms highlight the interplay between bone marrow and angiogenic microenvironments, involving growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the context of the pathogenesis of IAs, EPCs play a role in maintaining vascular integrity by replacing injured and dysfunctional endothelial cells. Recent research has also suggested the therapeutic potential of EPCs after coil embolization and flow diversion, and this has led the development of device surface modifications aimed to enhance endothelialization. The comprehensive insights underscore the importance of further research on EPCs as both therapeutic targets and biomarkers in IAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ramirez-Velandia
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mensah
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mira Salih
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aryan Wadhwa
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael Young
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Muram
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Taussky
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher S Ogilvy
- Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu H, Xu Z, Long S, Li Z, Jiang J, Zhou Q, Huang X, Wu X, Wei W, Li X. The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in cerebrovascular diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097148. [PMID: 37125201 PMCID: PMC10140324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critically involved in maintaining normal physiological function in the host. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in the gut microbiome contribute to the development and progression of cerebrovascular disease via the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). As a broad communication network in the human body, MGBA has been demonstrated to have significant interactions with various factors, such as brain structure and function, nervous system diseases, etc. It is also believed that the species and composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites are intrinsically linked to vascular inflammation and immune responses. In fact, in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) research, specific gut microbiota and downstream-related metabolites have been proven to not only participate in various physiological processes of human body, but also affect the occurrence and development of cerebrovascular diseases directly or indirectly through systemic inflammatory immune response. Due to the high mortality and disability rate of cerebrovascular diseases, new treatments to improve intestinal dysbacteriosis have gradually attracted widespread attention to better ameliorate the poor prognosis of cerebrovascular diseases in a non-invasive way. This review summarizes the latest advances in the gut microbiome and cerebrovascular disease research and reveals the profound impact of gut microbiota dysbiosis and its metabolites on cerebrovascular diseases. At the same time, we elucidated molecular mechanisms whereby gut microbial metabolites regulate the expression of specific interleukins in inflammatory immune responses. Moreover, we further discuss the feasibility of novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to improve the outcome of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Finally, we provide new insights for standardized diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyue Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengrong Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiazhi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohui Wu,
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wei Wei,
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Brain Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Xiang Li,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang D, Hao X, Jia L, Jing Y, Jiang B, Xin S. Cellular senescence and abdominal aortic aneurysm: From pathogenesis to therapeutics. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:999465. [PMID: 36187019 PMCID: PMC9515360 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.999465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As China’s population enters the aging stage, the threat of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mainly in elderly patients is becoming more and more serious. It is of great clinical significance to study the pathogenesis of AAA and explore potential therapeutic targets. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the pathogenesis of AAA from the perspective of cellular senescence: on the basis of clear evidence of cellular senescence in aneurysm wall, we actively elucidate specific molecular and regulatory pathways, and to explore the targeted drugs related to senescence and senescent cells eliminate measures, eventually improve the health of patients with AAA and prolong the life of human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyu Hao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Longyuan Jia
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchen Jing
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shijie Xin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapeutics of Aortic Aneurysm, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Shijie Xin,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ling C, Yang Y, Hu X, Cai M, Wang H, Chen C. Phoenixin-14 alleviates inflammatory smooth muscle cell-induced endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. Cytokine 2022; 157:155973. [PMID: 35907364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is cerebrovascular disorder which refers to local vessel wall damage to intracranial arteries, forming abnormal bulge. Both endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are closely associated with IA formation and rupture. Inflammatory SMCs (iSMCs) were reported to induce EC dysfunction and result in IA progression. Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) is a recently discovered brain peptide with pleiotropic roles, which participates in reproduction, cardio protection, lipid deposition and blood glucose metabolism. PNX-14 was previously reported to protect brain endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cell injury. Therefore, our study was designed to investigate the influence of PNX-14 on iSMCs-induced endothelial dysfunction. METHODS Inflammation in SMCs was induced by cyclic mechanical stretch. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium and then treated with 100 nM PNX-14 for 24 h. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in cell supernatants were analyzed by ELISA. Cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis and migration were subjected to CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, tube formation assay and Transwell migration assay. The protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis markers (Bcl-2 and Bax) were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Cyclic mechanical stretch upregulated IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in SMCs. Treatment with SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium HUVECs inhibited cell viability, angiogenesis and migration and induced apoptosis in HUVECs. iSMC-conditioned medium has more significant effects on cell functions. However, the influence of SMC- or iSMC-conditioned medium treatment on HUVEC biological functions were reversed by PNX-14 treatment. PNX-14 exerts no significant influence on the biological functions of HUVECs treated with SMC medium. CONCLUSION PNX-14 alleviates iSMCs-induced endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiling Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ogawa Y, Watanabe M, Tominaga T. Pituitary Adenomas Associated with Intracranial Aneurysms: the Clinical Characteristics, Therapeutic Strategies, and Possible Effects of Vascular Remodeling Factors. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 83:555-560. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenoma coexists with intracranial aneurysms in 2.3 to 3.6% of cases, and intracranial aneurysms are thought to be incidental. On the other hand, older age and cavernous sinus invasion are reported to increase the rate of coexistence, so these two diseases may be related.
Methods Ten males and 14 females with the coexistence of pituitary adenomas and intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively investigated among 923 patients (2.6%). Patients were subdivided into two groups: those with direct attachment of cerebral aneurysms to the pituitary adenomas and those without direct attachment. The clinical characteristics, therapeutic strategies, and possible effects of vascular remodeling factors were investigated.
Results Twelve patients had functioning pituitary adenomas, and cavernous sinus invasion was identified in 7 of 24 patients. Five of these 7 patients were treated with priority for the cerebral aneurysm until 2007, whereas 14 of 17 patients without involvement of the aneurysm tip in the tumor were treated with priority for the pituitary adenoma in the later period. Among vascular remodeling factors, strong expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was significantly associated with the coexistence of pituitary adenoma and cerebral aneurysm (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Intracranial aneurysms were found to coexist in 2.6% of cases of surgically treated pituitary adenomas. VEGF-induced arterial wall remodeling may be part of the mechanism of association between pituitary adenomas and cerebral aneurysms, suggesting possible causative mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ogawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kohnan Hospital, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cun Y, Diao B, Zhang Z, Wang G, Yu J, Ma L, Rao Z. Role of the stromal cell derived factor-1 in the biological functions of endothelial progenitor cells and its underlying mechanisms. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:39. [PMID: 33273969 PMCID: PMC7706408 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that plays a critical role in the homing of stem and progenitor cells, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, little research has been undertaken to evaluate the roles of SDF-1 in the biological functions of EPCs and related signaling pathways. The present study aimed to investigate the biological functions of EPCs in response to SDF-1, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The effects of SDF-1 treatment on EPC proliferation, migration and tube formation were assessed by performing MTS, Transwell and in vitro tube formation assays, respectively. The phosphorylation status of Akt and ERK was evaluated by western blotting. The present results indicated that SDF-1 treatment enhanced EPC proliferation, migration and tube formation compared with the control group. Furthermore, SDF-1-induced EPC proliferation was significantly reduced following treatment with a C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 antagonist (AMD3100), a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor (MEK; PD98059). SDF-1-induced migration and angiogenesis were significantly suppressed by the PI3K inhibitor, but not the MEK inhibitor. Moreover, SDF-1 significantly increased the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-ERK; however, SDF-1-induced effects on protein expression were suppressed by AMD3100, LY294002 and PD98059. Thus, SDF-1-induced EPC proliferation was mediated by activation of the Akt and ERK signaling pathways, whereas SDF-1-mediated EPC migration and tube formation only involved activation of the Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cun
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Bo Diao
- Department of Clinical Experiment, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Clinical Experiment, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Clinical Experiment, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lianting Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Rao
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu G, Li S, Liu P, Shi Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Fan Z, Zhu W. LncRNA TUG1 functions as a ceRNA for miR-6321 to promote endothelial progenitor cell migration and differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2020; 388:111839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
9
|
Fisher CL, Demel SL. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Intracranial Aneurysm. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2019; 9:31-45. [PMID: 31039577 PMCID: PMC7036563 DOI: 10.1159/000499077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccular intracranial aneurysms (IAs) are outpouchings of the vessel wall of intracranial arteries. Rupture of IAs results in subarachnoid hemorrhage which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Surgical interventions, such as clipping and coiling, have associated risks. Currently, there are no proven pharmacological treatments to prevent the growth or rupture of IAs. Infiltration of proinflammatory cytokines in response to increased wall sheer stress is a hallmark of IA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being investigated as potential therapeutic agents for reduction in growth and/or prevention of IA through inhibition of inflammatory pathways. Summary This review will discuss the role of NSAIDs in attenuating the inflammation that drives IA progression and rupture. There are two main subtypes of NSAIDs, nonselective COX and selective COX-2 inhibitors, both of which have merit in treating IA. Evidence will be presented which shows that NSAIDs inhibit several key inflammatory mediators involved in IA progression including nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, and matrix metalloproteinases. In addition, the role of NSAIDs in limiting inflammatory cell adhesion to endothelial cells and attenuating endothelial cell senescence will be discussed. Key Messages There is an abundance of basic science and preclinical data that support NSAIDs as a promising treatment for IA. Additionally, a combination treatment strategy of low-dose aspirin given concomitantly with a selective COX-2 inhibitor may result in a reduced side effect profile compared to aspirin or selective COX-2 inhibitor use alone. Several large clinical trials are currently planned to further investigate the efficacy of NSAIDs as an effective nonsurgical treatment for IAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,
| | - Stacie L Demel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baez-Jurado E, Hidalgo-Lanussa O, Barrera-Bailón B, Sahebkar A, Ashraf GM, Echeverria V, Barreto GE. Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Protective Effects on Brain Pathologies. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6902-6927. [PMID: 30941733 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a fundamental role in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. There is strong evidence showing that much of the beneficial effects of these cells are due to the secretion of bioactive molecules-besides microRNAs, hormones, and neurotrophins-with anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, angiogenic, and trophic effects. These factors have been reported by many studies to possess protective effects on the nervous tissue. Although the beneficial effects of the secretory factors of MSCs have been suggested for various neurological diseases, their actions on astrocytic cells are not well understood. Hence, it is important to recognize the specific effects of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, in addition to the differences presented by the secretome, depending on the source and methods of analysis. In this paper, the different sources of MSCs and their main characteristics are described, as well as the most significant advances in regeneration and protection provided by the secretome of MSCs. Also, we discuss the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of the MSC-derived biomolecules, with special emphasis on the effect of MSCs derived from adipose tissue and their impact on glial cells and brain pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez-Jurado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Oscar Hidalgo-Lanussa
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Biviana Barrera-Bailón
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastian, Lientur 1457, 4080871, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, 33744, USA
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aquila I, Frati G, Sciarretta S, Dellegrottaglie S, Torella D, Torella M. New imaging techniques project the cellular and molecular alterations underlying bicuspid aortic valve development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:197-207. [PMID: 30826295 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is the most common congenital cardiac malformation associated with an increased lifetime risk and a high rate of surgically-relevant valve deterioration and aortic dilatation. Genomic data revealed that different genes are associated with BAV. A dominant genetic factor for the recent past was the basis to the recommendation for a more extensive aortic intervention. However very recent evidence that hemodynamic stressors and alterations of wall shear stress play an important role independent from the genetic trait led to more conservative treatment recommendations. Therefore, there is a current need to improve the ability to risk stratify BAV patients in order to obtain an early detection of valvulopathy and aortopathy while also to predict valve dysfunction and/or aortic disease development. Imaging studies based on new cutting-edge technologies, such us 4-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking imaging (STI) and computation fluid dynamics, combined with studies demonstrating new gene mutations, specific signal pathways alterations, hemodynamic influences, circulating biomarkers modifications, endothelial progenitor cell impairment and immune/inflammatory response, all detected BAV valvulopathy progression and aortic wall abnormality. Overall, the main purpose of this review article is to merge the evidences of imaging and basic science studies in a coherent hypothesis that underlies and thus projects the development of both BAV during embryogenesis and BAV-associated aortopathy and its complications in the adult life, with the final goal to identifying aneurysm formation/rupture susceptibility to improve diagnosis and management of patients with BAV-related aortopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Aquila
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Santo Dellegrottaglie
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Accreditato Villa dei Fiori, Acerra, Naples 80011, Italy; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zaremba S, Güresir E. Is there a causal relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and the pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysm? SOMNOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-019-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
13
|
Wei H, Yang M, Yu K, Dong W, Liang W, Wang Z, Jiang R, Zhang J. Atorvastatin Protects Against Cerebral Aneurysmal Degenerative Pathology by Promoting Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) Mobilization and Attenuating Vascular Deterioration in a Rat Model. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:928-936. [PMID: 30710072 PMCID: PMC6368826 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial injury is the early pathological change of cerebral aneurysm (CA) formation. In addition to its lipid-lowering activity, atorvastatin (ATR) also reportedly promotes vascular repair via mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). Here, we investigated the influence of ATR on vascular worsening after CA induction in rats. Material/Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a control (CTR) group, a CA group, and a CA+ATR treatment group. Circulating EPC level and hematological and lipid profiles were measured 3 months after CA induction. Verhoeff-Van Gieson staining and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess pathological changes in the artery wall. RT-PCR was also performed to evaluate the expression of inflammation-related genes in the aneurysmal wall. Results ATR significantly restored the impaired level of circulating EPC without changing hematological and lipid profiles 3 months after CA induction. ATR markedly inhibited endothelial injury, media thinning, and CA enlargement, accompanied by reduced vascular inflammation. Conclusions Our preliminary results demonstrate that the mobilization of EPC and improvement of endothelial function by ATR contribute to the prevention of cerebral aneurysm. Further studies are warranted to investigate the detailed mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Mengchen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Wang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Wang Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland).,Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zengguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu P, Shi Y, Fan Z, Zhou Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Yu G, An Q, Zhu W. Inflammatory Smooth Muscle Cells Induce Endothelial Cell Alterations to Influence Cerebral Aneurysm Progression via Regulation of Integrin and VEGF Expression. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:713-722. [PMID: 30497276 PMCID: PMC6686430 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718815824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysm growth is characterized by vessel wall frailness, although the underlying cellular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we examined the relationship between inflammatory smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) in cerebral aneurysms, including the mechanisms underlying inflammatory SMC-induced changes in ECs. Five saccular cerebral aneurysms were collected and five temporal artery samples were used as controls. Cells and cytokines were detected by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL (transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assays performed to evaluate apoptosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were seeded on collagen I, IV, and VI-coated plates for cell adhesion assays and inflammatory SMCs (iSMCs) were established by culture in flexible silicone chambers subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch. HUVECs were cultured in iSMC-conditioned medium, followed by evaluation of their viability, apoptosis, and function, and determination of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) -A and integrin levels by western blotting. Aneurysm tissue contained fewer SMCs and lacked ECs. In aneurysm walls, more matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, MMP-3, and apoptotic cells were detected, accompanied by decreased collagen IV and VI levels. Cell adhesion assays revealed that more HUVECs were attached in collagen IV and VI-coated plates compared with controls. iSMC-conditioned medium significantly reduced HUVEC viability and apoptosis showed an increased trend; however, the difference was not significant. iSMC medium also reduced tube formation and migration of HUVECs. Moreover, iSMC medium reduced HUVEC expression of VEGF-A, integrin α1, integrin α2, and integrin β. Our data demonstrate a lack of SMCs and ECs in aneurysm walls, accompanied by elevated MMP and decreased collagen levels. In vitro assays showed that iSMCs induced reduction in EC adhesion, and caused EC dysfunction. Understanding of the relationships among SMC, EC, and collagens during aneurysm progression provides an additional therapeutic option for prevention of cerebral aneurysm progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peixi Liu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- 2 Department of Hand surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Yaying Song
- 3 Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Yu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhu An
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deregulation of Notch1 pathway and circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) number in patients with bicuspid aortic valve with and without ascending aorta aneurysm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13834. [PMID: 30218064 PMCID: PMC6138685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is frequently associated with the development of ascending aortic aneurysm, even if the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here, we investigated if a deregulation of Notch1 signaling pathway and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) number is associated with BAV disease and an early ascending aortic aneurysm (AAA) onset. For this purpose, 70 subjects with BAV (M/F 50/20; mean age: 58.8 ± 14.8 years) and 70 subjects with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) (M/F 35/35; mean age: 69.1 ± 12.8 years) and AAA complicated or not, were included. Interestingly, patients with AAA showed a significant increase in circulating Notch1 levels and EPC number than subjects without AAA. However, circulating Notch1 levels and EPC number were significantly lower in BAV subjects than TAV patients either in the presence or absence of AAA. Finally, Notch pathway was activated to a greater extent in aortic aneurysmatic portions with respect to healthy aortic fragments in both BAV and TAV patients. However, the expression of genes encoding components and ligands of Notch pathway in aortic tissues was significantly lower in BAV than TAV subjects. Our study demonstrates that BAV subjects are characterized by a significant decrease in both tissue and circulating levels of Notch pathway, and in blood EPC number than TAV patients, either in presence or absence of AAA disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Wisniewski K, Tokarz P, Jaskólski DJ, Blasiak J. NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Intracranial Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Does Autophagy Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1245. [PMID: 29671828 PMCID: PMC5979412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rupture of saccular intracranial aneurysms (IA) is the commonest cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)—the most serious form of stroke with a high mortality rate. Aneurysm walls are usually characterized by an active inflammatory response, and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) has been identified as the main transcription factor regulating the induction of inflammation-related genes in IA lesions. This transcription factor has also been related to IA rupture and resulting SAH. We and others have shown that autophagy interacts with inflammation in many diseases, but there is no information of such interplay in IA. Moreover, NF-κB, which is a pivotal factor controlling inflammation, is regulated by autophagy-related proteins, and autophagy is regulated by NF-κB signaling. It was also shown that autophagy mediates the normal functioning of vessels, so its disturbance can be associated with vessel-related disorders. Early brain injury, delayed brain injury, and associated cerebral vasospasm are among the most serious consequences of IA rupture and are associated with impaired function of the autophagy⁻lysosomal system. Further studies on the role of the interplay between autophagy and NF-κB-mediated inflammation in IA can help to better understand IA pathogenesis and to identify IA patients with an increased SAH risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karol Wisniewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paulina Tokarz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dariusz J Jaskólski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, Medical University of Lodz, Barlicki University Hospital, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Overexpression of Angiopoietin-1 Potentiates Endothelial Progenitor Cells for the Treatment of Aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg 2018; 48:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Fennell VS, Kalani MYS, Atwal G, Martirosyan NL, Spetzler RF. Biology of Saccular Cerebral Aneurysms: A Review of Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Surg 2016; 3:43. [PMID: 27504449 PMCID: PMC4958945 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biology of intracranial aneurysms is a clinical quandary. How these aneurysms form, progress, and rupture is poorly understood. Evidence indicates that well-established risk factors play a critical role, along with immunologic factors, in their development and clinical outcomes. Much of the expanding knowledge of the inception, progression, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms implicates inflammation as a critical mediator of aneurysm pathogenesis. Thus, therapeutic targets exploiting this arm of aneurysm pathogenesis have been implemented, often with promising outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vernard S Fennell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - M Yashar S Kalani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Gursant Atwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Nikolay L Martirosyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Robert F Spetzler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adibi A, Sen A, Mitha AP. Cell Therapy for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Review. World Neurosurg 2015; 86:390-8. [PMID: 26547001 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One in five patients undergoing endovascular coiling (the current standard of care for treating intracranial aneurysms) experience a recurrence of the aneurysm as a result of improper healing. Recurrence remains the only major drawback of the coiling treatment and has been the focus of many studies over the last two decades. Cell therapy, a novel treatment modality in which therapeutic cells are introduced to the site of the injury to promote tissue regeneration, has opened up new possibilities for treating aneurysms. The healing response that ensues aneurysm embolization includes several cellular processes that can be targeted with cell therapy to prevent the aneurysm from recurring. Ten preclinical studies involving cell therapy to treat aneurysms were published between 1999 and 2014. In this review, we summarize the results of these studies and discuss advances, shortcomings, and the future of cell therapy for intracranial aneurysms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Adibi
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alim P Mitha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aspirin Inhibits Degenerative Changes of Aneurysmal Wall in a Rat Model. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1537-45. [PMID: 26093650 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage still has a high mortality and morbidity despite notable advances in surgical approaches to cerebral aneurysm (CA). We examined the role of aspirin in vascular inflammation and degeneration. CA was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating left common carotid artery and bilateral posterior renal arteries with or without aspirin treatment. The right anterior cerebral artery/olfactory artery (ACA/OA) bifurcations were stripped and assessed morphologically after Verhoeff's Van Gieson staining. Blood sample was obtained to examine circulating CD34(+) CD133(+) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), platelet aggregation and platelet counts. Macrophages infiltration in aneurysmal wall was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and 9), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was examined by RT-PCR. 2 months after CA induction, surgically treated rats manifested aneurysmal degeneration in ACA/OA bifurcations. Aspirin-treated rats exhibited a significant decrease in degradation of internal elastic lamina (IEL), medial layer thinning, CA size and macrophages infiltration with reduced expression of MMP-2 and 9 compared with rats in the CA group. RT-PCR demonstrated that the upregulation of NF-κB, MCP-1 and VCAM-1 after CA induction was reversed by aspirin treatment. Aspirin treatment following CA induction increased circulating EPCs to near control levels and reduced platelet aggregation without changing platelet counts. The evidence suggested that aspirin significantly reduced degeneration of aneurysm walls by inhibiting macrophages-mediated chronic inflammation and mobilizing EPCs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Premer C, Blum A, Bellio MA, Schulman IH, Hurwitz BE, Parker M, Dermarkarian CR, DiFede DL, Balkan W, Khan A, Hare JM. Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restore Endothelial Function in Heart Failure by Stimulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:467-75. [PMID: 26137590 PMCID: PMC4485912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by diminished endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) function and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), is a clinically significant feature of heart failure (HF). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have pro-angiogenic properties, have the potential to restore endothelial function. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that MSCs increase EPC function and restore flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). METHODS Idiopathic dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy patients were randomly assigned to receive autologous (n = 7) or allogeneic (n = 15) MSCs. We assessed EPC-colony forming units (EPC-CFUs), FMD, and circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients before and three months after MSC transendocardial injection (n = 22) and in healthy controls (n = 10). FINDINGS EPC-colony forming units (CFUs) were markedly reduced in HF compared to healthy controls (4 ± 3 vs. 25 ± 16 CFUs, P < 0.0001). Similarly, FMD% was impaired in HF (5.6 ± 3.2% vs. 9.0 ± 3.3%, P = 0.01). Allogeneic, but not autologous, MSCs improved endothelial function three months after treatment (Δ10 ± 5 vs. Δ1 ± 3 CFUs, P = 0.0067; Δ3.7 ± 3% vs. Δ-0.46 ± 3% FMD, P = 0.005). Patients who received allogeneic MSCs had a reduction in serum VEGF levels three months after treatment, while patients who received autologous MSCs had an increase (P = 0.0012), and these changes correlated with the change in EPC-CFUs (P < 0.0001). Lastly, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with impaired vasculogenesis due to pharmacologic nitric oxide synthase inhibition, were rescued by allogeneic MSC conditioned medium (P = 0.006). INTERPRETATION These findings reveal a novel mechanism whereby allogeneic, but not autologous, MSC administration results in the proliferation of functional EPCs and improvement in vascular reactivity, which in turn restores endothelial function towards normal in patients with HF. These findings have significant clinical and biological implications for the use of MSCs in HF and other disorders associated with endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Premer
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Arnon Blum
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Baruch Padeh Poria Hospital, Bar Ilan University, Lower Galilee 15208, Israel
| | - Michael A Bellio
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | | | - Barry E Hurwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Meela Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | | | - Darcy L DiFede
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Aisha Khan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Ierssel SH, Conraads VM, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Liu Y, Maas AIR, Parizel PM, Hoymans VY, Vrints CJ, Jorens PG. Endothelial dysfunction in acute brain injury and the development of cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:866-72. [PMID: 25677574 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia (CeI) is a major complicating event after acute brain injury (ABI) in which endothelial dysfunction is a key player. This study evaluates cellular markers of endothelial function and in vivo reactive hyperemia in patients with ABI and their relationship to the development of cerebral ischemia. We studied cellular markers of endothelial dysfunction and the peripheral reactive hyperemia index (RHI) in 26 patients with ABI at admission and after 6 and 12 days, and compared these with those of healthy volunteers (n = 15). CeI was determined clinically or by computer tomography. In patients with ABI, RHI at admission was significantly reduced compared with healthy subjects (P = 0.003), coinciding with a decrease in circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC; P = 0.002). The RHI recovered in eight patients without development of CeI, but failed to fully recover by day 12 in three of four patients who developed CeI. Despite recovery of the RHI within 12 days in these patients (P = 0.003), EPC count remained significantly lower after 12 days in patients with ABI (P = 0.022). CD31(+) T cells and endothelial microparticles were not different between controls and patients. No differences were noted in cellular markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients developing CeI and those not. In conclusion, patients with ABI exhibit impaired microvascular endothelial function measured as RHI and a decreased circulating level of EPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H van Ierssel
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li S, Tian Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Wei H, Dong J, Jiang R, Zhang J. Intravenous transfusion of endothelial colony-forming cells attenuates vascular degeneration after cerebral aneurysm induction. Brain Res 2014; 1593:65-75. [PMID: 25316629 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysm (CA) rupture is a major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage with high morbidity and mortality. Using an animal model, we examined the potential of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) transfusion on vascular degeneration after CA induction and underlying mechanisms. CA was induced in the right anterior cerebral artery-olfactory artery (ACA/OA) bifurcations in Sprague-Dawley rats with or without ECFCs transfusion. The degeneration of internal elastic lamina (IEL), media thickness and CA size were evaluated. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2 and 9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The macrophages infiltration and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were examined immunohistologically. Rats in CA+ECFCs transfusion group showed a notable reduction in IEL degeneration, media thinning and CA size compared with those in CA+saline group. ECFCs transfusion inhibited the MMP-driven wall destruction by downregulating MMP-2, MMP-9 expression and upregulating TIMP-1. ECFCs transfusion dramatically decreased VCAM-1 and NF-κB expression, increased eNOS expression and caused no change in MCP-1 expression, which was accompanied by reduced macrophages infiltration. Moreover, ECFCs transfusion reversed downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and upregulation of iNOS expression, and decreased SMCs apoptosis. Collectively, these findings suggest that ECFCs transfusion confers protection against degeneration of aneurysmal wall by inhibiting inflammatory cascades and SMCs apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xintao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Huijie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jingfei Dong
- Puget Sound Blood Research Institute, 1551 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Recent discoveries are redefining our view of cellular senescence as a trigger of tissue remodelling that acts during normal embryonic development and upon tissue damage. To achieve this, senescent cells arrest their own proliferation, recruit phagocytic immune cells and promote tissue renewal. This sequence of events - senescence, followed by clearance and then regeneration - may not be efficiently completed in aged tissues or in pathological contexts, thereby resulting in the accumulation of senescent cells. Increasing evidence indicates that both pro-senescent therapies and antisenescent therapies can be beneficial. In cancer and during active tissue repair, pro-senescent therapies contribute to minimize the damage by limiting proliferation and fibrosis, respectively. Conversely, antisenescent therapies may help to eliminate accumulated senescent cells and to recover tissue function.
Collapse
|
25
|
Esfahani DR, Viswanathan V, Alaraj A. Nanoparticles and stem cells - has targeted therapy for aneurysms finally arrived? Neurol Res 2014; 37:269-77. [PMID: 25082670 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, endovascular management of intracranial aneurysms has focused on mechanical and hemodynamic aspects: characterizing aneurysm morphology by angiogram, mechanical obstruction by detachable coils, and flow diversion with endovascular stents. Although now common practice, these interventions only ward off aneurysm rupture. The source of the problem, disease of the vessel wall itself, remains. New imaging technology and treatment modalities, however, are offering great promise to the field. In this review, we outline several new developments in the recent literature and pose potential adaptations toward cerebral aneurysms using them. The incidence, presentation, and contemporary endovascular treatment for aneurysms are first reviewed to lay the groundwork for new adaptations. Nanoparticles, including ultrasmall supraparagmenetic iron oxide particles (USPIOs), are next explored as a novel mechanism of predicting aneurysm wall instability and as an agent themselves for aneurysm occlusion. Cellular transplant grafts, bone marrow-derived stem cells (BM-MSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are then investigated, with the role of cellular differentiation, chemokine secretion, and integration into the injured vascular wall receiving particular emphasis. Several promising translational papers are next discussed, with review of multiple studies that show benefit in aneurysm treatment and endovascular stenting using these agents as adjuncts. We next adapt these research findings into several potential applications we feel may be promising directions for the aspiring researcher. These new treatments may one day strengthen the arsenal of the endovascular neurosurgeon.
Collapse
|
26
|
The endothelium, a protagonist in the pathophysiology of critical illness: focus on cellular markers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:985813. [PMID: 24800259 PMCID: PMC3988750 DOI: 10.1155/2014/985813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endotheliumis key in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases as a result of its precarious function in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. Therefore, its clinical evaluation providing diagnostic and prognostic markers, as well as its role as a therapeutic target, is the focus of intense research in patientswith severe illnesses. In the critically ill with sepsis and acute brain injury, the endothelium has a cardinal function in the development of organ failure and secondary ischemia, respectively. Cellular markers of endothelial function such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) and endothelialmicroparticles (EMP) are gaining interest as biomarkers due to their accessibility, although the lack of standardization of EPC and EMP detection remains a drawback for their routine clinical use. In this paper we will review data available on EPC, as a general marker of endothelial repair, and EMP as an equivalent of damage in critical illnesses, in particular sepsis and acute brain injury. Their determination has resulted in new insights into endothelial dysfunction in the critically ill. It remains speculative whether their determination might guide therapy in these devastating acute disorders in the near future.
Collapse
|
27
|
Therapeutic benefit of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell transplantation after experimental aneurysm embolization with coil in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90069. [PMID: 24587209 PMCID: PMC3938595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysm embolization with coil is now widely used clinically. However, the recurrence of aneurysms after embolization has always plagued neurosurgeons because the endothelial layer of the aneurysm neck loses its integrity after being embolized by coil. Bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) could be incorporated into injured endothelium and differentiate into mature endothelial cells during vascular repairing processes. The aim of our study is to explore the effects of BM-EPCs on aneurysm repairing and remodeling in a rat embolization model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. BM-EPC proliferation, migration and tube formation were not affected by super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) labeling compared to the controls (p>0.05). The number of SPIO-labeled cells greatly increased in EPC transplanted rats compared to that of phosphate buffered saline treated rats. SPIO-labeled EPC (SPIO-EPC) are mainly located in the aneurysm neck and surrounded by fibrous tissue. A histology study showed that the aneurysm orifice was closed with neointima and the aneurysm was filled with newly formed fibrous tissue. The SPIO-EPC accumulated in the aneurysm neck, which accelerated focal fibrous tissue remodeling, suggesting that BM-EPCs play a crucial role in repairing and remodeling the aneurysm neck orifice.
Collapse
|
28
|
Factors affecting formation and rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms. Neurosurg Rev 2013; 37:1-14. [PMID: 24306170 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-013-0501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms represent a decisional challenge. Treatment risks have to be balanced against an unknown probability of rupture. A better understanding of the physiopathology is the basis for a better prediction of the natural history of an individual patient. Knowledge about the possible determining factors arises from a careful comparison between ruptured versus unruptured aneurysms and from the prospective observation and analysis of unbiased series with untreated, unruptured aneurysms. The key point is the correct identification of the determining variables for the fate of a specific aneurysm in a given individual. Thus, the increased knowledge of mechanisms of formation and eventual rupture of aneurysms should provide significant clues to the identification of rupture-prone aneurysms. Factors like structural vessel wall defects, local hemodynamic stress determined also by peculiar geometric configurations, and inflammation as trigger of a wall remodeling are crucial. In this sense the study of genetic modifiers of inflammatory responses together with the computational study of the vessel tree might contribute to identify aneurysms prone to rupture. The aim of this article is to underline the value of a unifying hypothesis that merges the role of geometry, with that of hemodynamics and of genetics as concerns vessel wall structure and inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li H, Qiang Y, Wang L, Liu C, Yang N, Xiong L, Yi J, Jing H, Wu H. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow in mice. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:427-34. [PMID: 24297111 PMCID: PMC3896518 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces acute lung injury (ALI), and that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in tissue repair. Therefore, in this study it was hypothesized that LPS influences the number and function of EPCs directly. In order to investigate this, an in vitro study was performed using EPCs. EPCs were cultured for seven days (early EPCs), and then treated with increasing concentrations of LPS (10 pg/ml, 100 pg/ml, 1 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml) for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The proliferation, senescence and adhesion of EPCs was then assessed. Alongside this an in vivo study was also performed. Mice were administered LPS (2.5 mg/kg) via the trachea. After 4, 8, 12, and 24 h, EPCs were harvested and cultured for seven days, and the proliferation, senescence and adhesion of the EPCs were examined. The results showed that the rate of adhesion and senescence of EPCs decreased in vitro when treated with 10 and 100 ng/ml LPS. The adhesion and senescence rate also decreased after 12 and 24 h in vivo. Proliferation, however, was increased in vitro following treatment with 10 and 100 ng/ml LPS, but proliferation in vivo decreased after 8 and 12 h. The effects of LPS on EPCs were distinct in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, cells were sensitive to 100 ng/ml LPS. In the course of ALI induced by LPS, the proliferation and adhesion activity of the EPCs was activated in 8 h and then gradually decreased with time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Qiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Canhui Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hosaka K, Downes DP, Nowicki KW, Hoh BL. Modified murine intracranial aneurysm model: aneurysm formation and rupture by elastase and hypertension. J Neurointerv Surg 2013; 6:474-9. [PMID: 23943816 PMCID: PMC4112494 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cerebral aneurysms occur in up to 5% of the population. There are several murine models of aneurysms; however, all have limitations and none reproducibly model aneurysm rupture. To fulfill this need, we modified two current rodent aneurysm models to create a murine model which reproducibly produces intracranial aneurysms and rupture. Methods The left common carotid arteries and the right renal arteries were ligated in C57BL/6 female mice with a hypertensive diet. One week later, small burr holes were created with a stereotactic frame using the following stereotactic measurements: 1.2 mm rostral and 0.7 mm lateral to the right of the bregma. A 26 G needle was gradually advanced via the burr hole until contact with the skull base, upon which the needle was pulled back 0.3 mm. Five, 10 and 20 μL of 10 U/mL elastase solution and 10 μL of 1 U/mL elastase solution were stereotactically injected into the basal cisterns. Angiotensin II was then continually infused at a dose of 1000 ng/kg/min via an osmotic pump placed subcutaneously. In the control mice, 20 μL bromophenol blue solution was injected. Three weeks later, or earlier if mice expired prior to 3 weeks, the circle of Willis was inspected by microscopy for aneurysm formation and/or signs of rupture. Histological analyses were then performed to evaluate elastic lamina destruction, inflammatory cell and macrophage infiltration, absence of intimal endothelial cells and thickening of the smooth muscle layer within the aneurysm wall. To compare with human aneurysms, human aneurysm specimens (n=35; 34 unruptured and 1 ruptured) and normal control superficial temporal arteries (STAs) (n=9) were examined. Results All mice given 5, 10 and 20 μL of 10 U/mL elastase solution developed intracranial aneurysms within the circle of Willis; 40%, 60% and 50% of mice had ruptured aneurysms, respectively. In mice given 10 μL of 1.0 U/mL elastase solution, 90% developed intracranial aneurysms and 20% had ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysms were confirmed by examining the destruction of the elastic lamina. Aneurysms consistently demonstrated CD45 positive inflammatory cell and F4/80 positive macrophage infiltration within the aneurysm wall which was not present in the circle of Willis of normal sham-operated mice. These results were similar to those in human aneurysms and STA control arteries. Conclusions We modified two current rodent aneurysm models to create a murine model that produces consistent aneurysms and rupture and can be used for studying cerebral aneurysm formation, rupture and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hosaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel P Downes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kamil W Nowicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian L Hoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Decreased levels and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm patients. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:23-8. [PMID: 23703397 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in maintaining endothelial integrity and keeping vascular homeostasis. Previously, we reported that EPCs were involved in repair and remodeling of aneurismal wall. In the present study, we verified this hypothesis by investigating the proliferative ability and count of EPCs in peripheral blood of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). Twenty-four patients with UIAs (UIA group) and 24 negative controls (control group) were included in this study. Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) were harvested and selectively cultured. The colony-forming ability of cultured cells was analyzed and the biological functions were examined by testing the adsorption of ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate and acetylated low-density lipoprotein internalization. The migratory and adhesive ability of cultured EPCs were assessed. In vitro cultured PBMCs were identified as EPCs by examining surface markers CD34, CD133 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 using flow cytometry. EPCs from UIA group possessed significantly decreased proliferative, migratory and adhesive capacities compared with EPCs from control group. Furthermore, EPCs count in UIA group was significantly decreased. Collectively, these results indicated that the circulating EPCs of UIA patients may be involved in intracranial aneurysm repair and remodeling.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma XL, Sun XL, Wan CY, Ma JX, Tian P. Significance of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with fracture healing process. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1860-6. [PMID: 22528744 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex bone formation process, and neovascularization may contribute to new bone regeneration. The circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and homing could involve in neovascularization and vasculogenesis. In this study, we investigate the changes of circulating EPC during bone fracture healing, and the possible contribution of EPCs to increased neovascularization and fracture healing. The number of circulating EPCs was monitored in twenty-four patients with long bone traumatic fracture within the first 48 h and at 3, 5, 10, and 14 days post-fracture. The mononuclear cells which isolated from peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood counts of leukocytes and platelets were measured by hematology analyzer. The amount of peripheral EPCs significantly increased in patients with fracture compared to age-matched healthy control subjects within the first 48 h after injury, and peaked at 3 days post-fracture. There was no significant difference in the change trend of early EPCs between male and female, but the number of early EPCs was significantly greater in younger patients compared to older patients. A comparison of the EPCs levels between patients with severe injury (ISS > 16) and patients with mild injury (ISS ≤ 16) revealed no statistically significant difference. The level of early EPCs was inverse correlation with the level of plate after fracture, but no correlation with the level of peripheral leucocytes. These findings suggest traumatic fracture may induce the mobilization of EPCs into the peripheral circulation. The increased EPCs may contribute to neovascularization and involve in fracture healing.
Collapse
|
33
|
Chalouhi N, Ali MS, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF, Rosenwasser RH, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. Biology of intracranial aneurysms: role of inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1659-76. [PMID: 22781330 PMCID: PMC3434628 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) linger as a potentially devastating clinical problem. Despite intense investigation, our understanding of the mechanisms leading to aneurysm development, progression and rupture remain incompletely defined. An accumulating body of evidence implicates inflammation as a critical contributor to aneurysm pathogenesis. Intracranial aneurysm formation and progression appear to result from endothelial dysfunction, a mounting inflammatory response, and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation producing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. A later final common pathway appears to involve apoptosis of cellular constituents of the vessel wall. These changes result in degradation of the integrity of the vascular wall leading to aneurysmal dilation, progression and eventual rupture in certain aneurysms. Various aspects of the inflammatory response have been investigated as contributors to IA pathogenesis including leukocytes, complement, immunoglobulins, cytokines, and other humoral mediators. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of IA compared with control arteries has prominently featured differential expression of genes involved with immune response/inflammation. Preliminary data suggest that therapies targeting the inflammatory response may have efficacy in the future treatment of IA. Further investigation, however, is necessary to elucidate the precise role of inflammation in IA pathogenesis, which can be exploited to improve the prognosis of patients harboring IA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nohra Chalouhi
- Joseph and Marie Field Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Neurovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|