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Rayala H, Kapur J, El-Haija HA, Parikh P, Zawar I. Memantine's double duty? Investigating its impact on epilepsy control in Alzheimer's disease. Epileptic Disord 2024; 26:261-263. [PMID: 38334219 DOI: 10.1002/epd2.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Harika Rayala
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Prachi Parikh
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ifrah Zawar
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Pershina EV, Chernomorets IY, Fedorov DA, Arkhipov VI. Pharmacological Modulation of Excitotoxicity through the Combined Use of NMDA Receptor Inhibition and Group III mGlu Activation Reduces TMT-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098249. [PMID: 37175959 PMCID: PMC10179112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the neuroprotective properties of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist memantine, in combination with a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptors of Group III, VU 0422288. The treatment was started 48 h after the injection of neurotoxic agent trimethyltin (TMT) at 7.5 mg/kg. Three weeks after TMT injection, functional and morphological changes in a rat hippocampus were evaluated, including the expression level of genes characterizing glutamate transmission and neuroinflammation, animal behavior, and hippocampal cell morphology. Significant neuronal cell death occurred in the CA3 and CA4 regions, and to a lesser extent, in the CA1 and CA2 regions. The death of neurons in the CA1 field was significantly reduced in animals with a combined use of memantine and VU 0422288. In the hippocampus of these animals, the level of expression of genes characterizing glutamatergic synaptic transmission (Grin2b, Gria1, EAAT2) did not differ from the level in control animals, as well as the expression of genes characterizing neuroinflammation (IL1b, TGF beta 1, Aif1, and GFAP). However, the expression of genes characterizing neuroinflammation was markedly increased in the hippocampus of animals treated with memantine or VU 0422288 alone after TMT. The results of immunohistochemical studies confirmed a significant activation of microglia in the hippocampus three weeks after TMT injection. In contrast to the hilus, microglia in the CA1 region had an increase in rod-like cells. Moreover, in the CA1 field of the hippocampus of the animals of the MEM + VU group, the amount of such microglia was close to the control. Thus, the short-term modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission by memantine and subsequent activation of Group III mGluR significantly affected the dynamics of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Pershina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Irina Yu Chernomorets
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Fedorov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Arkhipov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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3
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The Role of Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030783. [PMID: 36979762 PMCID: PMC10045847 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing an indispensable role in neuronal development and memory formation. The dysregulation of glutamate receptors and the glutamatergic system is involved in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, especially epilepsy. There are two main classes of glutamate receptor, namely ionotropic and metabotropic (mGluRs) receptors. The former stimulate fast excitatory neurotransmission, are N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate; while the latter are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate glutamatergic activity via intracellular messenger systems. Glutamate, glutamate receptors, and regulation of astrocytes are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of acute seizure and chronic epilepsy. Some glutamate receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective for the treatment of epilepsy, and research and clinical trials are ongoing.
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Huang TH, Lai MC, Chen YS, Huang CW. The Roles of Glutamate Receptors and Their Antagonists in Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030686. [PMID: 36979664 PMCID: PMC10045490 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. When compared to chronic epilepsy, it is distinguished by the durability of seizures and frequent resistance to benzodiazepine (BZD). The Receptor Trafficking Hypothesis, which suggests that the downregulation of γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, and upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors play major roles in the establishment of SE is the most widely accepted hypothesis underlying BZD resistance. NMDA and AMPA are ionotropic glutamate receptor families that have important excitatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS). They are both essential in maintaining the normal function of the brain and are involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Based on animal and human studies, antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors have a significant impact in ending SE; albeit most of them are not yet approved to be in clinically therapeutic guidelines, due to their psychomimetic adverse effects. Although there is still a dearth of randomized, prospective research, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and the AMPA antagonist, perampanel, are regarded to be reasonable optional adjuvant therapies in controlling SE, refractory SE (RSE) or super-refractory SE (SRSE), though there are still a lack of randomized, prospective studies. This review seeks to summarize and update knowledge on the SE development hypothesis, as well as clinical trials using NMDA and AMPA antagonists in animal and human studies of SE investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
- Zhengxin Neurology & Rehabilitation Center, Tainan 70459, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
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Wu Y, Luo XD, Xiang T, Li SJ, Ma MG, Chen ML. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 regulates hippocampal CA1 region excitability in rats with status epilepticus by suppressing the HCN1 channel. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:594-602. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Postnikova TY, Trofimova AM, Zakharova MV, Nosova OI, Brazhe AR, Korzhevskii DE, Semyanov AV, Zaitsev AV. Delayed Impairment of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity after Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Young Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113461. [PMID: 36362260 PMCID: PMC9657086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the long-term consequences of a single episode of generalized seizures in infants are inconsistent. In this study, we examined the effects of pentylenetetrazole-induced generalized seizures in three-week-old rats. One month after the seizures, we detected a moderate neuronal loss in several hippocampal regions: CA1, CA3, and hilus, but not in the dentate gyrus. In addition, long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) was impaired. We also found that the mechanism of plasticity induction was altered: additional activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) is required for LTP induction in experimental rats. This disturbance of the plasticity induction mechanism is likely due to the greater involvement of perisynaptic NMDA receptors compared to receptors located in the core part of the postsynaptic density. This hypothesis is supported by experiments with selective blockades of core-located NMDA receptors by the use-dependent blocker MK-801. MK-801 had no effect on LTP induction in experimental rats and suppressed LTP in control animals. The weakening of the function of core-located NMDA receptors may be due to the disturbed clearance of glutamate from the synaptic cleft since the distribution of the astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT2 in experimental animals was found to be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y. Postnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Alina M. Trofimova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Maria V. Zakharova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Olga I. Nosova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Alexey R. Brazhe
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | | | - Alexey V. Semyanov
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Aleksey V. Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Sivakumar S, Ghasemi M, Schachter SC. Targeting NMDA Receptor Complex in Management of Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101297. [PMID: 36297409 PMCID: PMC9609646 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles in neuronal excitability in the CNS. Both clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that the abnormal expression or function of these receptors can underlie the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and epilepsy. Accordingly, NMDAR modulators have been shown to exert anticonvulsive effects in various preclinical models of seizures, as well as in patients with epilepsy. In this review, we provide an update on the pathologic role of NMDARs in epilepsy and an overview of the NMDAR antagonists that have been evaluated as anticonvulsive agents in clinical studies, as well as in preclinical seizure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sivakumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Steven C. Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation & Technology (CIMIT), Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
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Eslami F, Shayan M, Amanlou A, Rahimi N, Dejban P, Dehpour AR. Pentylenetetrazole preconditioning attenuates severity of status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in male rats: evaluation of opioid/NMDA receptors and nitric oxide pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:602-613. [DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Öcal Ö, Coşar A, Nazıroğlu M. Amantadine Attenuated Hypoxia-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Neurotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Inflammation via the Inhibition of TRPM2 and TRPV4 Channels. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3703-3720. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Alterations in mRNA and Protein Expression of Glutamate Receptor Subunits Following Pentylenetetrazole-induced Acute Seizures in Young Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 468:1-15. [PMID: 34102267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute seizures can severely affect brain function and development. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Disturbances of the glutamatergic system are considered one of the critical mechanisms of neurological abnormalities. In the present study, we analyzed changes in the expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits in the different brain regions (dorsal hippocampus, amygdala, and the medial prefrontal, temporal, and entorhinal cortex) using a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model of seizures in 3-week-old rats. A distinctive feature of this model is that the administration of PTZ causes severe acute seizures, which are not followed by the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures later on. Subunit expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western blotting during the first week after seizures. The most pronounced alterations of mRNA and protein levels were observed in the dorsal hippocampus. We found decreased expression of the GluA2 mRNA 7 days after seizures (PSE7), as well as reduced GluN2a protein levels on PSE7. Significant alterations in the expression of different receptor subunits in the mRNA but not protein levels were observed in the entorhinal cortex and amygdala. In contrast, in the medial prefrontal and temporal cortex, we found almost no changes in the expression of the studied genes. The identified changes deepen our understanding of post-seizure disturbances in the developing brain and confirm that although various brain structures are involved in seizures, the hippocampus is the most vulnerable.
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Lazzarotto G, Klippel Zanona Q, Cagliari Zenki K, Calcagnotto ME. Effect of Memantine on Pentylenetetrazol-induced Seizures and EEG Profile in Animal Model of Cortical Malformation. Neuroscience 2021; 457:114-124. [PMID: 33465407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental cortical malformations (DCM) are one of the main causes of refractory epilepsy. Many are the mechanisms underlying the hyperexcitability in DCM, including the important contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). NMDAR blockers are shown to abolish seizures and epileptiform activity. Memantine, a NMDAR antagonist used to treat Alzheimeŕs disease, has been recently investigated as a possible treatment for other neurological disorders. However, the effects on preventing or diminishing seizures are controversial. Here we aimed to evaluate the effects of memantine on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in the freeze-lesion (FL) model. Bilateral cortical microgyria were induced (FL) or not (Sham) in male Wistar neonate rats. At P30, subdural electrodes were implanted and 7 days later, video-EEG was recorded in animals receiving either memantine (FL-M or Sham-M) or saline (FL-S or Sham-S), followed by PTZ. Seizures were evaluated by video-EEG during one hour and scored according to Racine scale. The video-EEG analyses revealed that the number of seizures and the total duration of stage IV-V seizures developed during the 1 h-period increased after memantine application in all groups. The EEG power spectral density (PSD) analysis showed an increased PSD of pre-ictal delta in Sham-M animals and increased PSD of slow, middle and fast gamma oscillations after memantine injection that persists during the pre-ictal period in all groups. Our findings suggested that memantine was unable to control the PTZ-induced seizures and that the associated enhancement of PSD of gamma oscillations may contribute to the increased probability of seizure development in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lazzarotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Querusche Klippel Zanona
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory (NNNESP Lab.), Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Neurobiology, Functions, and Relevance of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) to Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:1089-1103. [PMID: 32926322 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent and devastating neurological disorders characterized by episodes of unusual sensations, loss of awareness, and reoccurring seizures. The frequency and intensity of epileptic fits can vary to a great degree, with almost a third of all cases resistant to available therapies. At present, there is a major unmet need for effective and specific therapeutic intervention. Impairments of the exquisite balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic processes in the brain are considered key in the onset and pathophysiology of the disease. As the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate has been implicated in the process, with the glutamatergic system holding center stage in the pathobiology as well as in developing disease-modifying therapies. Emerging data pinpoint impairments of glutamate clearance as one of the key causative factors in drug-resistant disease forms. Reinstatement of glutamate homeostasis using pharmacological and genetic modulation of glutamate clearance is therefore considered to be of major translational relevance. In this article, we review the neurobiological and clinical evidence suggesting complex aberrations in the activity and functions of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) in epilepsy, with knock-on effects on glutamate homeostasis as a leading cause for the development of refractory forms. We consider the emerging data on pharmacological and genetic manipulations of EAATs, with reference to seizures and glutamate dyshomeostasis, and review their fundamental and translational relevance. We discuss the most recent advances in the EAATs research in human and animal models, along with numerous questions that remain open for debate and critical appraisal. Contrary to the widely held view on EAATs as a promising therapeutic target for management of refractory epilepsy as well as other neurological and psychiatric conditions related to glutamatergic hyperactivity and glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, we stress that the true relevance of EAAT2 as a target for medical intervention remains to be fully appreciated and verified. Despite decades of research, the emerging properties and functional characteristics of glutamate transporters and their relationship with neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of epilepsy challenge the current perception of this disease and fit unambiguously in neither EAATs functional deficit nor in reversal models. We stress the pressing need for new approaches and models for research and restoration of the physiological activity of glutamate transporters and synaptic transmission to achieve much needed therapeutic effects. The complex mechanism of EAATs regulation by multiple factors, including changes in the electrochemical environment and ionic gradients related to epileptic hyperactivity, impose major therapeutic challenges. As a final note, we consider the evolving views and present a cautious perspective on the key areas of future progress in the field towards better management and treatment of refractory disease forms.
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Villalpando-Vargas F, Medina-Ceja L, Santerre A, Enciso-Madero EA. The anticonvulsant effect of sparteine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats: a behavioral, electroencephalographic, morphological and molecular study. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:503-518. [PMID: 32729055 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal synchronous activity in neurons generates epileptic seizures. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are effective in 70% of patients, but this percentage is drastically lower in developing countries. Sparteine is a quinolizidine alkaloid synthesized from most Lupine species and has a probable anticonvulsive effect. For this reason, the objective of the present work was to study the anticonvulsant effect of sparteine using a dose-effect curve and to determine its effectiveness against seizures using behavioral, electroencephalographic, morphological and molecular data. Wistar rats were grouped into control [saline solution (0.9%), pentylenetetrazole (90 mg/kg), and sparteine (13, 20 and 30 mg/kg), intraperitoneal (i.p.)] and experimental (sparteine + pentylenetetrazole) groups. The rats were implanted with surface electrodes to register electrical activity, and convulsive behavior was evaluated according to Velisek's scale. The rats were perfused to obtain brain slices for cresyl violet staining and cellular density quantification as well as for immunohistochemistry for NeuN and GFAP. Other animals were used to determine the hippocampal mRNA expression of the M2 and M4 acetylcholine receptors by qPCR. Sparteine exhibited a better anticonvulsant effect at a dose of 30 mg/kg (i.p.) than at the other doses used. This anticonvulsant effect was characterized by a decrease in the severity of convulsive behavior, 100% survival, an inhibitory effect on epileptiform activity 75 min after pentylenetetrazole administration, and the conservation of the cellular layers of CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG); however, astrogliosis was observed after 30 mg/kg sparteine treatment. In addition, sparteine treatment increased the mRNA expression of the M4 receptor three hours after administration. According to our findings, the effective dose of sparteine as an anticonvulsant agent by i.p. injection is 30 mg/kg. The astrogliosis that was observed after sparteine administration may be a compensatory mechanism to diminish excitability and maintain neuronal homeostasis, possibly through redistributing potassium and glutamate. The increase in the mRNA expression of the M4 receptor may suggest the participation of the M4 receptor in the anticonvulsive effect of sparteine, as the activation of this receptor may inhibit acetylcholine release and facilitate the subsequent release of GABA. However, the precise mechanisms by which sparteine produces these effects are not known, and therefore, further experiments are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridha Villalpando-Vargas
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, CP 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, CP 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Anne Santerre
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomarkers in Biomedicine and Ecology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Edgar A Enciso-Madero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, Nextipac, CP 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Schwarz AP, Kovalenko AA, Malygina DA, Postnikova TY, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Reference Gene Validation in the Brain Regions of Young Rats after Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080239. [PMID: 32717922 PMCID: PMC7460155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful and commonly used tool for gene expression analysis. It requires the right choice of stably expressed reference genes for accurate normalization. In this work, we aimed to select the optimal reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization within different brain areas during the first week following pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in immature (P20–22) Wistar rats. We have tested the expression stability of a panel of nine housekeeping genes: Actb, Gapdh, B2m, Rpl13a, Sdha, Ppia, Hprt1, Pgk1, and Ywhaz. Based on geometric averaging of ranks obtained by four common algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Comparative Delta-Ct), we found that the stability of tested reference genes varied significantly between different brain regions. The expression of the tested panel of genes was very stable within the medial prefrontal and temporal cortex, and the dorsal hippocampus. However, within the ventral hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex and amygdala expression levels of most of the tested genes were not steady. The data revealed that in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model in juvenile rats, Pgk1, Ppia, and B2m expression are the most stable within the medial prefrontal cortex; Ppia, Rpl13a, and Sdha within the temporal cortex; Pgk1, Ppia, and Rpl13a within the entorhinal cortex; Gapdh, Ppia, and Pgk1 within the dorsal hippocampus; Rpl13a, Sdha, and Ppia within the ventral hippocampus; and Sdha, Pgk1, and Ppia within the amygdala. Our data indicate the need for a differential selection of reference genes across brain regions, including the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Schwarz
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Anna A. Kovalenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Daria A. Malygina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Tatiana Y. Postnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Olga E. Zubareva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
| | - Aleksey V. Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 44, Toreza Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.P.S.); (A.A.K.); (D.A.M.); (T.Y.P.); (O.E.Z.)
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 2 Akkuratova Street, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Doǧan E, Aygün H, Arslan G, Rzayev E, Avcı B, Ayyıldız M, Ağar E. The Role of NMDA Receptors in the Effect of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor on Spontaneous Seizure Activity in WAG/Rij Rats With Genetic Absence Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:414. [PMID: 32435183 PMCID: PMC7218146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are ATP sensitive cation channels and have been shown to be effective in various epilepsy models. Absence epilepsy is a type of idiopathic, generalized, non-convulsive epilepsy. Limited data exist on the role of P2X7Rs and no data has been reported regarding the interaction between P2X7Rs and glutamate receptor NMDA in absence epilepsy. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the role of P2X7 and NMDA receptors and their possible interaction in WAG/Rij rats with absence epilepsy. Permanent cannula and electrodes were placed on the skulls of the animals. After the healing period of the electrode and cannula implantation, ECoG recordings were obtained during 180 min before and after drug injections. P2X7R agonist BzATP, at doses of 50 μg and 100 μg (intracerebroventricular; i.c.v.) and antagonist A-438079, at doses of 20 μg and 40 μg (i.c.v.) were administered alone or prior to memantine (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal; i.p.) injection. The total number (in every 20 min), the mean duration, and the amplitude of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) were calculated and compared. Rats were decapitated and the right and left hemisphere, cerebellum, and brainstem were separated for the measurements of the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR). BzATP and A-438079 did not alter measured SWDs parameters, whereas memantine reduced them, which is considered anticonvulsant. BzATP did not alter the anticonvulsant effect of memantine, while A-438079 decreased the effect of memantine. Administration of BzATP increased the levels of SOD and GR in cerebrum hemispheres. A-438079 did not alter any of the biochemical parameters. Memantine reduced the levels of MDA, GSH, and GR while increased the level of CAT in the cerebrum. Administration of BzATP before memantine abolished the effect of memantine on MDA levels. The evidence from this study suggests that P2X7Rs does not directly play a role in the formation of absence seizures. P2X7Rs agonist, reduced the antioxidant activity of memantine whereas agonist of P2X7Rs reduced the anticonvulsant action of memantine, suggesting a partial interaction between P2X7 and NMDA receptors in absence epilepsy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Doǧan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygün
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Arslan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emil Rzayev
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Avcı
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ayyıldız
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Erdal Ağar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Amakhin DV, Smolensky IV, Soboleva EB, Zaitsev AV. Paradoxical Anticonvulsant Effect of Cefepime in the Pentylenetetrazole Model of Seizures in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050080. [PMID: 32357511 PMCID: PMC7281561 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, may cause neurotoxic and proconvulsant effects. The main molecular mechanism of such effects is considered to be γ-aminobutyric acid type a (GABAa) receptor blockade, leading to the suppression of GABAergic inhibition and subsequent overexcitation. We found that cefepime (CFP), a cephalosporin, has a pronounced antiepileptic effect in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model by decreasing the duration and severity of the seizure and animal mortality. This effect was specific to the PTZ model. In line with findings of previous studies, CFP exhibited a proconvulsant effect in other models, including the maximal electroshock model and 4-aminopyridine model of epileptiform activity, in vitro. To determine the antiepileptic mechanism of CFP in the PTZ model, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. We demonstrated that CFP or PTZ decreased the amplitude of GABAa receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents. PTZ also decreased the current decay time constant and temporal summation of synaptic responses. In contrast, CFP slightly increased the decay time constant and did not affect summation. When applied together, CFP prevented alterations to the summation of responses by PTZ, strongly reducing the effects of PTZ on repetitive inhibitory synaptic transmission. The latter may explain the antiepileptic effect of CFP in the PTZ model.
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Li S, Selkoe DJ. A mechanistic hypothesis for the impairment of synaptic plasticity by soluble Aβ oligomers from Alzheimer's brain. J Neurochem 2020; 154:583-597. [PMID: 32180217 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease results in considerable part from synaptic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of a range of oligomeric assemblies of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Most studies have used synthetic Aβ peptides to explore the mechanisms of memory deficits in rodent models, but recent work suggests that Aβ assemblies isolated from human (AD) brain tissue are far more potent and disease-relevant. Although reductionist experiments show Aβ oligomers to impair synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability, the responsible mechanisms are only partly understood. Glutamatergic receptors, GABAergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, insulin receptors, the cellular prion protein, inflammatory mediators, and diverse signaling pathways have all been suggested. Studies using AD brain-derived soluble Aβ oligomers suggest that only certain bioactive forms (principally small, diffusible oligomers) can disrupt synaptic plasticity, including by binding to plasma membranes and changing excitatory-inhibitory balance, perturbing mGluR, PrP, and other neuronal surface proteins, down-regulating glutamate transporters, causing glutamate spillover, and activating extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. We synthesize these emerging data into a mechanistic hypothesis for synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease that can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ceftriaxone Treatment Affects EAAT2 Expression and Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Exerts a Weak Anticonvulsant Effect in Young Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235852. [PMID: 31766528 PMCID: PMC6928884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder. Despite the availability of a wide range of antiepileptic drugs, these are unsuccessful in preventing seizures in 20–30% of patients. Therefore, new pharmacological strategies are urgently required to control seizures. Modulation of glutamate uptake may have potential in the treatment of pharmacoresistant forms of epilepsy. Previous research showed that the antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTX) increased the expression and functional activity of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and exerted considerable anticonvulsant effects. However, other studies did not confirm a significant anticonvulsant effect of CTX administration. We investigated the impacts of CTX treatment on EAAT expression and glutamatergic neurotransmission, as well its anticonvulsant action, in young male Wistar rats. As shown by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and a Western blot analysis, the mRNA but not the protein level of EAAT2 increased in the hippocampus following CTX treatment. Repetitive CTX administration had only a mild anticonvulsant effect on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsions in a maximal electroshock threshold test (MEST). CTX treatment did not affect the glutamatergic neurotransmission, including synaptic efficacy, short-term facilitation, or the summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. However, it decreased the field EPSP (fEPSP) amplitudes evoked by intense electrical stimulation. In conclusion, in young rats, CTX treatment did not induce overexpression of EAAT2, therefore exerting only a weak antiseizure effect. Our data provide new insight into the effects of modulation of EAAT2 expression on brain functioning.
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Synthesis, in-vitro cholinesterase inhibition, in-vivo anticonvulsant activity and in-silico exploration of N-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide analogs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fu J, Peng L, Wang W, He H, Zeng S, Chen TC, Chen Y. Sodium Valproate Reduces Neuronal Apoptosis in Acute Pentylenetetrzole-Induced Seizures via Inhibiting ER Stress. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2517-2526. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Alinaghipour A, Mazoochi T, Ardjmand A. Low-dose ethanol ameliorates amnesia induced by a brief seizure model: the role of NMDA signaling. Neurol Res 2019; 41:624-632. [PMID: 30967097 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1602322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of low-dose ethanol (Eth) on amnesia induced by a brief seizure model and the role of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) signaling in this event. Materials and Methods: Four groups of rats (total number = 36; n = 9, each group) were used: control, Eth (0.5 g/kg/i.p.), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg/i.p.), and Eth+PTZ. Eth was administered for 6 days before the single injection of PTZ, at minute dose that cannot induce memory impairment. The consequences of Eth pretreatment, coadministered with PTZ, were studied in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory model. The PTZ was injected 30 min prior to the IA memory test. Thereafter, locomotion, liver enzymes, and the Real-time PCR for NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor were studied. The statistical analyses were performed using the parametric/nonparametric ANOVA and the post-hoc tests. Results: Our findings revealed that Eth pretreatment significantly improved the IA memory impairment induced by PTZ (P < 0.001), and indicated no change in locomotion and serum ALT, but significantly differed for AST between the PTZ and PTZ groups (P = < 0.05). The Real-time PCR results indicate the decreased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth and PTZ groups and the increased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth+PTZ group, compared to the control group (P < 0.001); however, the NR1 mRNA expression was increased in the Eth+PTZ group, compared to PTZ group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that the low-dose Eth can improve the amnesia induced by a brief seizure model presumably via NMDA signaling in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alinaghipour
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Tahereh Mazoochi
- b Anatomical Science Research Center , Kashan University of Medical sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ardjmand
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,c Department of Physiology , School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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Postnikova TY, Trofimova AM, Ergina JL, Zubareva OE, Kalemenev SV, Zaitsev AV. Transient Switching of NMDA-Dependent Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation in CA3-CA1 Hippocampal Synapses to mGluR 1-Dependent Potentiation After Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Acute Seizures in Young Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:287-300. [PMID: 30607810 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-00647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of impairment in long-term potentiation after status epilepticus (SE) remain unclear. We investigated the properties of LTP induced by theta-burst stimulation in hippocampal slices of rats 3 h and 1, 3, and 7 days after SE. Seizures were induced in 3-week old rats by a single injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Only animals with generalized seizures lasting more than 30 min were included in the experiments. The results revealed that LTP was strongly attenuated in the CA1 hippocampal area after PTZ-induced SE as compared with that in control animals. Saturation of synaptic responses following epileptic activity does not explain weakening of LTP because neither the quantal size of the excitatory responses nor the slopes of the input-output curves for field excitatory postsynaptic potentials changed in the post-SE rats. After PTZ-induced SE, NMDA-dependent LTP was suppressed, and LTP transiently switched to the mGluR1-dependent form. This finding does not appear to have been reported previously in the literature. An antagonist of NMDA receptors, D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, did not block LTP induction in 3-h and 1-day post-SE slices. An antagonist of mGluR1, FTIDS, completely prevented LTP in 1-day post-SE slices; whereas it did not affect LTP induction in control and post-SE slices at the other studied times. mGluR1-dependent LTP was postsynaptically expressed and did not require NMDA receptor activation. Recovery of NMDA-dependent LTP occurred 7 day after SE. Transient switching between NMDA-dependent LTP and mGluR1-dependent LTP could play a role in the pathogenesis of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Postnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alina M Trofimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia L Ergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kalemenev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Changes in Functional Properties of Rat Hippocampal Neurons Following Pentylenetetrazole-induced Status Epilepticus. Neuroscience 2018; 399:103-116. [PMID: 30593922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological remodeling processes following status epilepticus (SE) play a critical role in the pathophysiology of epilepsy but have not yet been not fully investigated. In the present study, we examined changes in intrinsic properties of pyramidal neurons, basal excitatory synaptic transmission, and short-term synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices of rats after SE. Seizures were induced in 3-week-old rats by an intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) injection. Only animals with generalized seizures lasting more than 30 min were included in the experiments. We found that CA1 pyramidal neurons became more excitable and started firing at a lower excitatory input due to a significant increase in input resistance. However, basal excitatory synaptic transmission was reduced in CA3-CA1 synapses, thus preventing the propagation of excitation through neural networks. A significant increase in paired-pulse facilitation 1 d after SE pointed to a decrease in the probability of glutamate release. Increased intrinsic excitability of neurons and decreased synaptic transmission differentially affected the excitability of a neural network. In terms of changes in seizure susceptibility after SE, we observed a significant increase in the maximal electroshock threshold 1 day after SE, suggesting a decrease in seizure susceptibility. However, after 1 week, there was no difference in seizure susceptibility between control and post-SE rats. The effects of SE on functional properties of hippocampal neurons were transient in the PTZ model, and most of them had recovered 1 week after SE. However, some minor alterations, such as smaller amplitude field potentials, were observed 1 month after SE.
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Alterations in mRNA expression of glutamate receptor subunits and excitatory amino acid transporters following pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 686:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Transient Morphological Alterations in the Hippocampus After Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1671-1682. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Zhou W, Bao W, Jiang D, Kong Y, Hua F, Lu X, Guan Y. [18F]-GE-179 positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: One-pot synthesis and preliminary micro-PET study in a rat model of MCAO. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Smirnova EY, Amakhin DV, Malkin SL, Chizhov AV, Zaitsev AV. Acute Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Cortical Regular-Spiking Cells Following Seizures in a Rat Lithium–Pilocarpine Model. Neuroscience 2018; 379:202-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Wang YJ, Hsieh CP, Chan MH, Chan TY, Chen L, Chen HH. Distinct effects of resveratrol on seizures and hyperexcitability induced by NMDA and 4-aminopyridine. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:867-876. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1461458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jean Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chan
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hisen Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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29
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Therapeutic evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticle of quercetin in pentylenetetrazole induced cognitive impairment of zebrafish. Life Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Postnikova TY, Trofimova AM, Zaitsev AV, Magazanik LG. Status epilepticus induced by pentylenetetrazole increases short-term synaptic facilitation in the hippocampus of juvenile rats. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2017; 477:207-209. [PMID: 29299809 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of status epilepticus (SE) on short-term synaptic plasticity. The amplitudes of field potentials in response to extracellular stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals were recorded in hippocampal slices. Subtle modifications were revealed on day 1 after SE, whereas on days 3 and 7 we did not find any differences from the control. These data show that, one day after SE, the probability of a transmitter release in hippocampal synapses decreases that serves as a compensatory mechanism, which prevents seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu Postnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A M Trofimova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - L G Magazanik
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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31
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Mullier B, Wolff C, Sands ZA, Ghisdal P, Muglia P, Kaminski RM, André VM. GRIN2B gain of function mutations are sensitive to radiprodil, a negative allosteric modulator of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:322-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Amakhin DV, Malkin SL, Ergina JL, Kryukov KA, Veniaminova EA, Zubareva OE, Zaitsev AV. Alterations in Properties of Glutamatergic Transmission in the Temporal Cortex and Hippocampus Following Pilocarpine-Induced Acute Seizures in Wistar Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:264. [PMID: 28912687 PMCID: PMC5584016 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy in humans, and is often developed after an initial precipitating brain injury. This form of epilepsy is frequently resistant to pharmacological treatment; therefore, the prevention of TLE is the prospective approach to TLE therapy. The lithium-pilocarpine model in rats replicates some of the main features of TLE in human, including the pathogenic mechanisms of cell damage and epileptogenesis after a primary brain injury. In the present study, we investigated changes in the properties of glutamatergic transmission during the first 3 days after pilocarpine-induced acute seizures in Wistar rats (PILO-rats). Using RT-PCR and electrophysiological techniques, we compared the changes in the temporal cortex (TC) and hippocampus, brain areas differentially affected by seizures. On the first day, we found a transient increase in a ratio of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the excitatory synaptic response in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the TC. This was accompanied by an increase in the slope of input-output (I/O) curves for fEPSPs recorded in CA1, suggesting an enhanced excitability in AMPARs in this brain area. There was no difference in the AMPA/NMDA ratio in control rats on the third day. We also revealed the alterations in NMDA receptor subunit composition in PILO-rats. The GluN2B/GluN2A mRNA expression ratio increased in the dorsal hippocampus but did not change in the ventral hippocampus or the TC. The kinetics of NMDA-mediated evoked EPSCs in hippocampal neurons was slower in PILO-rats compared with control animals. Ifenprodil, a selective antagonist of GluN2B-containing NMDARs, diminished the area and amplitude of evoked EPSCs in CA1 pyramidal cells more efficiently in PILO-rats compared with control animals. These results demonstrate that PILO-induced seizures lead to more severe alterations in excitatory synaptic transmission in the dorsal hippocampus than in the TC. Seizures affect the relative contribution of AMPA and NMDA receptor conductances in the synaptic response and increase the proportion of GluN2B-containing NMDARs in CA1 pyramidal neurons. These alterations disturb normal circuitry functions in the hippocampus, may cause neuron damage, and may be one of the important pathogenic mechanisms of TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Amakhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey L Malkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia L Ergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill A Kryukov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Veniaminova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia.,Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, Institute of Experimental MedicineSaint Petersburg, Russia
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Cho YJ, Kim H, Kim WJ, Chung S, Kim YH, Cho I, Lee BI, Heo K. Trafficking patterns of NMDA and GABA A receptors in a Mg 2+-free cultured hippocampal neuron model of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2017; 136:143-148. [PMID: 28858777 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An altered pattern of receptor trafficking is one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of status epilepticus (SE). The gradual internalization of GABAA receptors (GABARs) occurs in both in vitro and in vivo models of SE and is thought to be a cause of decreased GABAergic inhibition. Unlike GABARs, little is known about alterations in NMDA receptor (NMDAR) trafficking during SE, even though increased activity of NMDARs is indispensable for the induction and maintenance of SE. Therefore, we aimed to simultaneously investigate the changes in the trafficking patterns of GABARs and NMDARs in an in vitro cultured hippocampal neuron model of SE. For induction of epileptiform discharges, hippocampal neurons were exposed to external medium without Mg2+. Biotinylation assay and immunofluorescence staining for GABAR β2,3 and NMDAR NR1 subunits were performed to quantify and visualize surface GABARs and NMDARs, respectively. The frequency of spontaneous action potentials increased more than 4-fold after Mg2+-free induction. The level of surface GABARs decreased over time after Mg2+-free induction, dropping to approximately 50% of control levels an hour after Mg2+-free induction. By contrast, the trafficking of NMDARs to the surface was enhanced after a slight time lag, increasing by 30% of control levels an hour after Mg2+-free induction. Our data showed the changes of both NMDAR and GABAR trafficking during prolonged SE induced by a Mg2+-free extracellular environment and confirmed that this in vitro SE model is suitable for examining alterations in the receptor trafficking pattern by prolonged seizure activity. These results suggest that targeting of surface NMDAR could be a promising method in controlling benzodiazepine-resistant SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Je Cho
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungsoo Chung
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Inja Cho
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung In Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, 875 Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48108, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Turner AL, Perry MS. Outside the box: Medications worth considering when traditional antiepileptic drugs have failed. Seizure 2017; 50:173-185. [PMID: 28704741 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Review and discuss medications efficacious for seizure control, despite primary indications for other diseases, as treatment options in patients who have failed therapy with traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHODS Literature searches were conducted utilizing PubMed and MEDLINE databases employing combinations of search terms including, but not limited to, "epilepsy", "refractory", "seizure", and the following medications: acetazolamide, amantadine, bumetanide, imipramine, lidocaine, verapamil, and various stimulants. RESULTS Data from relevant case studies, retrospective reviews, and available clinical trials were gathered, analyzed, and reported. Experience with acetazolamide, amantadine, bumetanide, imipramine, lidocaine, verapamil, and various stimulants show promise for cases of refractory epilepsy in both adults and children. Many medications lack large scale, randomized clinical trials, but the available data is informative when choosing treatment for patients that have failed traditional epilepsy therapies. CONCLUSIONS All neurologists have encountered a patient that failed nearly every AED, diet, and surgical option. For these patients, we often seek fortuitous discoveries within small series and case reports, hoping to find a treatment that might help the patient. In the present review, we describe medications for which antiepileptic effect has been ascribed after they were introduced for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Turner
- Department of Pharmacy, Cook Children's Medical Center, 1500 Cooper Street, 4th Floor, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Ivanov AD, Zaitsev AV. NMDAR-independent hippocampal long-term depression impairment after status epilepticus in a lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28432779 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is usually associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits. Despite numerous existing studies on various animal models, the mechanisms of these deficits remain largely unclear. A specific form of long-term synaptic efficacy changes-long-term depression (LTD)-is thought to play an important role in memory formation and learning. However, extremely little is known about the possible alteration of LTD induction and dynamics after a status epilepticus (SE). In this work, we investigated the acute and delayed effects of lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE on NMDAR-dependent and NMDAR-independent hippocampal LTD in vitro. We found that SE affected the NMDAR-dependent and NMDAR-independent forms of LTD in different manners. The NMDAR-dependent form of LTD was almost intact 3 days after SE, but it switched from a predominantly presynaptic to a more postsynaptic locus of expression. In contrast, the NMDAR-independent LTD in the hippocampal Schaffer collaterals-CA1 synapses was fully abolished 3 days after SE. Our results emphasize the role of non-NMDA-dependent synaptic plasticity changes in the processes of epileptogenesis and the potential for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Ivanov
- Neurophysiology of Learning Laboratory, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHNA), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions Laboratory, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEPhB), Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Farghaly HS, Farrag MM, Abdel-Rahman MS, Abdel-Wahab BA. A potential mechanism for the ameliorative effect of thymoquinone on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and cognitive impairments in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:553-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Postnikova TY, Zubareva OE, Kovalenko AA, Kim KK, Magazanik LG, Zaitsev AV. Status epilepticus impairs synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus and is followed by changes in expression of NMDA receptors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:282-290. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Precision Medicine: NMDA Receptor-Targeted Therapy for GRIN2D Encephalopathy. Epilepsy Curr 2017; 17:112-114. [PMID: 28491004 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7511.17.2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Majláth Z, Török N, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Memantine and Kynurenic Acid: Current Neuropharmacological Aspects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:200-9. [PMID: 26564141 PMCID: PMC4825950 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151113123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurotransmission, of special importance in the human brain, is implicated in key brain functions such as synaptic plasticity and memory. The excessive activation of N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may result in excitotoxic neuronal damage; this process has been implicated in the pathomechanism of different neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Memantine is an uncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and is therefore clinically well tolerated. Memantine is approved for the treatment of AD, but may additionally be beneficial for other dementia forms and pain conditions. Kynurenic acid
(KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of NMDA receptors which has been demonstrated under experimental conditions to be neuroprotective. The development of a well-tolerated NMDA antagonist may offer a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease and pain syndromes. KYNA may be a valuable candidate for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis u. 6. H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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Zhang B, Zhang JW, Wang WP, Dong RF, Tian S, Zhang C. Effect of lamotrigine on epilepsy-induced cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in pentylenetetrazole-kindled animal model. Synapse 2016; 71. [PMID: 27733018 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province; The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050000 China
| | - Jia-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province; The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050000 China
| | - Wei-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province; The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050000 China
| | - Rui-Fang Dong
- Department of Neurology; Cangzhou central Hospital; Cangzhou 061000 China
| | - Shuang Tian
- Department of Neurology; the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang; Shijiazhuang 050000 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology; the First Hospital of Shijiazhuang; Shijiazhuang 050000 China
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Amakhin DV, Ergina JL, Chizhov AV, Zaitsev AV. Synaptic Conductances during Interictal Discharges in Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Entorhinal Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:233. [PMID: 27790093 PMCID: PMC5061778 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In epilepsy, the balance of excitation and inhibition underlying the basis of neural network activity shifts, resulting in neuronal network hyperexcitability and recurrent seizure-associated discharges. Mechanisms involved in ictal and interictal events are not fully understood, in particular, because of controversial data regarding the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances. In the present study, we estimated AMPAR-, NMDAR-, and GABAA R-mediated conductances during two distinct types of interictal discharge (IID) in pyramidal neurons of rat entorhinal cortex in cortico-hippocampal slices. Repetitively emerging seizure-like events and IIDs were recorded in high extracellular potassium, 4-aminopyridine, and reduced magnesium-containing solution. An original procedure for estimating synaptic conductance during IIDs was based on the differences among the current-voltage characteristics of the synaptic components. The synaptic conductance dynamics obtained revealed that the first type of IID is determined by activity of GABAA R channels with depolarized reversal potential. The second type of IID is determined by the interplay between excitation and inhibition, with early AMPAR and prolonged depolarized GABAA R and NMDAR-mediated components. The study then validated the contribution of these components to IIDs by intracellular pharmacological isolation. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms of seizures generation, development, and cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Amakhin
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia L Ergina
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton V Chizhov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia; Computational Physics Laboratory, Division of Plasma Physics, Atomic Physics and Astrophysics, Ioffe InstituteSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Interactions, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Giorgi FS, Guida M, Vergallo A, Bonuccelli U, Zaccara G. Treatment of epilepsy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:309-318. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1243469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Melania Guida
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa-Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Zaccara
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Florence Health Authority, Firenze, Italy
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Kalemenev SV, Zubareva OE, Sizov VV, Lavrent'eva VV, Lukomskaya NY, Kim KK, Zaitsev AV, Magazanik LG. Memantine attenuates cognitive impairments after status epilepticus induced in a lithium-pilocarpine model. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2016; 470:224-227. [PMID: 27822751 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496616050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The capability of memantine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptors, to prevent impairments of cognitive functions in rats was investigated in the lithium-pilocarpine model of epilepsy. After status epilepticus, rats exhibited impaired exploratory behavior and spatial memory, and a decline of extinction of orienting behavior. Memantine administration prevented these disturbances. Thus, the blockade of the NMDA receptors immediately after status epilepticus allowed prevention of the development of the possible cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kalemenev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O E Zubareva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Sizov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Lavrent'eva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N Ya Lukomskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - K Kh Kim
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - L G Magazanik
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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