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Kowalski R, Pikul P, Lewandowski K, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Pawełczyk T, Zyśk M. The cAMP Inducers Modify N-Acetylaspartate Metabolism in Wistar Rat Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1404. [PMID: 34573036 PMCID: PMC8466109 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal N-acetylaspartate production appears in the presence of aspartate N-acetyltransferase (NAT8L) and binds acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA with aspartic acid. Further N-acetylaspartate pathways are still being elucidated, although they seem to involve neuron-glia crosstalk. Together with N-acetylaspartate, NAT8L takes part in oligoglia and astroglia cell maturation, myelin production, and dopamine-dependent brain signaling. Therefore, understanding N-acetylaspartate metabolism is an emergent task in neurobiology. This project used in in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to establish the impact of maturation factors and glial cells on N-acetylaspartate metabolism. Embryonic rat neural stem cells and primary neurons were maturated with either nerve growth factor, trans-retinoic acid or activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin, theophylline). For in vivo, adult male Wistar rats were injected with theophylline (20 mg/kg b.w.) daily for two or eight weeks. Our studies showed that the N-acetylaspartate metabolism differs between primary neurons and neural stem cell cultures. The presence of glia cells protected N-acetylaspartate metabolism from dramatic changes within the maturation processes, which was impossible in the case of pure primary neuron cultures. In the case of differentiation processes, our data points to dibutyryl-cAMP as the most prominent regulator of N-acetylaspartate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kowalski
- University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; (R.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Piotr Pikul
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; (R.K.); (K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Sakowicz-Burkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Pawełczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
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Wulaer B, Kunisawa K, Hada K, Jaya Suento W, Kubota H, Iida T, Kosuge A, Nagai T, Yamada K, Nitta A, Yamamoto Y, Saito K, Mouri A, Nabeshima T. Shati/Nat8l deficiency disrupts adult neurogenesis and causes attentional impairment through dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction in the dentate gyrus. J Neurochem 2020; 157:642-655. [PMID: 32275776 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful completion of daily activities relies on the ability to select the relevant features of the environment for memory and recall. Disruption to these processes can lead to various disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in the regulation of several processes, including attention. In addition to the higher-order brain function, dopamine is implicated in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Previously, we generated mice lacking Shati, an N-acetyltransferase-8-like protein on a C57BL/6J genetic background (Shati/Nat8l-/- ). These mice showed a series of changes in the dopamine system and ADHD-like behavioral phenotypes. Therefore, we hypothesized that deficiency of Shati/Nat8l would affect neurogenesis and attentional behavior in mice. We found aberrant morphology of neurons and impaired neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of Shati/Nat8l-/- mice. Additionally, research has suggested that impaired neurogenesis might be because of the reduction of dopamine in the hippocampus. Galantamine (GAL) attenuated the attentional impairment observed in the object-based attention test via increasing the dopamine release in the hippocampus of Shati/Nat8l-/- mice. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, methyllycaconitine, and dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390, blocked the ameliorating effect of GAL on attentional impairment in Shati/Nat8l-/- mice. These results suggest that the ameliorating effect of GAL on Shati/Nat8l-/- attentional impairment is associated with activation of D1 receptors following increased dopamine release in the hippocampus via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In summary, Shati/Nat8l is important in both morphogenesis and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and attention, possible via modulation of dopaminergic transmission. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolati Wulaer
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Willy Jaya Suento
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Hisayoshi Kubota
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Iida
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aika Kosuge
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals & Devices, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, Japan
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Toriumi K, Tanaka J, Mamiya T, Alkam T, Kim HC, Nitta A, Nabeshima T. Shati/Nat8l knockout mice show behavioral deficits ameliorated by atomoxetine and methylphenidate. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:207-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Behavioral impairment in SHATI/NAT8L knockout mice via dysfunction of myelination development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16872. [PMID: 29203794 PMCID: PMC5715020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified SHATI/NAT8L in the brain of mice treated with methamphetamine. Recently, it has been reported that SHATI is N-acetyltransferase 8-like protein (NAT8L) that produces N-acetylaspatate (NAA) from aspartate and acetyl-CoA. We have generated SHATI/NAT8L knockout (Shati−/−) mouse which demonstrates behavioral deficits that are not rescued by single NAA supplementation, although the reason for which is still not clarified. It is possible that the developmental impairment results from deletion of SHATI/NAT8L in the mouse brain, because NAA is involved in myelination through lipid synthesis in oligodendrocytes. However, it remains unclear whether SHATI/NAT8L is involved in brain development. In this study, we found that the expression of Shati/Nat8l mRNA was increased with brain development in mice, while there was a reduction in the myelin basic protein (MBP) level in the prefrontal cortex of juvenile, but not adult, Shati−/− mice. Next, we found that deletion of SHATI/NAT8L induces several behavioral deficits in mice, and that glyceryltriacetate (GTA) treatment ameliorates the behavioral impairments and normalizes the reduced protein level of MBP in juvenile Shati−/− mice. These findings suggest that SHATI/NAT8L is involved in myelination in the juvenile mouse brain via supplementation of acetate derived from NAA. Thus, reduction of SHATI/NAT8L induces developmental neuronal dysfunction.
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Induction of neuronal axon outgrowth by Shati/Nat8l by energy metabolism in mice cultured neurons. Neuroreport 2016; 26:740-6. [PMID: 26164607 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel N-acetyltransferase, Shati/Nat8l, was identified in the nucleus accumbens of mice repeatedly treated with methamphetamine (METH). Shati/Nat8l has been reported to inhibit the pharmacological action induced by METH. Shati/Nat8l produces N-acetylaspartate from aspartate and acetyl-CoA. Previously, we reported that overexpression of Shati/Nat8l in nucleus accumbens attenuates the response to METH by N-acetylaspartylglutamate (which is derived from N-acetylaspartate)-mGluR3 signaling in the mice brain. In the present study, to clarify the type of cells that produce Shati/Nat8l, we carried out in-situ hybridization for the detection of Shati/Nat8l mRNA along with immunohistochemical studies using serial sections of mice brain. Shati/Nat8l mRNA was detected in neuronal cells, but not in astrocytes or microglia cells. Next, we investigated the function of Shati/Nat8l in the neuronal cells in mice brain; then, we used an adeno-associated virus vector containing Shati/Nat8l for transfection and overexpression of Shati/Nat8l protein into the primary cultured neurons to investigate the contribution toward the neuronal activity of Shati/Nat8l. Overexpression of Shati/Nat8l in the mice primary cultured neurons induced axonal growth, but not dendrite elongation at day 1.5 (DIV). This finding indicated that Shati/Nat8l contributes toward neuronal development. LY341495, a selective group II mGluRs antagonist, did not abolish this axonal growth, and N-acetylaspartylglutamate itself did not abolish axon outgrowth in the same cultured system. The cultured neurons overexpressing Shati/Nat8l contained high ATP, suggesting that axon outgrowth is dependent on energy metabolism. This study shows that Shati/Nat8l in the neuron may induce axon outgrowth by ATP synthesis and not through mGluR3 signaling.
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Weindl D, Cordes T, Battello N, Sapcariu SC, Dong X, Wegner A, Hiller K. Bridging the gap between non-targeted stable isotope labeling and metabolic flux analysis. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:10. [PMID: 27110360 PMCID: PMC4842284 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolism gained increasing interest for the understanding of diseases and to pinpoint therapeutic intervention points. However, classical metabolomics techniques only provide a very static view on metabolism. Metabolic flux analysis methods, on the other hand, are highly targeted and require detailed knowledge on metabolism beforehand. RESULTS We present a novel workflow to analyze non-targeted metabolome-wide stable isotope labeling data to detect metabolic flux changes in a non-targeted manner. Furthermore, we show how similarity-analysis of isotopic enrichment patterns can be used for pathway contextualization of unidentified compounds. We illustrate our approach with the analysis of changes in cellular metabolism of human adenocarcinoma cells in response to decreased oxygen availability. Starting without a priori knowledge, we detect metabolic flux changes, leading to an increased glutamine contribution to acetyl-CoA production, reveal biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartate by N-acetyltransferase 8-like (NAT8L) in lung cancer cells and show that NAT8L silencing inhibits proliferation of A549, JHH-4, PH5CH8, and BEAS-2B cells. CONCLUSIONS Differential stable isotope labeling analysis provides qualitative metabolic flux information in a non-targeted manner. Furthermore, similarity analysis of enrichment patterns provides information on metabolically closely related compounds. N-acetylaspartate and NAT8L are important players in cancer cell metabolism, a context in which they have not received much attention yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weindl
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
| | - Thekla Cordes
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
- />Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, 92037 USA
| | - Nadia Battello
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
| | - Sean C. Sapcariu
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
| | - Xiangyi Dong
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
| | - Andre Wegner
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Hiller
- />Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, 4362 Luxembourg
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Toriumi K, Mamiya T, Song Z, Honjo T, Watanabe H, Tanaka J, Kondo M, Mouri A, Kim HC, Nitta A, Fukushima T, Nabeshima T. Deletion of SHATI/NAT8L decreases the N-acetylaspartate content in the brain and induces behavioral deficits, which can be ameliorated by administering N-acetylaspartate. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2108-17. [PMID: 26361739 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel molecule "SHATI/NAT8L" that exerts an inhibitory effect on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavioral deficits. Recently, it has been reported that SHATI might function as an aspartate N-acetyltransferase, which synthesizes N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in vitro. However, whether SHATI actually synthesizes NAA in vivo in the brain is still unclear. In this study, we found that both Shati-deleted mice showed significantly lower NAA levels in all brain areas than wild-type (Shati(+/+)) mice using HPLC and fluorescence detection, suggesting that SHATI regulates NAA content in the brain. Next, we measured the levels of monoamines and their metabolites in the adult mouse brain and found that the activities of monoaminergic systems were altered in Shati(-/-) mice. In particular, dopaminergic turnover increased in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in Shati(-/-) mice, suggesting activation of the dopaminergic system. In fact, basal level of extracellular dopamine, and METH-induced dopamine release in the NAc of Shati(-/-) mice was significantly higher than that of Shati(+/+) and Shati(+/-) mice, which is consistent with findings that Shati(-/-) mice showed enhanced hyperlocomotion induced by METH. Moreover, in the forced swimming test, Shati-deleted mice showed a shortened immobility time, which was improved by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NAA prior to the test in Shati(+/-) but not in Shati(-/-) mice. The i.c.v. preinjection of NAA inhibited dopamine release after high K(+) stimulation in the NAc of Shati(+/+) and Shati(+/-) mice, but not Shati(-/-) mice. These results suggested that the behavioral deficits in Shati-deleted mice were caused by dopaminergic abnormality via deprivation of NAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Toriumi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; Project for Schizophrenia Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ziyu Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Honjo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kondo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Korea Institute of Drug Abuse, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy & Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan.
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Stanley SA, Sauer J, Kane RS, Dordick JS, Friedman JM. Remote regulation of glucose homeostasis in mice using genetically encoded nanoparticles. Nat Med 2015; 21:92-98. [PMID: 25501906 PMCID: PMC4894538 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Means for temporally regulating gene expression and cellular activity are invaluable for elucidating underlying physiological processes and would have therapeutic implications. Here we report the development of a genetically encoded system for remote regulation of gene expression by low-frequency radio waves (RFs) or a magnetic field. Iron oxide nanoparticles are synthesized intracellularly as a GFP-tagged ferritin heavy and light chain fusion. The ferritin nanoparticles associate with a camelid anti-GFP-transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 fusion protein, αGFP-TRPV1, and can transduce noninvasive RF or magnetic fields into channel activation, also showing that TRPV1 can transduce a mechanical stimulus. This, in turn, initiates calcium-dependent transgene expression. In mice with stem cell or viral expression of these genetically encoded components, remote stimulation of insulin transgene expression with RF or a magnet lowers blood glucose. This robust, repeatable method for remote regulation in vivo may ultimately have applications in basic science, technology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Stanley
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Sauer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
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Wakabayashi K, Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Utsumi J, Sasaki H. Analysis of microRNA from archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:173. [PMID: 25497327 PMCID: PMC4279903 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression. This study investigated whether formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from postmortem cases of neurodegenerative disorders would be suitable for miRNA profiling. Results Ten FFPE samples from 6 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 4 neurologically normal controls were selected for miRNA analysis on the basis of the following criteria for RNA quality: (i) a postmortem interval of less than 6 hours, (ii) a formalin fixation time of less than 4 weeks, (iii) an RNA yield per sample of more than 500 ng, and (iv) sufficient quality of the RNA agarose gel image. An overall RNA extraction success rate was 46.2%. For ALS, a total of 364 miRNAs were identified in the motor cortex, 91 being up-regulated and 233 down-regulated. Target genes were predicted using miRNA bioinformatics software, and the data applied to ontology analysis. This indicated that one of the miRNAs up-regulated in ALS (miR-338-3p) had already been identified in leukocytes, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and frozen spinal cord from ALS patients. Conclusion Although analysis was possible for just under half of the specimens examined, we were able to show that informative miRNA data can be derived from archived FFPE samples from postmortem cases of neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0173-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Deletion of SHATI/NAT8L increases dopamine D1 receptor on the cell surface in the nucleus accumbens, accelerating methamphetamine dependence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:443-53. [PMID: 24246274 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, we identified a novel molecule, SHATI/NAT8L, having an inhibitory effect on methamphetamine (METH)-induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization, and conditioned place preference (CPP). SHATI/NAT8L attenuates the METH-induced increase in dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by promoting plasmalemmal and vesicular dopamine uptake. However, the biological functions of the protein remain unclear. In this study, we explored NAT8L-binding proteins using pull-down assays and identified a number of components of the adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex, which is a multimeric protein localized to the plasma membrane that functions to internalize cargo during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To investigate whether NAT8L regulates the receptor localization to the cell surface, cell-surface dopamine D1 receptor in the NAc of Nat8l knockout (KO) mice was quantified. We found that dopamine D1 receptor on the cell surface was increased in the NAc of Nat8l KO mice compared with the wild type (WT) animals. Consistent with this finding, Nat8l KO mice showed higher basal locomotor activity and heightened sensitivity to D1 agonist compared with WT mice. In addition, METH-induced sensitization and CPP were enhanced in Nat8l KO mice. These results suggest that NAT8L might regulate the localization of cell-surface dopamine D1 receptor, thereby controlling basal behaviour and sensitivity to METH. Furthermore, we observed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human NAT8L gene related to reward dependence, a personality trait, and grey matter volume in the caudate nucleus in healthy subjects, suggesting that NAT8L might also affect human personality.
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