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Lai CY, Lin CY, Wu CR, Tsai CH, Tsai CW. Carnosic Acid Alleviates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia and Cell Death in 6-Hydroxydopamine-lesioned Rats and in SH-SY5Y Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:703894. [PMID: 34434108 PMCID: PMC8381221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.703894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of carnosic acid (CA) from rosemary on the levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) in rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). To establish the model of LID, 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mg/kg L-dopa once a day for 36 days. Rats were daily administrated with 3 or 15 mg/kg CA by oral intubation prior to L-dopa injection for 4 days. Rats pretreated with CA had reduced L-dopa-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and ALO scores (a sum of axial, limb, and orofacial scores). Moreover, the increases of dopamine D1-receptor, p-DARPP-32, ΔFosB, p-ERK1/2, and p-c-Jun ser63, along with the decrease in p-c-Jun ser73, induced by L-dopa in 6-OHDA-treated rats were significantly reversed by pretreatment with CA. In addition, we used the model of SH-SY5Y cells to further examine the neuroprotective mechanisms of CA on L-dopa-induced cytotoxicity. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with CA for 18 h, and then co-treated with 400 μM L-dopa for the indicated time points. The results showed that pretreatment of CA attenuated the cell death and nuclear condensation induced by L-dopa. By the immunoblots, the reduction of Bcl-2, p-c-Jun ser73, and parkin and the induction of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, p-ERK1/2, p-c-Jun ser63, and ubiquitinated protein by L-dopa were improved in cells pretreated with CA. In conclusion, CA ameliorates the development of LID via regulating the D1R signaling and prevents L-dopa-induced apoptotic cell death through modulating the ERK1/2-c-Jun and inducing the parkin. This study suggested that CA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of LID for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Lai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Haw Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Deciphering Spinal Endogenous Dopaminergic Mechanisms That Modulate Micturition Reflexes in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0157-21.2021. [PMID: 34244339 PMCID: PMC8328273 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0157-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal neuronal mechanisms regulate recovered involuntary micturition after spinal cord injury (SCI). It was recently discovered that dopamine (DA) is synthesized in the rat injured spinal cord and is involved in lower urinary tract (LUT) activity. To fully understand the role of spinal DAergic machinery in micturition, we examined urodynamic responses in female rats during pharmacological modulation of the DA pathway. Three to four weeks after complete thoracic SCI, the DA precursor L-DOPA administered intravenously during bladder cystometrogram (CMG) and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG) reduced bladder overactivity and increased the duration of EUS bursting, leading to remarkably improved voiding efficiency. Apomorphine (APO), a non-selective DA receptor (DR) agonist, or quinpirole, a selective DR2 agonist, induced similar responses, whereas a specific DR2 antagonist remoxipride alone had only minimal effects. Meanwhile, administration of SCH 23390, a DR1 antagonist, reduced voiding efficiency by increasing tonic EUS activity and shortening the EUS bursting period. Unexpectedly, SKF 38393, a selective DR1 agonist, increased EUS tonic activity, implying a complicated role of DR1 in LUT function. In metabolic cage assays, subcutaneous administration of quinpirole decreased spontaneous voiding frequency and increased voiding volume; L-DOPA and APO were inactive possibly because of slow entry into the CNS. Collectively, tonically active DR1 in SCI rats inhibit urine storage and enhance voiding by differentially modulating EUS tonic and bursting patterns, respectively, while pharmacologic activation of DR2, which are normally silent, improves voiding by enhancing EUS bursting. Thus, enhancing DA signaling achieves better detrusor-sphincter coordination to facilitate micturition function in SCI rats.
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Orrillo SJ, de Dios N, Asad AS, De Fino F, Imsen M, Romero AC, Zárate S, Ferraris J, Pisera D. Anterior pituitary gland synthesises dopamine from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12885. [PMID: 32671919 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone principally secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. Although the synthesis and exocytosis of this hormone are mainly under the regulation of hypothalamic dopamine (DA), the possibility that the anterior pituitary synthesises this catecholamine remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine if the anterior pituitary produces DA from the precursor l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Accordingly, we investigated the expression of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme and the transporter vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the production of DA from l-dopa and its release in vitro. Then, we explored the effects of l-dopa with respect to the secretion of PRL from anterior pituitary fragments. We observed that the anterior pituitary, AtT20 and GH3 cells express both AADC and VMAT2. Next, we detected an increase in DA content after anterior pituitary fragments were incubated with l-dopa. Also, the presence of l-dopa increased DA levels in incubation media and reduced PRL secretion. Likewise, the content of cellular DA increased after AtT20 cells were incubated with l-dopa. In addition, l-dopa reduced corticotrophin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotrophic hormone release from these cells after AADC activity was inhibited by NSD-1015. Moreover, DA formation from l-dopa increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. However, in the presence of NSD-1015, l-dopa decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation rates. These results suggest that the anterior pituitary synthesises DA from l-dopa by AADC and this catecholamine can be released from this gland contributing to the control of PRL secretion. In addition, our results suggest that l-dopa exerts direct actions independently from its metabolisation to DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Jordi Orrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nataly de Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Sofía Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda De Fino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Imsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Ferraris
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pisera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Park HJ, Zhao TT, Park KH, Lee MK. Repeated treatments with the D 1 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 modulate cell viability via sustained ERK-Bad-Bax activation in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:166-175. [PMID: 30930179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The D1 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF-38393, induces cytotoxicity in striatal dopaminergic neurons via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that repeated activation of dopaminergic receptors by agonists could lead to neuronal cell death. This study investigated the effects of SKF-38393 on dopaminergic neuronal cell death in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and PC12 cells. In the PD model, SKF-38393 administration (3 and 10 mg/kg per day, s.c.) for 8 weeks significantly increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neuronal cells in nigrostriatal regions. SKF-38393 administration for 8 weeks induced phosphorylation of sustained ERK1/2 and Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter) at Ser155 (BadSer155), and augmented Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) expression. However, SKF-38393 only increased Bad phosphorylation at Ser112 (BadSer112) when administered for 4 weeks. In PC12 cells, toxic levels of SKF-38393 (20 and 50 μM) rapidly induced formation of neurite-like processes, but not in the presence of an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (MDL-12330 A). SKF-38393 (20 and 50 μM) induced sustained ERK1/2 and BadSer155 phosphorylation as well as caspase-3 activation. At a non-toxic level (5 μM), SKF-38393 produced only transient ERK1/2 and BadSer112 phosphorylation. Repeated treatments with SKF-38393 (5 μM) for 1-3 days activated BadSer112. Repeated treatments for 4-7 days induced sustained ERK1/2 and BadSer155 phosphorylation as well as Bax and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that SKF-38393 induces neurotoxicity by activation of the sustained ERK-Bad-Bax system. These findings contribute to an understanding of the adverse effects of D1 dopamine receptor agonists in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hong Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Park HJ, Kang JK, Lee MK. 1- O-Hexyl-2,3,5-Trimethylhydroquinone Ameliorates l-DOPA-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050867. [PMID: 30823626 PMCID: PMC6429301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-O-Hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ) has previously been found to have effective anti-oxidant and anti-lipid-peroxidative activity. We aimed to elucidate whether HTHQ can prevent dopaminergic neuronal cell death by investigating the effect on l-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. HTHQ protected from both l-DOPA-induced cell death and superoxide dismutase activity reduction. When assessing the effect of HTHQ on oxidative stress-related signaling pathways, HTHQ inhibited l-DOPA-induced phosphorylation of sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2). HTHQ also normalized l-DOPA-reduced Bcl-2-associated death protein (Bad) phosphorylation and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression, promoting cell survival. Taken together, HTHQ exhibits protective effects against l-DOPA-induced cell death through modulation of the ERK1/2-p38MAPK-JNK1/2-Bad-Bax signaling pathway in PC12 cells. These results suggest that HTHQ may show ameliorative effects against oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death, although further studies in animal models of Parkinson’s disease are required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyung 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
| | - Jong Koo Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-21, Osongsaengmyung 1-ro, Osong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea.
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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Zhao TT, Kim KS, Shin KS, Park HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE, Lee MK. Gypenosides ameliorate memory deficits in MPTP-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease treated with L-DOPA. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:449. [PMID: 28877690 PMCID: PMC5585899 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have revealed that gypenosides (GPS) improve the symptoms of anxiety disorders in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GPS on memory deficits in an MPTP-lesioned mouse model of PD treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Methods MPTP (30 mg/kg/day, 5 days)-lesioned mice were treated with GPS (50 mg/kg) and/or L-DOPA (10 and 25 mg/kg) for 21 days. After the final treatments, behavioral changes were assessed in all mice using passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze tests. We then evaluated the biochemical influences of GPS treatment on levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Results MPTP-lesioned mice exhibited deficits associated with habit learning and spatial memory, which were further aggravated by treatment with L-DOPA (25 mg/kg). However, treatment with GPS (50 mg/kg) ameliorated memory deficits. Treatment with GPS (50 mg/kg) also improved L-DOPA (25 mg/kg)-treated MPTP lesion-induced decreases in retention latency on the passive avoidance test, as well as levels of TH-immunopositive cells and dopamine in the substantia nigra and striatum. GPS treatment also attenuated increases in retention transfer latency on the elevated plus-maze test and in NMDA receptor expression, as well as decreases in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB in the hippocampus. Treatment with L-DOPA (10 mg/kg) also ameliorated deficits in habit learning and spatial memory in MPTP-lesioned mice, and this effect was further enhanced by treatment with GPS (50 mg/kg). Conclusion GPS ameliorate deficits in habit learning and spatial memory by modulating the dopaminergic neuronal and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated signaling systems in MPTP-lesioned mice treated with L-DOPA. GPS may serve as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for memory deficits in patients with PD receiving L-DOPA.
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Effects of asarinin on dopamine biosynthesis and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:631-639. [PMID: 28397192 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of asarinin on dopamine biosynthesis and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cytotoxicity in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Treatment with asarinin (25-50 μM) increased intracellular dopamine levels and enhanced L-DOPA-induced increases in dopamine levels. Asarinin (25 μM) induced cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, leading to increased cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation, which in turn stimulated dopamine production. Asarinin (25 μM) also activated transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and Bad phosphorylation at Ser 112, both of which have been shown to promote cell survival. In contrast, asarinin (25 μM) inhibited sustained ERK1/2, Bax, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) phosphorylation and caspase-3 activity, which were induced by 6-OHDA (100 μM). These results suggest that asarinin induces dopamine biosynthesis via activation of the PKA-CREB-TH system and protects against 6-OHDA-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the sustained activation of the ERK-p38MAPK-JNK1/2-caspase-3 system in PC12 cells.
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Kim KS, Zhao TT, Shin KS, Park HJ, Cho YJ, Lee KE, Kim SH, Lee MK. Gynostemma pentaphyllum Ethanolic Extract Protects Against Memory Deficits in an MPTP-Lesioned Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease Treated with L-DOPA. J Med Food 2017; 20:11-18. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Sung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Department of Social Physical Education, Songwon University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Bioresource and Health, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Effects of (−)-sesamin on motor and memory deficits in an MPTP-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson’s disease treated with l-DOPA. Neuroscience 2016; 339:644-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Exchange factors directly activated by cAMP mediate melanocortin 4 receptor-induced gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32776. [PMID: 27612207 PMCID: PMC5017209 DOI: 10.1038/srep32776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gs protein-coupled receptors regulate many vital body functions by activation of cAMP response elements (CRE) via cAMP-dependent kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the CRE binding protein (CREB). Melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) are prototypical Gs-coupled receptors that orchestrate the hypothalamic control of food-intake and metabolism. Remarkably, the significance of PKA for MC4R-induced CRE-dependent transcription in hypothalamic cells has not been rigorously interrogated yet. In two hypothalamic cell lines, we observed that blocking PKA activity had only weak or no effects on reporter gene expression. In contrast, inhibitors of exchange factors directly activated by cAMP-1/2 (EPAC-1/2) mitigated MC4R-induced CRE reporter activation and mRNA induction of the CREB-dependent genes c-fos and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Furthermore, we provide first evidence that extracellular-regulated kinases-1/2 (ERK-1/2) activated by EPACs and not PKA are the elusive CREB kinases responsible for MC4R-induced CREB/CRE activation in hypothalamic cells. Overall, these data emphasize the pivotal role of EPACs rather than PKA in hypothalamic gene expression elicited by a prototypical Gs-coupled receptor.
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L-DOPA modulates cell viability through the ERK-c-Jun system in PC12 and dopaminergic neuronal cells. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Shin KS, Zhao TT, Park KH, Park HJ, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Gypenosides attenuate the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 25896846 PMCID: PMC4431176 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gypenosides (GPS) and ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX) show anxiolytic effects on affective disorders in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Long-term administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) leads to the development of severe motor side effects such as L-DOPA-induced-dyskinesia (LID) in PD. The present study investigated the effects of GPS and GP-EX on LID in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD. RESULTS Daily administration of L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD for 22 days induced expression of LID, which was determined by the body and locomotive AIMs scores and contralateral rotational behaviors. However, co-treatments of GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg) with L-DOPA significantly attenuated the development of LID without compromising the anti-parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA. In addition, the increases in ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats induced by L-DOPA administration were significantly reduced by co-treatment with GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) or GP-EX (50 mg/kg). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GPS (25 and 50 mg/kg) and GP-EX (50 mg/kg) effectively attenuate the development of LID by modulating the biomarker activities of ∆FosB expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. GPS and GP-EX will be useful adjuvant therapeutics for LID in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Sung Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun Hong Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, 1, Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
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