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He X, Song J, Gao H, Li Z, Wang X, Zeng Q, Xiao Y, Feng J, Zhou D, Wang G. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with first-episode depression at different ages. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35980319 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2022.2107938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the differences in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels and clinical symptoms with first-episode depression at different ages. METHODS Ninety patients (15-60 years old) diagnosed with first-episode depression were enrolled as the study group, and they were divided into early-onset, adult and late-onset groups. The age-matched control groups were healthy volunteers. Serum BDNF and GDNF concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). GraphPad Prism 9 was used for t tests, one-way ANOVAs, chi-square tests, and correlation analyses. p < 0.05 indicated significant differences. RESULTS Serum BDNF and GDNF levels were lower in the whole study group and the three subgroups than in the healthy groups. Illness severity, anxiety and education were higher in the early-onset than late-onset patients. Serum BDNF levels were lower in the adult than late-onset patients. Serum BDNF levels were negatively correlated with patient CGI-SI scores. After the LSD test for multiple comparisons, the results were also significant. CONCLUSIONS Low serum BDNF and GDNF levels may be involved in the pathophysiology of first-episode depression, and there were differences in serum BDNF levels at different ages, verifying that serum BDNF and GDNF could serve as potential biomarkers of depression. KEY POINTSDepression is often conceptualised as a systemic illness with different biological mechanisms, but satisfactory explanations have not been provided thus far.The aim of our study was to investigate differences in serum BDNF and GDNF levels and their relationships with clinical symptoms in patients with first-episode depression at different ages.The potential of the neurotrophic factor hypothesis to advance the diagnosis and treatment of depression will be a very exciting new strategy for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping He
- Growth, Development, and Mental Health of Children and Adolescence Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyao Song
- Chongqing Changshou District Third People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - He Gao
- Chongqing Changshou District Third People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenyang Li
- Chongqing Changshou District Third People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Zeng
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yucen Xiao
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Feng
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhou
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaomao Wang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Jaumotte JD, Saarma M, Zigmond MJ. Protection of dopamine neurons by CDNF and neurturin variant N4 against MPP+ in dissociated cultures from rat mesencephalon. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245663. [PMID: 33534843 PMCID: PMC7857574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in ventral mesencephalon. We have previously reported that no single neurotrophic factor we tested protected DA neurons from the dopaminergic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in dissociated cultures isolated from the P0 rat substantia nigra, but that a combination of five neurotrophic factors was protective. We now report that cerebral DA neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and a variant of neurturin (NRTN), N4, were also not protective when provided alone but were protective when added together. In cultures isolated from the substantia nigra, MPP+ (10 μM) decreased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells to 41.7 ± 5.4% of vehicle control. Although treatment of cultures with 100 ng/ml of either CDNF or N4 individually before and after toxin exposure did not significantly increase survival in MPP+-treated cultures, when the two trophic factors were added together at 100 ng/ml each, survival of cells was increased 28.2 ± 6.1% above the effect of MPP+ alone. In cultures isolated from the ventral tegmental area, another DA rich area, a higher dose of MPP+ (1 mM) was required to produce an EC50 in TH-positive cells but, as in the substantia nigra, only the combination of CDNF and N4 (100 ng/ml each) was successful at increasing the survival of these cells compared to MPP+ alone (by 22.5 ± 3.5%). These data support previous findings that CDNF and N4 may be of therapeutic value for treatment of PD, but suggest that they may need to be administered together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann D. Jaumotte
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael J. Zigmond
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Anantha J, Goulding SR, Wyatt SL, Concannon RM, Collins LM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. STRAP and NME1 Mediate the Neurite Growth-Promoting Effects of the Neurotrophic Factor GDF5. iScience 2020; 23:101457. [PMID: 32853992 PMCID: PMC7452236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons is central to Parkinson's disease (PD). Growth differentiation factor (GDF)5 is a potential neurotrophic factor for PD therapy. However, the molecular mediators of its neurotrophic action are unknown. Our proteomics analysis shows that GDF5 increases the expression of serine threonine receptor-associated protein kinase (STRAP) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NME)1 in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. GDF5 overexpression increased NME1 expression in adult rat brain in vivo. NME and STRAP mRNAs are expressed in developing and adult rodent midbrain. Expression of both STRAP and NME1 is necessary and sufficient for the promotion of neurite growth in SH-SY5Y cells by GDF5. NME1 treatment increased neurite growth in both SH-SY5Y cells and cultured mDA neurons. Expression patterns of NME and STRAP are altered in PD midbrain. NME1 and STRAP are thus key mediators of GDF5's neurotrophic effects, rationalizing their future study as therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Anantha
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan R. Goulding
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean L. Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth M. Concannon
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise M. Collins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M. Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W. O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, UCC, Cork, Ireland
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, UCC, Cork, Ireland
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4
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Robinson SL, Marín C, Oliveros H, Mora-Plazas M, Lozoff B, Villamor E. Vitamin D Deficiency in Middle Childhood Is Related to Behavior Problems in Adolescence. J Nutr 2020; 150:140-148. [PMID: 31429909 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with depression and schizophrenia in adults. The effect of VDD in childhood on behavioral development is unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to study the associations of VDD and vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in middle childhood with behavior problems in adolescence. METHODS We quantified plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and DBP in 273 schoolchildren aged 5-12 y at recruitment into a cohort study in Bogota, Colombia. Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were assessed after a median 6-y follow-up by parental report [Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)] and self-report [Youth Self-Report (YSR)]. We estimated mean problem score differences with 95% CIs between exposure categories using multivariable linear regression. We also compared the prevalence of clinical behavior problems (score >63) between exposure groups. We assessed whether the associations between DBP and behavior problems were mediated through VDD. RESULTS Mean ± SD CBCL and YSR externalizing problems scores were 56.5 ± 9.3 and 53.2 ± 9.5, respectively. Internalizing problems scores averaged 57.1 ± 9.8 and 53.7 ± 9.8, respectively. VDD [25(OH)D <50 nmol/L] prevalence was 10.3%. VDD was associated with an adjusted 6.0 (95% CI: 3.0, 9.0) and 3.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 6.6) units higher CBCL and YSR externalizing problems scores, respectively, and an adjusted 3.6 (95% CI: 0.3, 6.9) units higher CBCL internalizing problems scores. The prevalence of clinical total externalizing problems was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 3.1) times higher in children with VDD than that in children without VDD. DBP concentration below the population median was related to higher YSR aggressive behavior and anxious/depressed subscale scores and to higher prevalence of clinical total externalizing problems. The associations between DBP and behavior problems were not mediated through VDD. CONCLUSIONS VDD and low DBP in middle childhood are related to behavior problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia L Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Constanza Marín
- Department of Medicine, University of La Sabana, Chia, Colombia.,Foundation for Research in Nutrition and Health, FINUSAD, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Henry Oliveros
- Department of Medicine, University of La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
| | | | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Wang T, Nimkingratana P, Smith CA, Cheng A, Hardingham TE, Kimber SJ. Enhanced chondrogenesis from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 39:101497. [PMID: 31326745 PMCID: PMC6745516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential for the repair of damaged articular cartilage. We developed a serum-free 14-day protocol for hESC differentiation into chondrocyte progenitors, which surprisingly lacked strong cartilage matrix production in in vitro tests. In order to direct these progenitors to a more mature phenotype, we investigated substituting different members of the TGFβ family in the protocol. Initially, we supplemented, or substituted GDF5 (day 11-14), with combinations of BMP7 and TGFβ-1, or -3, but these modifications yielded no improvement in matrix gene expression. However, replacing BMP4 with BMP2 (days 3-10 of the protocol) resulted in a more rapid increase in SOX9 gene expression and increased expression of chondrogenic genes SOX5, ACAN and COL2A1. The replacement of BMP4 with BMP2 also enhanced the formation of chondrogenic cell aggregates, with greater deposition of type II collagen. This change was not accompanied by hypertrophic chondrocyte marker COL10A1 expression. The results demonstrate that BMP2 has greater specificity for the generation of chondrogenic cells from hESCs than BMP4 and this was consistent in two hESC lines (HUES1 and MAN7). hESC-chondrogenic cells derived with either BMP2 or BMP4 were tested in vivo by implanting them in fibrin into osteochondral defects in the femur of RNU rats. Repaired cartilage tissue, positive for Safranin O and type II collagen was detected at 6 and 12 weeks with both cell sources, but the BMP2 cells scored higher for tissue quality (Pineda score). Therefore, BMP2 is more effective at driving chondrogenic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells than BMP4 and the effect on the resulting chondroprogenitors is sustained in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Aixin Cheng
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK.
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Kostuk EW, Cai J, Iacovitti L. Subregional differences in astrocytes underlie selective neurodegeneration or protection in Parkinson's disease models in culture. Glia 2019; 67:1542-1557. [PMID: 31025779 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN), while the neighboring ventral tegmental area (VTA) is relatively spared. The mechanisms underlying this selectivity are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a vital role for subregional astrocytes in the protection of VTA DA neurons. We found that elimination of astrocytes in vitro exposes a novel vulnerability of presumably protected VTA DA neurons to the PD mimetic toxin MPP+ , as well as exacerbation of SN DA neuron vulnerability. Conversely, VTA astrocytes protected both VTA and SN DA neurons from MPP+ toxicity in a dose dependent manner, and this protection was mediated via a secreted molecule. RNAseq analysis of isolated VTA and SN astrocytes demonstrated a vast array of transcriptional differences between these two closely related populations demonstrating regional heterogeneity of midbrain astrocytes. We found that GDF15, a member of the TGFβ superfamily which is expressed 230-fold higher in VTA astrocytes than SN, recapitulates neuroprotection of both rat midbrain and iPSC-derived DA neurons, whereas its knockdown conversely diminished this effect. Neuroprotection was likely mediated through the GRFAL receptor expressed on DA neurons. Together; these results suggest that subregional differences in astrocytes underlie the selective degeneration or protection of DA neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wildon Kostuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingli Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Tactile Stimulation on Adulthood Modifies the HPA Axis, Neurotrophic Factors, and GFAP Signaling Reverting Depression-Like Behavior in Female Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6239-6250. [PMID: 30741369 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common psychiatric disease which pharmacological treatment relieves symptoms, but still far from ideal. Tactile stimulation (TS) has shown beneficial influences in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanism of action is not clear. Here, we evaluated the TS influence when applied on adult female rats previously exposed to a reserpine-induced depression-like animal model. Immediately after reserpine model (1 mg/kg/mL, 1×/day, for 3 days), female Wistar rats were submitted to TS (15 min, 3×/day, for 8 days) or not (unhandled). Imipramine (10 mg/kg/mL) was used as positive control. After behavioral assessments, animals were euthanized to collect plasma and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behavioral observations in the forced swimming test, splash test, and sucrose preference confirmed the reserpine-induced depression-like behavior, which was reversed by TS. Our findings showed that reserpine increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B, and increased proBDNF immunoreactivity in the PFC, which were also reversed by TS. Moreover, TS reestablished glial fibrillary acidic protein and glucocorticoid receptor levels, decreased by reserpine in PFC, while glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor was increased by TS per se. Our outcomes are showing that TS applied in adulthood exerts a beneficial influence in depression-like behaviors, modulating the HPA axis and regulating neurotrophic factors more effectively than imipramine. Based on this, our proposal is that TS, in the long term, could be considered a new therapeutic strategy for neuropsychiatric disorders improvement in adult life, which may represent an interesting contribution to conventional pharmacological treatment.
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8
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Moriarty N, Parish CL, Dowd E. Primary tissue for cellular brain repair in Parkinson's disease: Promise, problems and the potential of biomaterials. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:472-486. [PMID: 29923311 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the "gold standard" treatment for Parkinson's disease, and, although it provides superlative efficacy in the early stages of the disease, its long-term use is limited by the development of severe motor side effects and a significant abating of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there remains a major unmet clinical need for the development of effective neuroprotective, neurorestorative or neuroreparatory therapies for this condition. The relatively selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway makes Parkinson's disease an ideal candidate for reparative cell therapies, wherein the dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the condition are replaced through direct cell transplantation into the brain. To date, this approach has been developed, validated and clinically assessed using dopamine neuron-rich foetal ventral mesencephalon grafts which have been shown to survive and reinnervate the denervated brain after transplantation, and to restore motor function. However, despite long-term symptomatic relief in some patients, significant limitations, including poor graft survival and the impact this has on the number of foetal donors required, have prevented this therapy being more widely adopted as a restorative approach for Parkinson's disease. Injectable biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to improve the delivery, engraftment and survival of these grafts in the brain through provision of a supportive microenvironment for cell adhesion, growth and immune shielding. This article will briefly review the development of primary cell therapies for brain repair in Parkinson's disease and will consider the emerging literature which highlights the potential of using injectable biomaterial hydrogels in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Moriarty
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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9
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Singh A, Kar SK. How Electroconvulsive Therapy Works?: Understanding the Neurobiological Mechanisms. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:210-221. [PMID: 28783929 PMCID: PMC5565084 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a time tested treatment modality for the management of various psychiatric disorders. There have been a lot of modifications in the techniques of delivering ECT over decades. Despite lots of criticisms encountered, ECT has still been used commonly in clinical practice due to its safety and efficacy. Research evidences found multiple neuro-biological mechanisms for the therapeutic effect of ECT. ECT brings about various neuro-physiological as well as neuro-chemical changes in the macro- and micro-environment of the brain. Diverse changes involving expression of genes, functional connectivity, neurochemicals, permeability of blood-brain-barrier, alteration in immune system has been suggested to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ECT. This article reviews different neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic efficacy of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Sujita Kumar Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
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10
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Targeting bone morphogenetic protein signalling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons as a therapeutic approach in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20170027. [PMID: 32714578 PMCID: PMC7373244 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and their axons, and aggregation of α-synuclein, which leads to motor and late-stage cognitive impairments. As the motor symptoms of PD are caused by the degeneration of a specific population of mDA neurons, PD lends itself to neurotrophic factor therapy. The goal of this therapy is to apply a neurotrophic factor that can slow down, halt or even reverse the progressive degeneration of mDA neurons. While the best known neurotrophic factors are members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, their lack of clinical efficacy to date means that it is important to continue to study other neurotrophic factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are naturally secreted proteins that play critical roles during nervous system development and in the adult brain. In this review, we provide an overview of the BMP ligands, BMP receptors (BMPRs) and their intracellular signalling effectors, the Smad proteins. We review the available evidence that BMP-Smad signalling pathways play an endogenous role in mDA neuronal survival in vivo, before outlining how exogenous application of BMPs exerts potent effects on mDA neuron survival and axon growth in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects, before highlighting the potential of targeting the downstream effectors of BMP-Smad signalling as a novel neuroprotective approach to slow or stop the degeneration of mDA neurons in PD.
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11
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Fabbri C, Hosak L, Mössner R, Giegling I, Mandelli L, Bellivier F, Claes S, Collier DA, Corrales A, Delisi LE, Gallo C, Gill M, Kennedy JL, Leboyer M, Lisoway A, Maier W, Marquez M, Massat I, Mors O, Muglia P, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Ospina-Duque J, Propping P, Shi Y, St Clair D, Thibaut F, Cichon S, Mendlewicz J, Rujescu D, Serretti A. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Genetics: Genetics, epigenetics and gene expression markers of major depressive disorder and antidepressant response. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:5-28. [PMID: 27603714 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heritable disease with a heavy personal and socio-economic burden. Antidepressants of different classes are prescribed to treat MDD, but reliable and reproducible markers of efficacy are not available for clinical use. Further complicating treatment, the diagnosis of MDD is not guided by objective criteria, resulting in the risk of under- or overtreatment. A number of markers of MDD and antidepressant response have been investigated at the genetic, epigenetic, gene expression and protein levels. Polymorphisms in genes involved in antidepressant metabolism (cytochrome P450 isoenzymes), antidepressant transport (ABCB1), glucocorticoid signalling (FKBP5) and serotonin neurotransmission (SLC6A4 and HTR2A) were among those included in the first pharmacogenetic assays that have been tested for clinical applicability. The results of these investigations were encouraging when examining patient-outcome improvement. Furthermore, a nine-serum biomarker panel (including BDNF, cortisol and soluble TNF-α receptor type II) showed good sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between MDD and healthy controls. These first diagnostic and response-predictive tests for MDD provided a source of optimism for future clinical applications. However, such findings should be considered very carefully because their benefit/cost ratio and clinical indications were not clearly demonstrated. Future tests may include combinations of different types of biomarkers and be specific for MDD subtypes or pathological dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- a Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Ladislav Hosak
- b Department of Psychiatrics , Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
| | - Rainald Mössner
- c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- d Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Laura Mandelli
- a Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Frank Bellivier
- e Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France AP-HP , GH Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Pôle Neurosciences , Paris , France
| | - Stephan Claes
- f GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - David A Collier
- g Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre , Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Alejo Corrales
- h National University (UNT) Argentina, Argentinean Association of Biological Psychiatry , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lynn E Delisi
- i VA Boston Health Care System , Brockton , MA , USA
| | - Carla Gallo
- j Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Michael Gill
- k Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - James L Kennedy
- l Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marion Leboyer
- m Faculté de Médecine , Université Paris-Est Créteil, Inserm U955, Equipe Psychiatrie Translationnelle , Créteil , France
| | - Amanda Lisoway
- l Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- n Department of Psychiatry , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Miguel Marquez
- o Director of ADINEU (Asistencia, Docencia e Investigación en Neurociencia) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Isabelle Massat
- p UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, ULB , Bruxelles , Belgium
| | - Ole Mors
- q Department P , Aarhus University Hospital , Risskov , Denmark
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- s Institute of Human Genetics , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- t MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics , Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Jorge Ospina-Duque
- u Grupo de Investigación en Psiquiatría, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | | | - Yongyong Shi
- w Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - David St Clair
- x University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Florence Thibaut
- y University Hospital Cochin (Site Tarnier), University Sorbonne Paris Cité (Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes), INSERM U 894 Centre Psychiatry and Neurosciences , Paris , France
| | - Sven Cichon
- z Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Julien Mendlewicz
- aa Laboratoire de Psychologie Medicale, Centre Européen de Psychologie Medicale , Université Libre de Bruxelles and Psy Pluriel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Dan Rujescu
- d Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- a Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Jaumotte JD, Wyrostek SL, Zigmond MJ. Protection of cultured dopamine neurons from MPP(+) requires a combination of neurotrophic factors. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:1691-9. [PMID: 27098376 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, caused in part by the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Neurotrophic factors have been shown to increase the basal survival of DA neurons in vitro, as well as to protect the neurons from some toxins under certain in vitro conditions and in animal models. Although these factors have often been tested individually, they have rarely been studied in combinations. We therefore examined the effect of such combinations after acute exposure to the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) using dissociated postnatal rat midbrain cultures isolated from SN and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that significant loss of DA neurons in the SN occurred with an LC50 of between 1 and 10 μm, whereas the LC50 of DA neurons from the VTA was approximately 1000-fold higher. We did not observe neuroprotection against MPP(+) by individual exposure to glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) or growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) at concentrations of 100 or 500 ng/mL. Combinations of two, three or four neurotrophic factors were also ineffective. However, when the SN cultures were exposed to a combination of all five neurotrophic factors, each at a concentration of 100 ng/mL, we observed a 30% increase in DA neuron survival in the presence of 10 and 500 μm MPP(+) . These results may be relevant to the use of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic treatments for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann D Jaumotte
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Wyrostek
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Mutant GDF5 enhances ameloblast differentiation via accelerated BMP2-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23670. [PMID: 27030100 PMCID: PMC4814822 DOI: 10.1038/srep23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate hard tissue formation, including bone and tooth. Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), a known BMP, is expressed in cartilage and regulates chondrogenesis, and mutations have been shown to cause osteoarthritis. Notably, GDF5 is also expressed in periodontal ligament tissue; however, its role during tooth development is unclear. Here, we used cell culture and in vivo analyses to determine the role of GDF5 during tooth development. GDF5 and its associated BMP receptors are expressed at the protein and mRNA levels during postnatal tooth development, particularly at a stage associated with enamel formation. Furthermore, whereas BMP2 was observed to induce evidently the differentiation of enamel-forming ameloblasts, excess GDF5 induce mildly this differentiation. A mouse model harbouring a mutation in GDF5 (W408R) showed enhanced enamel formation in both the incisors and molars, but not in the tooth roots. Overexpression of the W408R GDF5 mutant protein was shown to induce BMP2-mediated mRNA expression of enamel matrix proteins and downstream phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. These results suggest that mutant GDF5 enhances ameloblast differentiation via accelerated BMP2-signalling.
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14
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Lin PY, Tseng PT. Decreased glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression: a meta-analytic study. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 63:20-7. [PMID: 25726496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to promote development, differentiation, and protection of CNS neurons and was thought to play an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Several studies have examined the GDNF levels in patients with depression but shown inconsistent results. In this study, we compared blood GDNF levels between depressive patients and control subjects through meta-analytic method. The effect sizes (ESs) from all eligible studies were synthesized by using a random effect model. In this meta-analysis, we included 526 patients and 502 control subjects from 12 original articles. Compared to control subjects, blood GDNF levels are significantly decreased in patients with depression (ES = -0.62, p = 0.0011). However, significant heterogeneity was found among included studies. Through subgroup analysis, we found that GDNF was still decreased in studies with major depressive disorder (ES = -0.73, p = 0.0001); in studies with non-old-age depression (ES = -1.25, p = 0.0001), but not with old-age depression; and in studies using serum samples (ES = -0.86, p < 0.0001), but not in studies using plasma sample. Meta-regression did not show moderating effects of mean age of subjects, gender distribution, and age of onset of depression. Our findings support blood GDNF levels as a biomarker of depression as a whole, but the results were modulated by psychiatric diagnosis, age of included subjects, and sampling sources. With these results, future studies are required to examine whether effective antidepressant treatment is associated with an increase in serum GDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
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